DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Skin Using HPLC-Msn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Skin Using HPLC-Msn Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Skin using HPLC-MSn By Kyle A. Reed Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Food Science and Technology Committee: Sean O’Keefe (Committee Chair) Rebecca O’Malley (Committee Co-Chair) Susan Duncan Kumar Mallikarjunan Joseph Marcy December 7, 2009 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: peanut skin, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, polyphenol, HPLC-MSn Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Peanut Skin using HPLC-MSn By Kyle A. Reed ABSTRACT Consumers view natural antioxidants as a safe means to reduce spoilage in foods. In addition, these compounds have been reported to be responsible for human health benefits. Identification of these compounds in peanut skins may enhance consumer interest, improve sales, and increase the value of peanuts. This study evaluated analytical methods which have not been previously incorporated for the analysis of peanut skins. Toyopearl size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for separating phenolic size-classes in raw methanolic extract from skins of Gregory peanuts. This allowed for an enhanced analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant activity based on compound classes, and provided a viable preparatory separation technique for further identification. Toyopearl SEC of raw methanolic peanut skin extract produced nine fractions based on molecular size. Analysis of total phenolics in these fractions indicated Gregory peanut skins contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Further studies revealed the fractions contained compounds which exhibited antioxidant activities that were significantly higher than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a common synthetic antioxidant used in the food industry. This indicates peanut skin extracts are a viable antioxidant source, and that synthetic antioxidants can be replaced with those naturally-derived from peanut by-products. Structures contained in each fraction were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry (MSn). Prior to this study, approximately 20 compounds have been identified in peanut skins. The combination of Toyopearl SEC with ESI-HPLC-MSn allowed for the identification of 314 phenolic-based compounds, most of which are newly discovered compounds in peanut skins. Many compounds identified are known to have powerful antioxidant effects, and also have been reported to exhibit numerous beneficial chemical and biological activities, including the treatment of various human health-related conditions. It is evident that peanut skins may be a potential untapped source for the extraction of natural food antioxidants, nutracueticals, and even pharmaceuticals. Because peanut skins are largely a wasted resource to peanut processors, the novel polyphenols identified in this research could have a significant financial impact on the peanut industry. Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my grandfather, the late Sanford (Sandy) H. Stiles. Known to his family as “Pop Pop”, Sandy was an inspiration to both his community and family alike. He was an instrumental driving force in my life, and taught me the necessary values required to succeed both academically, and personally. For everyone who had the pleasure to know him, he made us realize that nothing in life comes easy, and that only through hard work and dedication will you succeed. He lived by the mantra to “Show ‘em what fer!”, which always gave me the hope of achieving my goals during these often tenacious years of graduate school. Pop Pop, although you are no longer here, you will always be with us, and in my heart forever. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the faculty and staff in the Food Technology Department at Virginia Tech, who gave me this fantastic opportunity to not only hone my skills for my future career, but also to make this research project a reality. My sincere appreciation goes to my major advisor, Dr. Sean O’Keefe, for his true friendship, guidance, financial support, and vast sea of never-ending knowledge. A heartfelt thanks goes to my co-advisor, Dr. Rebecca O’Malley, who graciously took me under her wing for this project. In addition to her friendship, she gave me the necessary knowledge, tools, and support required to achieve my goals. Another sincere appreciation goes to my committee members, Dr. Joseph Marcy, Dr. Susan Duncan, and Dr. Kumar Mallikarjunan. Your friendship, guidance, and support were integral to the success of this research, and also made graduate school at VT an enjoyable and memorable experience. A special thanks also goes to Dr. Jodie Johnson, who devoted much of his time and energy toward helping me with this project. Reaching this point has been a long and arduous journey, full of life’s unexpected twists and turns. Traversing this road has been made simpler by my having people in my life who inspired me to never give up. I’d like to thank all of them who believed in me; I am grateful to all my friends for their support and encouragement. Also, a special thanks to Denise Gardner, not only for her help and support, but also for being such a huge inspiration in both my academic and my personal life. Most of all, I would like to thank my family for being my rock and my foundation. To my mother and father, Laurie and Paul Dietrich, and my brother, Kent Reed, a special thank you for their love and encouragement. I couldn’t have done it without you! