Ecological Speciation
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Micro-Evolutionary Change and Population Dynamics of a Brood Parasite and Its Primary Host: the Intermittent Arms Race Hypothesis
Oecologia (1998) 117:381±390 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 Manuel Soler á Juan J. Soler á Juan G. Martinez Toma sPe rez-Contreras á Anders P. Mùller Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 24 August 1998 Abstract A long-term study of the interactions between Key words Brood parasitism á Clamator glandarius á a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator Coevolution á Parasite counter-defences á Pica pica glandarius, and its primary host the magpie Pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of Introduction both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. In rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive Avian brood parasites exploit hosts by laying eggs in mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony in- their nests, and parental care for parasitic ospring is creased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs subsequently provided by the host. Parasitism has a increased more slowly. A stepwise multiple regression strongly adverse eect on the ®tness of hosts, given that analysis showed that parasitism rate decreased as host the young parasite ejects all host ospring or outcom- density increased and cuckoo density decreased. A lo- petes them during the nestling period (Payne 1977; gistic regression analysis indicated that the probability Rothstein 1990). Thus, there is strong selection acting on of changes in magpie nest density in the study plots was hosts to evolve defensive mechanisms against a brood signi®cantly aected by the density of magpie nests parasite which, in turn, will develop adaptive counter- during the previous year (positively) and the rejection defences. -
Diversification Under Sexual Selection: the Relative Roles of Mate Preference Strength and the Degree of Divergence in Mate Preferences Rafael L
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Eileen Hebets Publications Papers in the Biological Sciences 2013 Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences Rafael L. Rodríguez University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, [email protected] Janette W. Boughman Michigan State University, [email protected] David A. Gray California State University Northridge, [email protected] Eileen A. Hebets University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Gerlinde Höbel University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihebets Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Genetics and Genomics Commons Rodríguez, Rafael L.; Boughman, Janette W.; Gray, David A.; Hebets, Eileen A.; Höbel, Gerlinde; and Symes, Laurel B., "Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences" (2013). Eileen Hebets Publications. 71. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihebets/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eileen Hebets Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Rafael L. Rodríguez, Janette W. Boughman, David A. Gray, Eileen A. Hebets, Gerlinde Höbel, and Laurel B. Symes This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscihebets/71 Ecology Letters, (2013) 16: 964–974 doi: 10.1111/ele.12142 IDEA AND PERSPECTIVE Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences Abstract Rafael L. -
Ecological Character Displacement and the Study of Adaptation
Commentary Ecological character displacement and the study of adaptation Jonathan B. Losos* Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 he study of adaptation—a central is- Tsue in biology since before the time of Darwin—is currently enjoying a renais- sance. Ridiculed two decades ago as fol- lowing a panglossian paradigm (1) that Fig. 1. (Upper) Two sympatric promulgated ‘‘just so stories’’ rather than species with broadly overlapping distributions of resource use. If re- testing hypotheses, evolutionary biology sources are limiting, then natural has become a vibrant field in which a selection may favor individuals in wide variety of methods—ranging from each species with traits that allow molecular developmental biology to each of them to use that portion of manipulative field experiments—are used the resource spectrum not used by to rigorously test adaptive hypotheses (2). the other species, as indicated by Nowhere is this more evident than in the the arrows. (Lower) The result may study of ecological character displace- be that the species diverge in trait value and resource use, thus mini- ment; a paper by Adams and Rohlf (3) in mizing competition for resources. a recent issue of PNAS is one of a growing number of studies that have used integra- tive, multidisciplinary approaches and have demonstrated that ecological char- placement was seen as a powerful and enon for which few convincing examples acter displacement appears to be an pervasive force structuring ecological could be found (e.g., refs. 14–16). important ecological and evolutionary communities. These interpretations cor- These debates—unpleasant as they COMMENTARY phenomenon. -
Allopatric Speciation with Little Niche Divergence Is Common Among
