EPS 101/271 Lecture 10: Introduction to Digital Mapping Systems
What are Digital Mapping Systems ?
What are their educational and professional advantages ?
How mapping software works: the visual user interface of GeoMapper/PenMap
Digital base maps
GPS devices (theory) An exciting advance with Classroom overview of many rewards, requires GeoMapper use in the field paying attention, following Lecture directions, personal Demonstration responsibility, and respect for Student use equipment – eg. UCSB
What is Digital Mapping ? Mapping using digital electronics and information technology (IT) tools: (pen tablet portable PC’s and digital base maps)
How different is it from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ?
GIS have 2 sources of information: - primary (newly-created data) made by digital or conventional mapping methods - secondary (digitizing old -existing data) until now GIS has largely dealt with secondary data
1 Purposes of Digital Mapping:
Is the front end or data capture part of GIS systems- creating primary information
Mapping- implementing the science of geology
Increase overall productivity of mappers by improving: Accuracy in positioning (location) SdfSpeed of mapp ing Assisted standardization Integration of a variety of digital base maps Improved 3-D visualization & interpretation One-step “paperless” map production
Educational Goals: Provide an enabling technology to advance the learning process of mapping and synthesis
Reduce uncertainties and hesitancy to commit ideas to a map b ecause of diffi cul ti es i n positioning
Improve mapping skills so that confidence builds as successful experiences reinforces skills
Encourage insightful use of available IT data, not entertain students with mere gadgets
Better preparation for professional careers
2 Educational strategy: Initiate teaching mapping using traditional paper and pencil methods
Simple, fast, inexpensive- shows what is out there
Digital instrumentation can interfere with learning basic geological skills and concepts
Transition to digital mapping tools
Use project oriented discovery learning- not show and tell
Components
Color pen table PC computer: Fujitsu Stylisitc 5000 Pen Tablet PC, 1.2GHz/10.4”reflective screen, 512 MB Memory 40 GB hard drive
Mapping program (GeoMapper of UC Berkeley and PenMap of Strata Software, Bradford, England)
Digital media Base maps: topographic, color orthophotos, epicenters
EPS 118- plus gravity, magnetics, glacial geology, epicenters
Real-time GPS for each student team integrated with mapping program and digital maps (not hand-held GPS)
3 Turn brightness to zero when outdoors- extend battery life and use only solar power Turn sounds off to extend battery life
4 US GlobalSat BC 337 GPS GPS http://www.usglobalsat.com/p-140-bc-337.aspx Frequency: L1, 1575.42MHz
US Globalsat BC-337 GPS receiver with compact flash 20 channel AT-65 external antenna
GPS accuracy depends on:
Type of GPS unit The number of satellites visible to the receiver Strength of satellite signals (S/N) Geometric position of satellite in the sky (constellation) Differential corrections- require an unobstructed view of the southern sky- suggestion: put your external GPS antenna on your shoulder Face north when taking GPS readings- this automatically gives you the best chance of receiving the DGPS signals.
5 6 Satellite Geometry given as: HDOP = Horizontal dilution of precission
Good GPS fix but Not differentially corrected
7 HGOP =1 is ideal
Have to ppyosition yourself so that the GPS receiver is in direct line With a satellite sending down the Differential corrections- next time
Orbits: ISS- International Space Station GPS- Global Positioning Systems Geosynchronous satellites
Earth Revolutions around Earth each day (35,790 km)
8 Orbits http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SCOOL/orbits.html
What is our lat and long? http://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/g15.html httppyg://www.lyngsat.com/tracker/anikf1r.htm
To find elev and azimuth Of Geostationary satellite:
9 WAAS Differential Correction: http://www.usglobalsat.com/t-what_is_waas.aspx
10 Consequence: Software has to integrate and manage these tools and support science as we practice it as a creative process without interfering with workflow
The product , a geological map and data base , is a complex scientific record created incrementally & interactively
Mapping is not:
A sequence of discrete point measurements
Mapping is a continuum of activities requiring one to keep oriented, located, and continually aware of their stratigraphic, lithologic and structural environment.