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables and Figures x Introduction 1 CHAPTER I: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 3 Peanut Industry 3 Peanut Varieties 4 By-Products of the Peanut Industry 4 Peanut Composition and Health 6 Phenolic Compounds in Peanuts and Other Plants 12 Oxidation and Antioxidants 19 Extraction Methods 26 Antioxidant Activity Methods 29 Total Phenols Method 30 Analytical Methods for Separation and Identification 31 Patentability 38 References 42 CHAPTER II: TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF 50 FRACTIONS OBTAINED FROM SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY (SEC) OF RAW METHANOLIC PEANUT SKIN EXTRACT Abstract 50 Introduction 51 Materials and Methods 52 Results and Discussion 56 Conclusion 60 References 65 CHAPTER III: IDENTIFICATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PEANUT 66 SKIN EXTRACT USING HPLC WITH NEGATIVE MODE ION TRAP MSn AND ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION Abstract 66 Introduction 67 Materials and Methods 69 Results and Discussion 74 Fraction A – HPLC Method 1 74 Fraction A – HPLC Method 2 84 v Fraction B – HPLC Method 1 87 Fraction B – HPLC Method 2 97 Fraction C – HPLC Method 1 102 Fraction C – HPLC Method 2 126 Fraction D – HPLC Method 1 146 Fraction D – HPLC Method 2 153 Fraction E – HPLC Method 1 155 Fraction E – HPLC Method 2 159 Fraction F – HPLC Method 1 162 Fraction F – HPLC Method 2 167 Fraction G-Red – HPLC Method 1 168 Fraction G-Red – HPLC Method 2 172 Fraction G – HPLC Method 1 174 Fraction G – HPLC Method 2 178 Fraction H – HPLC Method 1 180 Fraction H – HPLC Method 2 185 Conclusion 186 References 305 Summary 314 Appendix 315 A.1: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Raw Extract at 280nm ………… 316 A.2: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Standard Mix at 280nm ……………………... 317 A.3: Standard Mix: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC …………… 318 A.4: Standard Mix: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom versus TIC’s ………….. 319 A.5: Ion Spectra for Epicatechin …………………………………………………. 320 A.6: Fragmentation Scheme for Epicatechin …………………………………….. 321 A.7: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction A (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography at 280nm …………………………... 323 A.8: Peanut Skin Fraction A: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s... 324 A.9: Peanut Skin Fraction A: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC …. 325 A.10: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction B (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….. 326 A.11: Peanut Skin Fraction B: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s 327 vi A.12: Peanut Skin Fraction B: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 328 A.13: Peanut Skin Fraction B: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 329 A.14: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction C (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….. 330 A.15: Peanut Skin Fraction C: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s 331 A.16: Peanut Skin Fraction C: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 332 A.17: Peanut Skin Fraction C: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 333 A.18: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction D (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm …………………………. 334 A.19: Peanut Skin Fraction D: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s 335 A.20: Peanut Skin Fraction D: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 336 A.21: Peanut Skin Fraction D: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 337 A.22: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction E (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….. 338 A.23: Peanut Skin Fraction E: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s 339 A.24: Peanut Skin Fraction E: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 340 A.25: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction F (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….. 341 A.26: Peanut Skin Fraction F: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s 342 A.27: Peanut Skin Fraction F: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ... 343 A.28: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction G-Red (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….. 344 A.29: Peanut Skin Fraction G-Red: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC’s ……………….…………………………………………………………….. 345 A.30: Peanut Skin Fraction G-Red: HPLC-UV Chromatogram (bottom) versus TIC ……………………………………………………………………………….. 346 vii A.31: HPLC-UV Chromatogram of Peanut Skin Fraction G (Obtained from Toyopearl Size Exclusion Chromatography) at 280nm ………………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced
