DOCSLIB.ORG

Litchfield Hills Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2016 Update

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Litchfield Hills Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2016 Update Litchfield Hills Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2016 Update Litchfield Hills Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan: 2016 Update August 2016 Prepared by the Northwest Hills Council of Governments, this plan is an update to the 2006 Litchfield Hills Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. This report serves the following municipalities: Barkhamsted, Colebrook, Goshen, Hartland, Harwinton, Litchfield, Morris, New Hartford, Norfolk, Torrington, and Winchester. FOR USE BY The citizens and municipal governments of the Litchfield Hills region, The Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security; The Division of Emergency Management and Homeland Security of the Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection PREPARED BY The Northwest Hills Council of Governments 59 Torrington Rd, Suite A-1, Goshen, CT 06756 860.491.9884 With assistance from the Central Connecticut Regional Planning Agency FINAL AUGUST 2016 Page ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Litchfield Hills Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Additional Technical Assistance (a Subcommittee of the Northwest Hills Public Safety Task Force) • James Shanley, Barkhamsted Emergency Management Director • Richard Novak, Barkhamsted Road Supervisor • Rick Tillotson, Colebrook Emergency Management Director • Bill Jasmin, Colebrook Road Foreman • Jim O’Leary, Goshen Emergency Management Director • Ed Perry, Goshen Road Supervisor • Theodore Jansen, Hartland Emergency Management Director • Wade Cole, Hartland First Selectman and Road Foreman • Vincent Wheeler, Harwinton Emergency Management Director • John Fredsall, Harwinton Road Supervisor • David Rogers, Litchfield Emergency Management Director • Jack Healy, Litchfield Director of Public Works • Tony Gedraitis, Morris First Selectman • Lew Clark, Morris Road Foreman • Kevin Parsell, New Hartford Emergency Management Director • John Allyn, Town of Norfolk Road Supervisor • Richarrd Byrne, Norfolk Volunteer Firefighter • Jerry Rollet, Torrington Public Works Director • Gary Brunoli, Torrington Fire Chief • Neil Amwake, Winchester Public Works Director • Steve Williams, Winchester Emergency Management Director • Tim Malone, Capitol Region Council of Governments • Steve Silver, Eversource • Dan Soule, Litchfield County Dispatch • Thomas Vannini, DEHMS Region 5 Coordinator FINAL AUGUST 2016 Page iii Table of Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 A. Overview of Planning Process and Report Contents ............................................................................................................................................. 3 II. Regional Description .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 A. The Regional Landscape ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 B. Cultural Heritage .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 C. Transportation Network and Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 D. Institutional Structure for Emergency Management ........................................................................................................................................... 12 III. Natural Hazards of Concern and Regional Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................................... 19 A. Flooding ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Description ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Past occurrences .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Extent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 HAZUS-MH Flood Results ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Probability ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Level of Concern ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 B. Hurricanes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 Past occurrences .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Extent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 HAZUS-MH Hurricane Results .............................................................................................................................................................................. 31 Probability ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 Level of Concern ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 C. Tornados and Severe Windstorms ...................................................................................................................................................................... 38 FINAL AUGUST 2016 Page iv Past occurrences .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Extent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Probability ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39 Level of Concern ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 D. Severe Winter Storms .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Past occurrences .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Extent ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 Probability ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Farmington River Watershed Map