A digital mapping system must support this continuum and implement the routine that mappers deem convenient and essential to natural workflow
11 The visual user interface constitutes the entirety of the link between the geologist and the digital tools
The link must be familiar, logical, scientifically functional, comprehensive and easy to personalize for each new area
Two main alternative digital mapping systems:
Full PC pen tablets running Windows getting faster, smaller and less expensive best for “data fusion”
Palm units running Windows CE (data collectors)
GeoMapper by Brimhall, Vanegas and Lerch (UCB)
Built around the workflow activities of the scientist in the field using the visual user interface as sole control.
Vilisual user i nterf ace h as sci iififilientific functionality providing:
Definition of mapping project areas with legends
Point and Click- no programming required of user
Logical and self explanatory workflow mapping system without menus nor gaps that stop users
None of the file transfer of palm CE units
12 GeoMapper Project Manager lets the user define the local stratigraphic column
GeoMapper Legend Maker
Takes < 1 hour using only point and click A hard copy of the legend can be printed Removes s serious barrier to independent digital mapping
User-selected color infill Selectable pre-programmed lithology patterns patterns (Compton, 1985)
13 Button Tool bars
Tool bars are arrays of buttons which can be touched by the pen stylus to bring up groups of buttons organized in a logical fashion but providing flex ibility i n sequence
Saves screen space for the map and improves speed Lithology
structure
Formations
Mineralization, alteration and sampling sites
GeoMapper Color-coded frequency of use hierarchy stop light & left to right
Go ahead: Open map, legend, map, sample, export Caution: Undo, erase, redraw, zoom, lost Stop- pay attention: Save, Exit Base maps, ortho-photos, GPS, laser Copyright UC Regents 1999 Mapping workflow continuum Go ahead
Tool bars
Samples
14 Button Tool bars bring up groups of buttons organized in a logical fashion but providing flexibility in sequence
Lithology
Formations
Structure
Mineralization
Alteration
Mapping on a Vector Topographic Map
Outcrop lithology mapping preserves the prime data Colored formation show regional distribution
15 GPS- A Legacy of the Cold war
Satellite navigation system using triangulation from 27 satellites orbiting 11,000 miles above the earth
Funded and controlled by the Department of Defense (DOD)
Coded satellite signals that can be processed in a ground receiver to compute position, velocity and time
Method of Ranging
Distance = Velocity * Time
Velocity = speed of light (3x10exp 10 cm/sec)
Time is the unknown
Travel times are used to compute distance and are very short 0.06 secs
Syy()nchronized to Universal Coordinated Time (UTC): Greenwich Mean Time plus a few seconds (suburb of London on the Thames River , Long. = 0 arbitrarily
Accurate atomic clocks on each satellite
16 ISS Moon GPS Geosynchronous
16 2 1 1/30 revolutions around the Earth per day
Mean diameter of Earth 12,756 km
GPS satellites 20,000 km orbit circle Earth 2 times per day
International Space Station in Low Earth Orbit 361-437 km above Earth (15-16 Earth orbits per day)
Geosynchronous Earth orbit 35,786 km (5.5 Earth diameters)
Mean diameter of Moon 3,476 km (30 days to make one Earth revolution)
Mean distance Earth to Moon 384,400 km (30 times Earth's diameter)
Operational Modes
Now with noise turned off, autonomous GPS accuracy is about +/-5-10 m (15-30 feet)
Atmospheric conditions in ionosphere and multi -pathing cause another error by bouncing off other objects before arriving at the receiver Differential Corrections
Software algg()orithms called Virtual Base Stations (VBS)
Calculate differential corrections that a base station would generate if it were at the receiver location
17 Mathematical requirements x, y, z, time are 4 unknowns
Need 4 independent equations
At least 4 satellites are needed to get a 3 dimensional location of x, y and z
The more satellites the better
Our GPS units required at least 4 satellites with a signal to noise ratio about 32
Satellites Visible
18 Types of base (back) maps • No base map. PenMap automatically uses Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) in meter units. No map prep required • Raster (scanned) bit map image (*BMP) file of a topographic map, ortho-rectified air photo, satellite i mage. QliffQuality suffers wh en map i s enlarged
• Vector map of topography made from scanned map or stereo air photos in 2- D or 3-D Digital Elevation model (DEM)
• •DiBothgggp()ital raster raster andgrap vectorhics (DRGsimultaneousl) y – eg. An ortho-photo and a topographic map in digital (vector) •ESRIform, Shapefile or a geophysical map
all 4 types at once or any combination
Topography, orthophoto, geophysics, magnetics, gravity), geography ...