    Article Cite This: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 7092−7100 pubs.acs.org/est Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced Cucumber Leaf (Cucumis sativus) Senescence † ‡ § ∥ ∥ ∥ Lijuan Zhao, Yuxiong Huang, , Kelly Paglia, Arpana Vaniya, Benjamin Wancewicz, ‡ § and Arturo A. Keller*, , † Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China ‡ Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States § University of California, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States ∥ UC Davis Genome Center-Metabolomics, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Excess copper may disturb plant photosynthesis and induce leaf senescence. The underlying toxicity mechanism is not well understood. Here, 3-week-old cucumber plants were foliar exposed to different copper concentrations (10, 100, and 500 mg/L) for a final dose of 0.21, 2.1, and 10 mg/plant, using CuSO4 as the Cu ion source for 7 days, three times per day. Metabolomics quantified 149 primary and 79 secondary metabolites. A number of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were significantly down-regulated 1.4−2.4 fold, indicating a perturbed carbohy- drate metabolism. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and shikimate- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (antioxidant and defense related pathways) were perturbed by excess copper. These metabolic responses occur even at the lowest copper dose considered although no phenotype changes were observed at this dose. High copper dose resulted in a 2-fold increase in phytol, a degradation product of chlorophyll.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis of Potentially Sweet Dihydrochalcone Glycosides
    University of Bath PHD The synthesis of potentially sweet dihydrochalcone glycosides. Noble, Christopher Michael Award date: 1974 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 THE SYNTHESIS OF POTBTTIALLY SWEET DIHYDROCHALCOITB GLYCOSIDES submitted by CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL NOBLE for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Bath. 1974 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author.This copy of the the­ sis has been supplied on condition that anyone who con­ sults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be pub­ lished without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Profiles and Simultaneous Quantification of Aurantii Fructus By
    molecules Article Chemical Profiles and Simultaneous Quantification of Aurantii fructus by Use of HPLC-Q-TOF-MS Combined with GC-MS and HPLC Methods Yingjie He 1,2,† ID , Zongkai Li 3,†, Wei Wang 2, Suren R. Sooranna 4 ID , Yiting Shi 2, Yun Chen 2, Changqiao Wu 2, Jianguo Zeng 1,2, Qi Tang 1,2,* and Hongqi Xie 1,2,* 1 Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (J.Z.) 2 National and Local Union Engineering Research Center for the Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resources and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (C.W.) 3 School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 565006, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.T.); [email protected] (H.X.); Fax: +86-0731-8461-5293 (H.X.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 1 August 2018; Accepted: 29 August 2018; Published: 30 August 2018 Abstract: Aurantii fructus (AF) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to improve gastrointestinal motility disorders for over a thousand years, but there is no exhaustive identification of the basic chemical components and comprehensive quality control of this herb. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify the basic chemical compounds, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to determine the major biochemical markers from AF extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosides in Lemon Fruit
    Food Sci. Technol. Int. Tokyo, 4 (1), 48-53, 1998 Characteristics of Antioxidative Flavonoid Glycosides in Lemon Fruit Yoshiaki MIYAKE,1 Kanefumi YAMAMOT0,1 Yasujiro MORIMITSU2 and Toshihiko OSAWA2 * Central Research Laboratory of Pokka Corporation, Ltd., 45-2 Kumanosyo, Shikatsu-cho, Nishikasugai-gun, Aichi 481, Japan 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 46401, Japan Received June 12, 1997; Accepted September 27, 1997 We investigated the antioxidative flavonoid glycosides in the peel extract of lemon fruit (Citrus limon). Six flavanon glycosides: eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin, and three flavone glycosides: diosmin, 6~-di- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (DGD), and 6- C-p-glucosyldiosmin (GD) were identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Their antioxidative activity was examined using a linoleic acid autoxidation system. The antioxidative activity of eriocitrin, neoeriocitrin and DGD was stronger than that of the others. Flavonoid glycosides were present primarily in the peel of lemon fruit. There was only a small difference in the content of the flavonoid glycosides of the lemon fruit juice from various sources and varieties. Lemon fruit contained abundant amounts of eriocitrin and hesperidin and also contained narirutin, diosmin, and DGD, but GD, neoeriocitrin, naringin, and neohesperidin were present only in trace amounts. The content of DGD, GD, and eriocitrin was especially abundant in lemons and limes; however, they were scarcely found in other citrus fruits. The content of flavonoid compounds in lemon juice obtained by an in-line extractor at a juice factory was more abundant than that obtained by hand-squeezing. These compounds were found to be stable even under heat treatment conditions (121'C, 15 min) in acidic solution.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 719, Orange Pomace