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2016) 43, 591–602 ORIGINAL Allopatric speciation with little niche ARTICLE divergence is common among alpine Primulaceae Florian C. Boucher1*, Niklaus E. Zimmermann2,3 and Elena Conti1 1Institute of Systematic Botany, University of ABSTRACT Zurich,€ 8008 Zurich,€ Switzerland, 2Dynamic Aim Despite the accumulation of cases describing fast radiations of alpine Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research plants, we still have limited understanding of the drivers of speciation in alpine Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland, 3Department of Environmental floras and of the precise the timing of their diversification. Here, we investi- Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of gated spatial and temporal patterns of speciation in three groups of alpine Technology ETH, CH-8092 Zurich,€ Primulaceae. Switzerland Location Mountains of the European Alpine System. Methods We built a new phylogeny of Primulaceae including all species in three focal groups: Androsace sect. Aretia, Primula sect. Auricula and Soldanella. Combining phylogenetic information with a detailed climatic data set, we investigated patterns of range and ecological overlap between sister-species using an approach that takes phylogenetic uncertainty into account. Finally, we investigated temporal trajectories of diversification in the three focal groups. Results We found that a large majority of sister-species pairs in the three groups are strictly allopatric and show little differences in substrate and cli- matic preferences, a result that was robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. While rates of diversification have remained constant in Soldanella, both Androsace sect. Aretia and Primula sect. Auricula showed decreased diversification rates in the Pleistocene compared to previous geological epochs. Main conclusions Allopatric speciation with little niche divergence appears to have been by far the most common mode of speciation across the three groups studied. -
Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja
Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja To cite this version: Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja. Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation. American Naturalist, Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 2018, 191 (2), pp.155-172. 10.1086/695136. hal-01945350 HAL Id: hal-01945350 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01945350 Submitted on 5 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License vol. 191, no. 2 the american naturalist february 2018 Synthesis Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger K. Butlin1,2,* and Carole M. Smadja1,3 1. Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; 2. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; and Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö SE-45296 Strömstad, Sweden; 3. Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5554 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement–École pratique des hautes études), Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France Submitted March 15, 2017; Accepted August 28, 2017; Electronically published December 15, 2017 abstract: During the process of speciation, populations may di- Introduction verge for traits and at their underlying loci that contribute barriers Understanding how reproductive isolation evolves is key fl to gene ow. -
Disruptive Sexual Selection Against Hybrids Contributes to Speciation Between Heliconius Cydno and Heliconius Melpomene Russell E
doi 10.1098/rspb.2001.1753 Disruptive sexual selection against hybrids contributes to speciation between Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene Russell E. Naisbit1*, Chris D. Jiggins1,2 and James Mallet1,2 1The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK 2SmithsonianTropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama Understanding the fate of hybrids in wild populations is fundamental to understanding speciation. Here we provide evidence for disruptive sexual selection against hybrids between Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene. The two species are sympatric across most of Central and Andean South America, and coexist despite a low level of hybridization. No-choice mating experiments show strong assortative mating between the species. Hybrids mate readily with one another, but both sexes show a reduction in mating success of over 50% with the parental species. Mating preference is associated with a shift in the adult colour pattern, which is involved in predator defence through MÏllerian mimicry, but also strongly a¡ects male courtship probability. The hybrids, which lie outside the curve of protection a¡orded by mimetic resemblance to the parental species, are also largely outside the curves of parental mating prefer- ence. Disruptive sexual selection against F1 hybrids therefore forms an additional post-mating barrier to gene £ow, blurring the distinction between pre-mating and post-mating isolation, and helping to main- tain the distinctness of these hybridizing species. Keywords: Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae; hybridization; mate choice; post-mating isolation; pre-mating isolation Rather less experimental work has investigated mate 1. INTRODUCTION choice during speciation and the possibility of the third Studies of recently diverged species are increasingly type of selection against hybrids: disruptive sexual select- producing examples of sympatric species that hybridize in ion. -