Mapping on a Vector Topo Map
Outcrops
19 Advantages of Ortho-Images • Since they are ortho-rectified … • They serve as accurate background maps which preserve position, distance, areas, and angles • Impossible with unprocessed images • Made from air photos or satellite images
20 Maintenance and security
Battery charging overnight in assigned lockers Security: Responsibility by each user
To start GeoMapper Double click
Do not click carelessly as the computers will freeze
21 22 Open a Map
23 Rename map as B8flflfl.pts where f is your first initial and l is the first letter of last name of one student, Then same for second student-or third then SAVE AS
Zoom
24 Lithology toolbar
25 Structure toolbar
Formations toolbar
26 Options Base
Turn off maps
Remember to “complete” so data goes into GIS data base
27 Strike and Dip
28 Clear data Key in azimuth using right hand rule
Enter data for dip
29 Necessities:
Please pay attention: Why we have quizzes- to learn enough so you can succeed in the next phase of the class
Focus and awareness are critically important now using computers
No room for carelessness or forgetfulness
No use of the computers except for this class as directed No email, no other software added to them
Commun icati on with a comput er i s vit al “Whatever” thinking does not bode well for good communication A computer will do only what you explicitly tell it to do.
It is “just” …. Does not work- you have to know.
Expectation that you have a working knowledge of traditional mapping and are ready to learn to use new equipment
Also ready to accept some serious responsibility: safety of the digital mapping tools assigned to you.
The proof of who is ready and who is not is in actions- not words
So be careful- you have the financial responsibility to pay for all repairs and replacement costs.
Demonstration of GeoMapper in real time
Assignment of equipment
Hands-on instruction for rest of afternoon
30 Do not hit UNDO after making an erasing a symbol
Do not hit the right click button when doing erase all
Using pen stylus: Watch for hard drive indicator or hour glass Do not use pen while either shows Be deliberate- more clicks is not better than 1 click Do not go too fast- 1 per second The computer can only do one thing at a time
To use the digital mapping systems, students must accept the responsibility of taking care of them, and also accept the financial responsibility of paying the costs of repairing them or the replacement costs.
31 Plus 8.5 % tax
4 types of simultaneous base maps: Integrated field work with Vector (digital topography) available geo-spatial Digital Raster Graphics (DRG) information: ortho-images Bit Mapped Image (BMP) and geophysics Shapefiles (ESRI) Poleta Folds White Mts. CA
32 Tactile reality Very different from visual reality
McCone Hall Cross walks EPS Department
Doors Braille Paths Building Labels on roof tops
2 meter steps
6 feet by 3 feet
33 Co-axial laser and fiber optic Reflectorless visible and IR IR gun laser mapping
Helicopter
Portable0.35-2.5 m IR spectrometer
Mapping systems using Visible and Infrared spectrometer Mapping system assembled from separate commercial components Pulsed laser Range: 200 m Penn Mine , CA
Collaborators: Montero, Brimhall, and Alpers and Swayze (USGS Water Resorouces) Paper in binder
34 Quiz 4 results
Comments
Question 3: Paleo-environments Lacustrine Sub-aerial Fluvial Marine
Question 4 (full response) Marine regression Cause by global cooling Ice volume decreased Strike slip faults with releasing bends PllPull-apartbt basi ns East Pacific Rise over-ridden by North America Anoxic Claremont basin
35 Classroom overview of use of GeoMapper
Step by step
Contacts Faults Strike and Dip Outcrop lithology Formation area color infills
Demonstration first, then
Do examples together:
36