N° 6 Anno 2020

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N° 6 Anno 2020 N° 6 anno 2020 1 INDICE OPINIO ALA KACHUU, RAPITE E FORZATE AL MATRIMONIO: IL DRAMMA DELLE DONNE 4 KIRGHISE INSIDE AL-SHABĀB 8 COVID-19 IN BRASILE: LA TRAGICA EVOLUZIONE E IL RUOLO DEL PRESIDENTE 13 BOLSONARO DIGITALIZZAZIONE E PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE IN ITALIA 18 IL POPULISMO C.D. GIUDIZIARIO, UN ALTRO VOLTO DELLO SPETTRO CHE 23 MINACCIA LA DEMOCRAZIA COSTITUZIONALE )IL POTERE MARITTIMO ITALIANO SECONDO DOMENICO BONAMICO 28 IL RAPIMENTO E LA LIBERAZIONE DI SILVIA ROMANO 31 IMPATTO DEL COVID-19 SULLA PARITÀ DI GENERE E IL PROBLEMA DELLA 35 VIOLENZA DOMESTICA L’ASSE CINA- VENEZUELA IL SOSTEGNO DI PECHINO A CARACAS 46 LA FINE DEL FRANCO CFA È LA FINE DEL COLONIALISMO FRANCESE IN AFRICA 49 OCCIDENTALE LA RELIGIONE POPULISTA 52 LE NUOVE FRONTIERE DELLO “SPORTWASHING” 56 LE NUOVE GUERRE BALCANICHE 59 LIBERTÀ RELIGIOSA NEL CONTESTO DELL’EMERGENZA SANITARIA 65 QUAL È IL RUOLO DELLA RELIGIONE NEL TERRORISMO JIHADISTA 81 RICHARD M. NIXON “TRICKY DICKY” IL PRESIDENTE DIMISSIONARIO 90 JUS CASSAZIONE: SÌ ALL’EQUA RIPARAZIONE PER IRRAGIONEVOLE DURATA DEL 97 PROCESSO TENUTOSI IN UN UNICO GRADO (ANCHE SE DURATO MENO DI SEI ANNI) DIRITTO ALLA PRIVACY NELL’ATTUALE CONTESTO EMERGENZIALE: 101 CEDEVOLEZZA DELLA TUTELA E NORMALIZZAZIONE DELLA SORVEGLIANZA? 2 I “RIFERIMENTI IN PUBBLICO ALLA COLPEVOLEZZA” NELLA DIRETTIVA 131 2016/343/UE: SPUNTI DI RIFLESSIONE IL CONTRASTO AI FENOMENI DELLA CRIMINALITÀ ORGANIZZATA, TRA DELITTI 148 E CIRCOSTANZE CON CONFINI PROBLEMATICI IL COVID-19 E IL MERITO CREDITIZIO 154 IL DIRITTO SENZA GIUSTIZIA 157 INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE E DIRITTO PROFILI NORMATIVI, ETICI E POLITICI 162 L’ECONOMIA DELLE MASCHERINE PROTETTIVE AL TEMPO DEL COVID-19 167 LA LEGGE “SPAZZACORROTTI” LA CORTE COSTITUZIONALE BOCCIA IL 176 GIUSTIZIALISMO E IL SIMBOLISMO PENALE LA SACRALITÀ DELLA VITA ED IL DIRITTO DI LASCIARSI MORIRE NODI IRRISOLTI 182 E PROSPETTIVE DI INTERVENTO LEGISLATIVO NEL CASO DJ FABO INTERVISTE & RECENSIONI IN PERFETTO STATO 190 L’IRAN AL TEMPO DI TRUMP. DI LUCIANA BORSATTI 200 INTERVISTA BEYA BEN ABDELBAKI 208 NELLA REP. DEM. DEL CONGO “LA SPERANZA È VITA” 217 RELAZIONI ITALIA-LIBANO INTERVISTA ALL’AMBASCIATRICE LIBANESE MIRA 221 DAHER SOVIETISTAN, VIAGGIO NEGLI –STAN DELL’ASIA CENTRALE 224 3 Ala kachuu, rapite e concordato e consensuale (consensual elopement) di una donna da parte di un forzate al matrimonio: il uomo, intenzionato a sposarla e non dramma delle donne accettato dalla sua famiglia, circa 2/3 delle unioni originate da Ala kachuu sono di kirghise 3 natura non consensuale. Nonostante il divieto sancito dall’articolo Durante i primi sei mesi del 2019, in tutto 155 del Codice penale e la condanna fino il paese sono stati perseguiti 118 casi a sette anni di carcere1, in Kirghizistan se penali di rapimento di una sposa. un uomo rapisce una donna per sposarla, L'UNICEF stima che la portata del corre un rischio estremamente basso di fenomeno sia maggiore, ma che la mancata segnalazione alle autorità da essere perseguito dalla legge. Dovesse invece parte delle vittime o dei loro parenti ne rubare una pecora o una mucca, avrebbe impedisca una quantificazione effettiva.4 buone chances di finire in prigione, Reuters, che parla di una vittima di Ala condannato ad un massimo di undici anni kachuu ogni cinque donne kirghise, cita per furto di bestiame. inoltre il Women Support Centre in "Le persone possono mangiare