Ecological Speciation in Phytophagous Insects
DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00916.x MINI REVIEW Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects Kei W. Matsubayashi1, Issei Ohshima2 &PatrikNosil3,4* 1Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, 2Department of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA, and 4Wissenschaftskolleg, Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin, 14193, Germany Accepted: 7 August 2009 Key words: host adaptation, genetics of speciation, natural selection, reproductive isolation, herbivo- rous insects Abstract Divergent natural selection has been shown to promote speciation in a wide range of taxa. For exam- ple, adaptation to different ecological environments, via divergent selection, can result in the evolution of reproductive incompatibility between populations. Phytophagous insects have been at the forefront of these investigations of ‘ecological speciation’ and it is clear that adaptation to differ- ent host plants can promote insect speciation. However, much remains unknown. For example, there is abundant variability in the extent to which divergent selection promotes speciation, the sources of divergent selection, the types of reproductive barriers involved, and the genetic basis of divergent adaptation. We review these factors here. Several findings emerge, including the observation that although numerous different sources of divergent selection and reproductive isolation can be involved in insect speciation, their order of evolution and relative importance are poorly understood. Another finding is that the genetic basis of host preference and performance can involve loci of major effect and opposing dominance, factors which might facilitate speciation in the face of gene flow. In addition, we raise a number of other recent issues relating to phytophagous insect speciation, such as alternatives to ecological speciation, the geography of speciation, and the molecular signatures of spe- ciation. -
Speciation in Geographical Setting
Speciation Speciation 2019 2019 The degree of reproductive isolation Substantial variation exists in among geographical sets of species - anagenesis populations within an actively 1859 1859 evolving species complex is often Achillea - yarrow tested by crossing experiments — as in the tidy tips of California 100K bp 100K bp back in time back in time back Rubus parviforus K = 4 mean population assignment 2 mya 2 mya ID CO WI_Door 5 mya BC_Hixton BC_MtRob WI_BruleS 5 mya BC_McLeod CA_Klamath MI_Windigo WA_Cascade WA_BridgeCr SD_BlackHills OR_Willamette MI_Drummond Speciation Speciation 2019 Reproductive isolation will ultimately stop all Although simple in concept, the recognition of species and thus the definition genetic connections among sets of populations of what are species have been controversial — more than likely due to the – cladogenesis or speciation continuum nature of the pattern resulting from the process of speciation 1859 Example: mechanical isolation via floral shape changes and pollinators between two parapatric species of California Salvia (sage) 100K bp back in time back 2 mya S. mellifera 5 mya Salvia apiana 1 Speciation Speciation Although simple in concept, the recognition of species and thus the definition Animal examples of speciation often show of what are species have been controversial — more than likely due to the clear reproductive barriers - hence zoologists continuum nature of the pattern resulting from the process of speciation preference (as opposed to botanists) for the Reproductive isolating Biological -
Biological and Biomedical Implications of the Co-Evolution of Pathogens and Their Hosts
progress Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts Mark E.J. Woolhouse1, Joanne P. Webster2, Esteban Domingo3, Brian Charlesworth4 & Bruce R. Levin5 Co-evolution between host and pathogen is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology and genetics of infection and disease. Yet co-evolution has proven difficult to demonstrate rigorously in practice, and co-evolutionary thinking is only just beginning to inform medical or veterinary research in any meaningful way, even though it can have a major influence on how genetic variation in biomedically important traits is interpreted. Improving our understanding of the biomedical significance of co-evo- lution will require changing the way in which we look for it, complementing the phenomenological approach traditionally favored by evolutionary biologists with the exploitation of the extensive data becoming available on the molecular biology and molecular genetics of host–pathogen interactions. http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics That pathogens and hosts have evolutionary effects on one In this review, we assess the evidence for co-evolution in another and that these effects might be reciprocal—that is, host–pathogen systems. We then explore the complexities of pathogens and hosts co-evolve—are attractive, plausible and studying co-evolution in the ‘real world’, where there are many powerful ideas whose implications for the medical and veteri- different constraints on the potential for pathogen and host to nary sciences are only just beginning to be recognized1. An co-evolve. We proceed to consider the largely untapped oppor- important instance concerns the genetics of susceptibility to and tunity for studying co-evolution at the mechanistic as well as pathogenicity of infectious diseases. -