    Farmington River Watershed Education Curriculum: Elementary FRWA Curriculum Guide Week II Watershed 28 Farmington River Watershed Association Farmington River Watershed Education Curriculum: Elementary Watershed – Background Information “The river moves from land to water to land, in and out of organisms, re- minding us what the native peoples have never forgotten; that you cannot separate the land from the water, or the people from the land. – Lynn Noel, Voyages Canada’s Heritage Rivers A watershed consists of an area of land and water where water drains into particular water basins, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, or streams. It encompasses all the land, animals, plants, buildings, towns and people within the area. The precipitation that falls that is not used by the plants or animals travels within the watershed. Land elevation determines the flow of water, while surrounding ridge areas define the boundaries. Farmington River Watershed is a sub-basin of the Connecticut River Watershed. All the tributaries of the Farmington River are included in the watershed. The area of land encompasses 386,000 acres, or 609 square miles, which drains into the Farmington River and its tributaries. Included in the watershed are 10 towns in Massachusetts and 23 towns in Connecticut. The Farmington River, in turn, drains into the Connecticut River. The 81 miles of river begin at an elevation of 2,180 feet in the Berkshire Hills of Becket, MA, traveling 16 miles through Otis and Tolland, and enter Connecticut in Colebrook at 1,300 feet. The west branch river flows through land areas that feature hills, ponds, wetlands and lakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Connecticut Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy
    Western Connecticut Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy December 12, 2013 Western Connecticut Economic Development Alliance Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials Greater Danbury Chamber of Commerce Western Connecticut CEDS and Action Agenda Page i Western Connecticut Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy PROJECT TEAM With the assistance of many other individuals and organizations from the Western Connecticut region, the primary project team responsible for the preparation of this Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) and Action Agenda included: Connecticut Economic Resource Center Garnet Consulting Services, Inc. Greater Danbury Chamber of Commerce Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials Western Connecticut Economic Development Alliance ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Western Connecticut Economic Development Alliance would like to thank the following organizations for financially supporting the development of this Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) and Action Agenda: Commercial Brokers Alliance of Western Connecticut Cramer & Anderson Danbury Fair, Macerich Property Fairfield County Bank Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials MannKind Corporation Newtown Savings Bank Reynolds & Rowella Savings Bank of Danbury Union Savings Bank U.S. Economic Development Administration Western Connecticut Health Network Preparation of this CEDS and Action Agenda would not have been possible without the extensive participation of numerous volunteers, partner organizations, and elected leadership from
    [Show full text]
  • Webb Mountain Park Extension King's Mark Environmental Review Team
    Webb Mountain Park Extension Monroe, Connecticut King’s Mark Environmental Review Team Report King’s Mark Resource Conservation & Development Area, Inc. Webb Mountain Park Extension Monroe, Connecticut Prepared by the King’s Mark Environmental Review Team of the King’s Mark Resource Conservation and Development Area, Inc. for the Conservation and Water Resources Commission Monroe, Connecticut October 2005 Report #330 CT Environmental Review Team Program 1066 Saybrook Road PO Box 70 Haddam, CT 06438 (860) 345-3977 www.ctert.org E-mail: [email protected] ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is an outgrowth of a request from the Monroe Conservation and Water Resources Commission to the Southwest Conservation District (SWCD) and the King’s Mark Resource Conservation and Development Area (RC&D) Council for their consideration and approval. The request was approved and the measure reviewed by the King’s Mark Environmental Review Team (ERT). The King’s Mark Environmental Review Team Coordinator, Elaine Sych, would like to thank and gratefully acknowledge the following Team members whose professionalism and expertise were invaluable to the completion of this report. The field review took place on Wednesday, April 20, 2005. Nicholas Bellantoni Archaeologist Office of State Archeology (860) 486-5248 Joseph Hickey Recreation Planner CT Greenways Council DEP – Parks and Recreation (Retired) (860) 529-4363 Diane Chisnall Joy Director DEP – Kellogg Environmental Center (860) 734-2513 Dawn McKay Biologist/Environmental Analyst DEP - Environmental and