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 719 https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.htm SAFETY EVALUATION DOSSIER SUPPORTING A GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE (GRAS) CONCLUSION FOR ORANGE POMACE SUBMITTED BY: PepsiCo, Inc. 700 Anderson Hill Road Purchase, NY 10577 SUBMITTED TO: U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Food Additive Safety HFS-200 5100 Paint Branch Parkway College Park, MD 20740-3835 CONTACT FOR TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION: Andrey Nikiforov, Ph.D. Toxicology Regulatory Services, Inc. 154 Hansen Road, Suite 201 Charlottesville, VA 22911 July 3, 2017 Table of Contents Part 1. SIGNED STATEMENTS AND CERTIFICATION ...........................................................1 A. Name and Address of Notifier .............................................................................................1 B. Name of GRAS Substance ...................................................................................................1 C. Intended Use and Consumer Exposure ................................................................................1 D. Basis for GRAS Conclusion ................................................................................................2 E. Availability of Information ..................................................................................................3 Part 2. IDENTITY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE, SPECIFICATIONS, AND PHYSICAL OR TECHNICAL EFFECT.................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Allelochemicals/Natural Products
    Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Allelochemicals/Natural Products Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Allelochemicals/Natural Products Editors DIEGO A. SAMPIETRO Instituto de Estudios Vegetales “Dr. A. R. Sampietro” Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán Argentina CESAR A. N. CATALAN Instituto de Química Orgánica Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán Argentina MARTA A. VATTUONE Instituto de Estudios Vegetales “Dr. A. R. Sampietro” Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán Argentina Series Editor S. S. NARWAL Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, India Science Publishers Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth Science Publishers www.scipub.net 234 May Street Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire 03748 United States of America General enquiries : [email protected] Editorial enquiries : [email protected] Sales enquiries : [email protected] Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands Printed in India © 2009 reserved ISBN: 978-1-57808-577-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Isolation, identification and characterization of allelo- chemicals/natural products/editors, Diego A. Sampietro, Cesar A. N. Catalan, Marta A. Vattuone. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57808-577-4 (hardcover) 1. Allelochemicals. 2. Natural products. I. Sampietro, Diego A. II. Catalan, Cesar A. N. III. Vattuone, Marta A. QK898.A43I86 2009 571.9’2--dc22 2008048397 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Effects of Flavonoids on Roentgen Irradiation Disease
    STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS John B. Field, Paul E. Rekers J Clin Invest. 1949;28(4):746-751. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102127. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102127/pdf STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS' By JOHN B. FIELD 2 AND PAUL E. REKERS (From the Department of Radiation Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York) (Received for publication February 22, 1949) The nature of dietary factors contributing to Thus, it has been proposed that rutin either de- the maintenance of vascular integrity has not, creases the rate of vascular disintegration, or in- as yet, been satisfactorily elucidated. However, creases its repair (12). vitamin C appears to play a specific role (1-3) by The purpose of this report is to summarize functioning in some manner to incorporate the vas- briefly observations on the activity of other sub- cular cement substance. The significance of other stances of the flavonoid and related groups and agents in alleviating "vascular purpura" has re- to indicate the relationship of these substances mained inconclusive. with vitamin C in the irradiated dog. It has been claimed that "vascular permeability" is dependent upon regulation by the entire class of METHODS "vitamin P" substances. Since 1936, the experi- Dogs of the beagle strain, identical to those utilized in mental device of eliminating "vitamin P" from the the previous study (12) were used throughout.