Sexual Selection and Speciation in Field Crickets
Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets David A. Gray* and William H. Cade† Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S 3A1 Edited by Mary Jane West-Eberhard, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica, and approved September 26, 2000 (received for review June 14, 2000) Recent theoretical work has shown that sexual selection may cause limited degree of postzygotic isolation (31–33)—have suggested speciation under a much wider range of conditions than previously to some authors the possibility of sexual selection driving supposed. There are, however, no empirical studies capable of speciation even in the absence of any pronounced hybrid infe- simultaneously evaluating several key predictions that contrast riority (see, e.g., refs. 28, 32–43). this with other speciation models. We present data on male pulse We report here our attempts to clarify the role of sexual rates and female phonotactic responses to pulse rates for the field selection in speciation. We present results from the North cricket Gryllus texensis; pulse rate is the key feature distinguishing American field cricket species Gryllus texensis (formerly Gryllus G. texensis from its cryptic sister species G. rubens. We show (i) integer) and Gryllus rubens. These species are ideal candidates for genetic variation in male song and in female preference for song, study: they are cryptic sister species with extensive areas of both (ii) a genetic correlation between the male trait and the female sympatry and allopatry, and prezygotic isolation appears to be preference, and (iii) no character displacement in male song, virtually complete, whereas postzygotic isolation appears to be female song recognition, female species-level song discrimination, virtually absent. -
Movement Rates of the Lizard Anolis Carolinensis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in the Presence and Absence of Anolis Sagrei (Squamata
Movement Rates of the Lizard Anolis carolinensis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in the Presence and Absence of Anolis sagrei (Squamata: Dactyloidae) Author(s): Ambika Kamath and Yoel E. Stuart Source: Breviora, 546(1):1-7. Published By: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3099/0006-9698-546.00.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3099/0006-9698-546.00.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/ page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non- commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. US ISSN 0006-9698 CAMBRIDGE,MASS. 17 JUNE 2015 NUMBER 546 MOVEMENT RATES OF THE LIZARD ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS (SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE) IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF ANOLIS SAGREI (SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE) AMBIKA KAMATH1 AND YOEL E. STUART1,2 ABSTRACT. Shifts in a species’ habitat can be precipitated by co-occurring with a closely related, ecologically similar species, to avoid negative interspecific interactions. -
Evidence for Environmental and Ecological Selection in a Microbe with No Geographic Limits to Gene Flow
Evidence for environmental and ecological selection in a microbe with no geographic limits to gene flow Kerry A. Whittakera,1 and Tatiana A. Rynearsona,2 aGraduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882 Edited by Paul G. Falkowski, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, and approved January 5, 2017 (received for review July 26, 2016) The ability for organisms to disperse throughout their environment generating and maintaining diversity within and among species is thought to strongly influence population structure and thus evo- (14). Emerging genomic and transcriptomic evidence points to lution of diversity within species. A decades-long debate surrounds the functional and metabolic diversity of marine microbes and processes that generate and support high microbial diversity, par- the potential for niche differentiation in the marine environment ticularly in the ocean. The debate concerns whether diversification (15, 16). However, despite the evolutionary significance of en- occurs primarily through geographic partitioning (where distance vironmental selection, its role in structuring populations within limits gene flow) or through environmental selection, and remains species occupying the high dispersal environment of the global unresolved due to lack of empirical data. Here we show that gene ocean remains unclear. The additional role of dispersal and ge- flow in a diatom, an ecologically important eukaryotic microbe, is ography in structuring populations throughout the global ocean not limited by global-scale geographic distance. Instead, environ- has added complexity to the debate (5, 17, 18). mental and ecological selection likely play a more significant role This debate is particularly relevant to phytoplankton, free- than dispersal in generating and maintaining diversity.