    [Show full text]
  • Bedrock Geologic Map of the New Milford Quadrangle, Litchfield and Fairfield Counties, Connecticut
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Prepared in cooperation with the State of Connecticut, Geological and Natural History Survey BEDROCK GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE NEW MILFORD QUADRANGLE, LITCHFIELD AND FAIRFIELD COUNTIES, CONNECTICUT By Gregory J. Walsh1 Open-File Report 03-487 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards (or with the North American Stratigraphic Code). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. ______________________________________________________________________________ 1U.S. Geological Survey P.O. Box 628 Montpelier, Vermont 05601 The map and database of this report are available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-487/ USGS Open File Report 03-487 On the cover: Photograph of Lake Candlewood from Hubbell Hill in Sherman. View is to the south. Green Island and Deer Island are visible in the center of the view. The Vaughns Neck peninsula is visible on the left side of the photograph. Bedrock Geologic Map of the New Milford Quadrangle, Litchfield and Fairfield Counties, Connecticut 2 USGS Open File Report 03-487 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 STRATIGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 6 MESOPROTEROZOIC GNEISS..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Management Plan June 2011 West Branch Salmon Brook Photo: Joyce Kennedy
    Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Management Plan June 2011 West Branch Salmon Brook Photo: Joyce Kennedy Front Cover: Farmington River upstream of Unionville, photo by Tom Cameron Though originally from the Midwest, Tom Cameron and his wife have adopted and are truly at home on the Farmington River near Collinsville. For the last 7 years his photography work has been almost entirely outdoors. Special interests include unique lighting conditions, water subjects such as reflections and captured motion, sunrises, and a variety of critters from heron to spiders. Back Cover: Painting by Bill Simpson, Artist/Fly Fisherman, wmsimpson.com When viewing Bill Simpson’s paintings there is the sensation of walking alongside him as he shares his favorite haunts with us. Together we search shoreline sandbars and rips where stripers and blues fight the tide with the safety of deep water near by, or he may lead us above a wooded stream where dappled light rakes the water camouflaging undisturbed trout. Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Management Plan June 2011 Lower Farmington and Salmon Brook Wild and Scenic Study C/o FRWA 749 Hopmeadow Street Simsbury, CT 06070 860 658 4442 http://www.lowerfarmingtonriver.org/ June 2011 i Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Management Plan June 2011 The Lower Farmington River and Salmon Brook Wild and Scenic Study Committee The Study Committee’s membership includes locally appointed representatives from each town in the Study Area, and representatives from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CT DEP), the National Park Service (NPS), the Farmington River Watershed Association (FRWA), the Salmon Brook Watershed Association (SBWA), Stanley Black & Decker, the Tariffville Village Association (TVA), the Connecticut Forest and Park Association (CFPA), Whitewater Triple Crown, and the Pequabuck River Watershed Association (PRWA).
    [Show full text]
  • Waterbody Regulations and Boat Launches
    to boating in Connecticut! TheWelcome map with local ordinances, state boat launches, pumpout facilities, and Boating Infrastructure Grant funded transient facilities is back again. New this year is an alphabetical list of state boat launches located on Connecticut lakes, ponds, and rivers listed by the waterbody name. If you’re exploring a familiar waterbody or starting a new adventure, be sure to have the proper safety equipment by checking the list on page 32 or requesting a Vessel Safety Check by boating staff (see page 14 for additional information). Reference Reference Reference Name Town Number Name Town Number Name Town Number Amos Lake Preston P12 Dog Pond Goshen G2 Lake Zoar Southbury S9 Anderson Pond North Stonington N23 Dooley Pond Middletown M11 Lantern Hill Ledyard L2 Avery Pond Preston P13 Eagleville Lake Coventry C23 Leonard Pond Kent K3 Babcock Pond Colchester C13 East River Guilford G26 Lieutenant River Old Lyme O3 Baldwin Bridge Old Saybrook O6 Four Mile River Old Lyme O1 Lighthouse Point New Haven N7 Ball Pond New Fairfield N4 Gardner Lake Salem S1 Little Pond Thompson T1 Bantam Lake Morris M19 Glasgo Pond Griswold G11 Long Pond North Stonington N27 Barn Island Stonington S17 Gorton Pond East Lyme E9 Mamanasco Lake Ridgefield R2 Bashan Lake East Haddam E1 Grand Street East Lyme E13 Mansfield Hollow Lake Mansfield M3 Batterson Park Pond New Britain N2 Great Island Old Lyme O2 Mashapaug Lake Union U3 Bayberry Lane Groton G14 Green Falls Reservoir Voluntown V5 Messerschmidt Pond Westbrook W10 Beach Pond Voluntown V3 Guilford