    [Show full text]
  • IN SILICO ANALYSIS of FUNCTIONAL Snps of ALOX12 GENE and IDENTIFICATION of PHARMACOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT FLAVONOIDS AS
    Tulasidharan Suja Saranya et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (6) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407 Research Article IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL SNPs OF ALOX12 GENE AND IDENTIFICATION OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT FLAVONOIDS AS LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITORS Tulasidharan Suja Saranya, K.S. Silvipriya, Manakadan Asha Asokan* Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Viswa Vidyapeetham University, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Article Received on: 20/04/14 Revised on: 08/05/14 Approved for publication: 22/06/14 DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.0506103 ABSTRACT Cancer is a disease affecting any part of the body and in comparison with normal cells there is an elevated level of lipoxygenase enzyme in different cancer cells. Thus generation of lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitors have suggested being valuable. Individual variation was identified by the functional effects of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). 696 SNPs were identified from the ALOX12 gene, out of which 73 were in the coding non-synonymous region, from which 8 were found to be damaging. In silico analysis was performed to determine naturally occurring flavonoids such as isoflavones having the basic 3- phenylchromen-4-one skeleton for the pharmacological activity, like Genistein, Diadzein, Irilone, Orobol and Pseudobaptigenin. O-methylated isoflavones such as Biochanin, Calycosin, Formononetin, Glycitein, Irigenin, 5-O-Methylgenistein, Pratensein, Prunetin, ψ-Tectorigenin, Retusin and Tectorigenine were also used for the study. Other natural products like Aesculetin, a coumarin derivative; flavones such as ajoene and baicalein were also used for the comparative study of these natural compounds along with acteoside and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (antioxidants) and active inhibitors like Diethylcarbamazine, Zileuton and Azelastine as standard for the computational analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethanolysis Products from Douglas Fir
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Mi p Fj}j,i., for the M S irLCheJni Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented August 196rß Title: E a o s Products fr D u las Fir Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Majá Professors Douglas fir bark fines which contained 71+.8 percent of Klason lignin and 70.2 percent of one percent sodium hydroxide solubility and decayed Douglas fir wood which contained 53.9 percent of Klason lignin were subjected to ethanolysis. A slight modification of the Hibbert's ethanolysis procedure was used. The monomeric compounds present in the reaction products were then examined. Two fractions of ethyl ether soluble oil were obtained from both bark and wood samples, which were mixtures of monomeric compounds produced by the ethanolysis reaction. One, which was designated "PE" fraction, was obtained by an ether extraction of a tar -like water insoluble substance of the ethanolysis products, and the other one designated "LE" fraction was obtained by the ether extraction of a water solution of the water soluble ethanolysis product. Two dimensional paper partition chromatography of these ether soluble oils demonstrated the presence of 12 compounds in the bark "PE" fraction, four compounds in the bark "LE" fraction and nine compounds in the wood "LE" fraction. The wood "PE" fraction gave the same chromatogram as the wood "LE ". In the wood "LE ", the typical Hibbert's monomers, 1- ethoxy- l- guaiacyl- 2- propanone, 2- ethoxy -l- guaiacyl -l- propanone, guaiacyl- acetone, vanilloyl- acetyle, vanillin, and vanillic acid were identified. Ethyl ferulate was iso- lated from the bark "PE", which was the only C6 -C3, phenyl propane type compound obtained from the ethanolysis of the bark fines sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Soy Isoflavone Genistein Inhibits an Axillary Osmidrosis Risk Factor ABCC11: in Vitro Screening and Fractional Approach for ABCC11-Inhibitory Activities in Plant Extracts and Dietary
    nutrients Article Soy Isoflavone Genistein Inhibits an Axillary Osmidrosis Risk Factor ABCC11: In Vitro Screening and Fractional Approach for ABCC11-Inhibitory Activities in Plant Extracts and Dietary Flavonoids 1,2, 2, , 1 1 1 Hiroki Saito y, Yu Toyoda * y , Hiroshi Hirata , Ami Ota-Kontani , Youichi Tsuchiya , Tappei Takada 2 and Hiroshi Suzuki 2 1 Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, Sapporo Holdings Ltd., 10 Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (A.O.-K.); [email protected] (Y.T.) 2 Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (H.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 2 July 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 14 August 2020 Abstract: Axillary osmidrosis (AO) is a common chronic skin condition characterized by unpleasant body odors emanating from the armpits, and its aetiology is not fully understood. AO can seriously impair the psychosocial well-being of the affected individuals; however, no causal therapy has been established for it other than surgical treatment. Recent studies have revealed that human ATP-binding cassette transporter C11 (ABCC11) is an AO risk factor when it is expressed in the axillary apocrine glands—the sources of the offensive odors. Hence, identifying safe ways to inhibit ABCC11 may offer a breakthrough in treating AO. We herein screened for ABCC11-inhibitory activities in 34 natural products derived from plants cultivated for human consumption using an in vitro assay system to measure the ABCC11-mediated transport of radiolabeled dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S—an ABCC11 substrate).