bestiame, Kirghizistan, secondo cui ma non possono mangiare donne” furono le ammonterebbero quasi a 12.000 le kirghise che ogni anno vengono rapite (di parole pronunciate in Parlamento nel cui 2.000 anche stuprate) e costrette a 2 2012. sposarsi contro la propria volontà.5 L’UNFPA, il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite Di Fabrizia Candido per la popolazione, in un’indagine pubblicata nel 2014 evidenzia inoltre che ll rapimento della sposa o Ala il fenomeno interessa anche i minori (la kachuu (“prendi e fuggi”) è una pratica stima è di 4 spose sequestrate su 11). largamente diffusa in Kirghizistan, in cui Dal punto di vista giuridico, vi sono un uomo, generalmente con l’aiuto di un molteplici infrazioni. I matrimoni con gruppo di amici o parenti, rapisce una minori sono vietati dall’articolo 154 del giovane donna al fine di farne la propria Codice penale e punibili con una pena sposa. Secondo gli studi di Russell massima di 10 anni di carcere. Il Kleinbach, professore emerito presso Kirghizistan ha inoltre ratificato la l’Università di Filadelfia, sebbene Convenzione dei Diritti del Fanciullo l’espressione includa anche il rapimento (CRC), la Convenzione sull'eliminazione 1 https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/wp- consensual%20Bride%20Kidnapping%20in%20Kyrgyzst content/uploads/2013/11/UNFPA-Child-Marriage-in- an.pdf Kyrgyzstan-2014.pdf 4 https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/i-never-said-yes 2 https://www.eastjournal.net/archives/32517 5 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan- 3 women-bride-kidnapping/one-in-five-girls-and-women- https://eurasianpublications.com/pdf/ejss/EJSS%204% kidnapped-for-marriage-in-kyrgyzstan-study- 20-%20Reducing%20Non- idUSKBN1AH5GI 4 di ogni forma di discriminazione della prospettive vantaggiose in termini sociali donna (CEDAW) e la Convenzione sul o economici. Vi è inoltre un altro consenso al matrimonio, l'età minima per elemento: il sequestro, molto spesso, il matrimonio e la registrazione dei include lo stupro. Tuttavia, anche quando matrimoni. 6 l’atto sessuale non viene in alcun modo consumato, una volta che la donna ha Per Gazbubu Babayarova, fondatore del passato anche una sola notte presso la Kyz Korgon Institute, un’ong che si batte casa del suo sequestratore, la sua verginità per arginare il fenomeno, tra il 68 e il 75 viene messa in dubbio. Con il suo onore per cento dei matrimoni in Kirghizistan caduto in disgrazia, avrà poche altre avvengono con il rapimento della sposa. occasioni per sposarsi. Pertanto, in queste Secondo Babayarova, la povertà è una circostanze la donna si sente costretta a delle molte ragioni alla base dei sequestri: sposare il suo sequestratore.8 Anche in in questo modo le famiglie eviterebbero caso di divorzio, la donna viene ritenuta di pagare la dote e le spese per le nozze. una persona di “seconda classe”, senza il Ma c’è anche un’altra spiegazione: il diritto morale di sposare un uomo che timore per l’uomo di un possibile rifiuto, non è mai stato sposato prima. Non è qualora formulasse una semplice inusuale che tali pressioni portino le proposta, che scalfirebbe la sua vittime di Ala kachuu al suicidio.9 mascolinità.7 Negli ultimi anni, la società civile ha La situazione si complica, inoltre, a causa intensificato gli sforzi per combattere dello stigma sociale di cui è vittima la l'Ala kachuu. A battersi con maggiore donna una volta rapita. Dopo il sequestro, forza è la più giovane parlamentare del la donna viene portata nella casa