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Connecticut Hunting & Trapping Guide
    2016 CONNECTICUT HUNTING & TRAPPING Connecticut Department of VISIT OUR WEBSITE Energy & Environmental Protection www.ct.gov/deep/hunting MONARCH® BINOCULARS Built to satisfy the incredible needs of today’s serious outdoorsmen & women, MONARCH binoculars not only bestow the latest in optical innovation upon the passions of its owner, but offer dynamic handling & rugged performance for virtually any hunting situation. MONARCH® RIFLESCOPES Bright, clear, precise, rugged - just a few of the attributes knowledgeable hunters commonly use to describe Nikon® riflescopes. Nikon® is determined to bring hunters, shooters & sportsmen a wide selection of the best hunting optics money can buy, while at the same time creating revolutionary capabilities for the serious hunter. Present this coupon for $25 OFF your in-store purchase of $150 or more! Valid through December 31, 2016 Not valid online, on gift cards, non-merchandise items, licenses, previous purchases or special orders. Excludes NIKON, CARHARTT, UGG, THE NORTH FACE, PATAGONIA, MERRELL, DANSKO, AVET REELS, SHIMANO, G.LOOMIS & SAGE items. Cannot be combined with any other offer. No copies. One per customer. No cash value. CT2016 Kittery Trading Post / Rte 1 Kittery, ME / Mon-Sat 9-9, Sun 10-6 / 888-587-6246 / ktp.com / ktpguns.com 2016 CONNECTICUT HUNTING & TRAPPING Contents Licenses, Permits & Tags ............................................................ 8–10 Firearms Hunting Licenses Small Game and Deer Archery Deer and Turkey Permits Pheasant Tags Waterfowl Stamps Hunter Education Requirements Lost License Handicapped License Hunting Laws & Regulations ..................................................... 12–15 BE BEAR AWARE, page 6 Definitions Learn what you should do if you encounter bears in the outdoors or around Closed Seasons your home.
    [Show full text]
  • Undergraduate Catalog 14-16
    UNDERGRADUATE CATALOG: 2014-2016 Connecticut State Colleges and Universities ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS, PROGRAMS, AND Accreditation and Policy COURSES Message from the President Ancell School of Business Academic Calendar School of Arts & Sciences Introduction to Western School of Professional Studies The Campus School of Visual and Performing Arts Admission to Western Division of Graduate Studies Student Expenses Office of Student Aid & Student Employment Directory Student Affairs Administration Academic Services and Procedures Faculty/Staff Academic Programs and Degrees Faculty Emeriti Graduation Academic Program Descriptions WCSU Undergraduate Catalog: 2014-2016 1 CONNECTICUT STATE COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES The 17 Connecticut State Colleges & Universities (ConnSCU) provide affordable, innovative and rigorous programs that permit students to achieve their personal and career goals, as well as contribute to the economic growth of Connecticut. The ConnSCU System encompasses four state universities – Western Connecticut State University in Danbury, Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, Eastern Connecticut State University in Willimantic and Southern Connecticut State University in New Haven – as well as 12 community colleges and the online institution Charter Oak State College. Until the state’s higher education reorganization of 2011, Western was a member of the former Connecticut State Unviersity System that also encompassed Central, Eastern and Southern Connecticut state universities. With origins in normal schools for teacher education founded in the 19th and early 20th centuries, these institutions evolved into diversified state universities whose graduates have pursued careers in the professions, business, education, public service, the arts and other fields. Graduates of Western and other state universities contribute to all aspects of Connecticut economic, social and cultural life.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery
    Multi-temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery Multi-temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery Basic Information Title: Multi-temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery Project Number: 2010CT208B Start Date: 3/1/2010 End Date: 2/28/2011 Funding Source: 104B Congressional District: District 2 Research Category: Water Quality Focus Category: Water Quality, Surface Water, None Descriptors: None Principal Investigators: Daniel Civco, James D Hurd Multi-temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery1 Multi-temporal Assessment of Connecticut Lake Water Clarity Using Landsat Satellite Imagery Progress Report May 2011 Daniel Civco – Principal Investigator James Hurd – Co-Investigator Center for Landuse Education and Research (CLEAR) Department of Natural Resources and the Environment The University of Connecticut 1376 Storrs Road Storrs, CT 06269-4087 (p) 860-486-4610, (f) 860-486-5408 [email protected] [email protected] RESEARCH PROBLEM Connecticut has over 1,000 lakes and ponds larger than 5 acres in area. These water bodies provide important recreational opportunities, aesthetic values, and ecosystem services that contribute to the quality of life, environment, and economy of the state. Over the past 400 years, Connecticut has undergone significant alterations to its landscape. As a result of these mostly anthropogenic activities, including clearing of forests, agriculture, and urban and rural development, there have been significant impacts to the water quality of Connecticut’s lakes and ponds. While a natural process, the eutrophication of lakes caused by excess nutrient export in runoff has been, and continues to be, a pervasive problem (Siver et al., 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Connecticut Boater's Guide Rules and Resources