    [Show full text]
  • Different Approaches to Evaluate Tannin Content and Structure of Selected Plant Extracts – Review and New Aspects M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut) Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86, 154 - 166 (2013), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.021 1University of Kiel, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding – Grass and Forage Science / Organic Agriculture, Kiel, Germany 2Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection; Julius Kühn-Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts – review and new aspects M. Kardel1*, F. Taube1, H. Schulz2, W. Schütze2, M. Gierus1 (Received July 2, 2013) Summary extracts, tannins, salts and derivates was imported to the EU in the year 2011, mainly from Argentina, with a trade value of nearly Tannins occur in many field herbs and legumes, providing an im- 63.5 mio. US Dollar (UN-COMTRADE, 2013). These extracts are pro- mense variability in structure and molecular weight. This leads to duced industrially on a large scale. They could therefore maintain complications when measuring tannin content; comparability of a relatively constant quality and thus provide an advantage in rumi- different methods is problematic. The present investigations aimed at nant feeding. characterizing four different tannin extracts: quebracho (Schinopsis Tannins from different sources can react very diverse regarding lorentzii), mimosa (Acacia mearnsii), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), protein affinity (MCNABB et al., 1998; BUENO et al., 2008). Diffe- and gambier (Uncaria gambir) and impact of storage conditions. rences in tannin structure can occur even between similar plant Using photometrical methods as well as HPLC-ESI-MS, fundamen- species (OSBORNE and MCNEILL, 2001; HATTAS et al., 2011) and a tal differences could be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycitein Induces Cellular Differentiation in Nontumorigenic Prostate Epithelial Cells Elizabeth A
    Glycitein induces cellular differentiation in nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells Elizabeth A. Clubbs and Joshua A. Bomser OSU Interdisciplinary PhD program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA ABSTRACT HYPOTHESIS RESULTS and DISCUSSION Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests We hypothesize that soy isoflavones may Question 1: Do soy isoflavones reduce the proliferation of Question 2: We show that glycitein reduces RWPE-1 cellular that increased consumption of soy is associated nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cells? proliferation, does glycitein alter cell cycle distribution? with a reduced risk for prostate cancer. Soy reduce prostate cancer risk by increasing isoflavones are thought to be responsible, in part, prostate epithelial cell differentiation. Table 1. Cell cycle analysis of RWPE-1 cells treated 8 days as measured by flow for this anticancer activity. Soy isoflavones have cytometry. 4-HPR is a synthetic retinoid known to induce G 0/G 1 cell cycle arrest and been shown to induce cellular differentiation in a was used as a positive control. Data are given as means ± R.S.E. number of tissues. However, isoflavone-induced 140 genistein differentiation in the prostate has not been daidzein examined. The present study examined the effects 120 equol Cell Cycle Distribution (%) of the soy isoflavone, glycitein, on luminal and basal glycitein Cell Cycle cell differentiation in a nontumorigenic prostate 100 Distribution Control 4-HPR 5µµµM glycitein 50 µµµM glycitein epithelial cell line (RWPE-1). Differentiation was * a ± b ± a ± a ± * G /G 63.6 0.8 71.5 2.7 65.9 1.4 62.9 1.2 characterized by inhibition of cellular proliferation, 80 0 1 a ± c ± ab ± b ± cell cycle arrest, and cytokeratin expression.
    [Show full text]