Kirghizistan, Aida Kasymalieva. dell’uomo che sarà costretta a sposare. Cosciente che la questione non rientri tra Una volta lì, i parenti dello sposo le priorità del Parlamento kirghiso, proveranno, con violenze fisiche e avendo lavorato sul tema durante la sua psicologiche, a convincere la donna ad decennale carriera giornalistica, accettare il matrimonio, ponendole un Kasymalieva punta su pene più severe, velo bianco sul capo (jooluk) sull’istruzione, la sensibilizzazione delle simboleggiante l’accordo. In questa generazioni più giovani e la maggior situazione accade spesso che la famiglia partecipazione delle donne in politica per della donna faccia pressioni affinché ella contrastare il fenomeno.10 accetti il matrimonio, in particolar modo se dall’unione potrebbero derivare 6 https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/wp- 9 https://eurasianet.org/bride-kidnapping-a-tradition-or- content/uploads/2013/11/UNFPA-Child-Marriage-in- a-crime Kyrgyzstan-2014.pdf 10 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-women-rulers- 7 https://www.fanpage.it/esteri/che-cos-e-l-ala-kachuu-l- kyrgyzstan/when-women-rule-kyrgyzstans-youngest- assurdo-sequestro-di-giovani-ragazze-a-scopo-di- female-mp-puts-bride-kidnapping-attacks-on-women-in- matrimonio/ spotlight-idUSKBN1CU01Q 8 https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/kyrgyzstan0906/kyr gyzstan0906webwcover.pdf 5 Sul tema abbiamo intervistato Lucio Valerio d’età più avanzata e su cui i primi dati Sarandrea, Chief Child Protection UNICEF a saranno pienamente visibili nel 2030. Bishkek e Professore associato presso l’American University of Central Asia (AUCA). “Che progetti porta avanti l’UNICEF per contrastare il fenomeno?” “L’origine della pratica: una Lavoriamo su più fronti. Un importante tradizione culturale risalente alle progetto legislativo ha permesso comunità nomadi kirghise?” l’adozione di una legge che proibisce il Questa è la domanda di tutte le domande. matrimonio religioso sotto i 18 anni C’è una risposta molto forte e ben precisa (civilmente era già vietato). Adottiamo che propongo. Nella versione inglese del inoltre la strategia UNICEF mio libro Aisuluu, bella come la Luna, c’è “Communication for Development”, un’introduzione curata dell’ex mirando alla deculturalizzazione del Presidentessa del Kirghizistan, Roza fenomeno. Nello specifico, lavoriamo Otunbayeva, la quale sostiene che l’Ala con bambini e ragazzi, andiamo nelle kachuu non è un fenomeno culturale, scuole e ci adoperiamo per la riforma dei bensì una manipolazione di un fenomeno curricula scolastici, introducendo culturale. Ciò a cui l’UNICEF lavora è contenuti sulla parità di genere e la appunto la sua deculturalizzazione. Se criminalizzazione dell’Ala kachuu. Dal guardiamo al lato storico, per esempio, punto di vista mediatico, invece, abbiamo possiamo notare che il fenomeno ha promosso diversi video e cortometraggi, avuto un’incidenza molto bassa durante il ritrasmessi in televisione e condivisi sui regime sovietico, ma dopo il crollo vi è social media. stato un forte incremento. Non credo che Lavoriamo infine con la società civile e le in questo caso si possa trovare una comunità religiose, le quali inizialmente giustificazione culturale, in buona vedevano con diffidenza il nostro sostanza è un crimine spesso travestito da operato.
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  • Discuss Whether International Law Satisfactorily Protects Human Rights
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