    2021 Connecticut Boater's Guide Rules and Resources In The Spotlight Updated Launch & Pumpout Directories CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION HTTPS://PORTAL.CT.GOV/DEEP/BOATING/BOATING-AND-PADDLING YOUR FULL SERVICE YACHTING DESTINATION No Bridges, Direct Access New State of the Art Concrete Floating Fuel Dock Offering Diesel/Gas to Long Island Sound Docks for Vessels up to 250’ www.bridgeportharbormarina.com | 203-330-8787 BRIDGEPORT BOATWORKS 200 Ton Full Service Boatyard: Travel Lift Repair, Refit, Refurbish www.bridgeportboatworks.com | 860-536-9651 BOCA OYSTER BAR Stunning Water Views Professional Lunch & New England Fare 2 Courses - $14 www.bocaoysterbar.com | 203-612-4848 NOW OPEN 10 E Main Street - 1st Floor • Bridgeport CT 06608 [email protected] • 203-330-8787 • VHF CH 09 2 2021 Connecticut BOATERS GUIDE We Take Nervous Out of Breakdowns $159* for Unlimited Towing...JOIN TODAY! With an Unlimited Towing Membership, breakdowns, running out GET THE APP IT’S THE of fuel and soft ungroundings don’t have to be so stressful. For a FASTEST WAY TO GET A TOW year of worry-free boating, make TowBoatU.S. your backup plan. BoatUS.com/Towing or800-395-2628 *One year Saltwater Membership pricing. Details of services provided can be found online at BoatUS.com/Agree. TowBoatU.S. is not a rescue service. In an emergency situation, you must contact the Coast Guard or a government agency immediately. 2021 Connecticut BOATER’S GUIDE 2021 Connecticut A digest of boating laws and regulations Boater's Guide Department of Energy & Environmental Protection Rules and Resources State of Connecticut Boating Division Ned Lamont, Governor Peter B.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir
    Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan District Commission Morrison, Jonathan and Columbo, M.J. —SURF RESERVOIR W Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir Watershed, A TERSHED, NORTHWESTERN CONNECTICUT Northwestern Connecticut, 1999–2001 pantone 152 ACE-W A T ER QUALITY AND NUTRIENT LOADS IN THE NEP , 1999–2001—SIR 2006-5272 AUG Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5272 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Surface-Water Quality and Nutrient Loads in the Nepaug Reservoir Watershed, Northwestern Connecticut, 1999-2001 By Jonathan Morrison and Michael J. Colombo Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan District Commission Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5272 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Morrison, Jonathan, and Colombo, M.J., 2006, Surface-water quality and nutrient loads in the Nepaug Reservoir watershed, northwestern Connecticut, 1999-2001: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Space Plan April 28, 2002
    Abstract of the New Hartford Open Space Plan April 28, 2002 New Hartford Open Space Planning Committee Open space is land preserved in its natural state or for farming or forestry. The State has set a goal of preserving 21% of Connecticut land as open space by 2023. Of New Hartford’s 24,362 acres, only 3,335, or 13.7%, are permanently protected as open space. Large scale residential development is under way. In the past decade, 300 new homes have been build, and the town has lost approximately 1,937 acres of farmland alone to residential development. The population has doubled in forty years. Open space protects quality of life, the environment, agriculture, archaeological sites, and the tax base. Residential development costs the town $1.58 in services for every tax dollar generated, vs. $0.05 per dollar for open space. The town should seek multiple sources of funding, including bonding, state grants and private grants, to preserve high-priority lands as open space. A wide variety of protection mechanisms exist aside from actually purchasing land, and many of them involve keeping the land under private ownership and control. The town should take steps to prevent haphazard development and preserve high priority lands as open space in perpetuity. High priority lands are those that protect agriculture, the rural character of the town, water quality, wildlife, passive recreation, and archaeological sites, especially if they are large tracts of land in residential zones. Once the Open Space Plan is approved, a commission will be assigned the task of implementing the plan.
    [Show full text]