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Pre-2010 Historical Seismicity Near Christchurch, New Zealand: the 1869 M W 4.7–4.9 Christchurch and 1870 M W 5.6–5.8 Lake Ellesmere Earthquakes

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Pre-2010 Historical Seismicity Near Christchurch, New Zealand: the 1869 M W 4.7–4.9 Christchurch and 1870 M W 5.6–5.8 Lake Ellesmere Earthquakes New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics ISSN: 0028-8306 (Print) 1175-8791 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzg20 Pre-2010 historical seismicity near Christchurch, New Zealand: the 1869 M W 4.7–4.9 Christchurch and 1870 M W 5.6–5.8 Lake Ellesmere earthquakes G Downes & M Yetton To cite this article: G Downes & M Yetton (2012) Pre-2010 historical seismicity near Christchurch, New Zealand: the 1869 M W 4.7–4.9 Christchurch and 1870 M W 5.6–5.8 Lake Ellesmere earthquakes, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 55:3, 199-205, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.2012.690767 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2012.690767 Published online: 06 Aug 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 350 View related articles Citing articles: 8 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzg20 Download by: [103.242.70.121] Date: 23 November 2016, At: 19:02 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Vol. 55, No. 3, September2012, 199 Á205 Pre-2010 historical seismicity near Christchurch, New Zealand: the 1869 MW 4.7Á4.9 Christchurch and 1870 MW 5.6Á5.8 Lake Ellesmere earthquakes G Downesa* and M Yettonb aGNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand; bGeotech Consulting Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand (Received 3 December 2011; final version received 8 April 2012) The 5 June 1869 (NZMT), 4 June 1869 (UT) Christchurch earthquake has long been known to have caused chimney and structural damage, to Modified Mercalli intensity MM7, in central Christchurch. On 31 August 1870, another strong earthquake shook the city causing widespread contents damage and the cracking and fall of a few chimneys. These two events represent the most significant near-field earthquakes in Christchurch’s historical record prior to the 2010 MW 7.1 Darfield and 2011 MW 6.2 Christchurch earthquakes. Comprehensive data on the effects of 1869 and 1870 events now provide reasonable constraint on their locations and magnitudes. The 1869 earthquake, known as the New Brighton earthquake prior to 1999, occurred at shallow depth (upper crustal) about 3 kilometres southwest of Christchurch Central Business District, within the aftershock zone of the 2010 and 2011 events. The 1870 Lake Ellesmere earthquake had a larger magnitude, was deeper and was about 30 km south of Christchurch. Keywords: Christchurch; historical earthquake; isoseismal map; New Zealand Introduction offshore New Brighton. Based on Dibble et al.’s location, Since the start of organised European settlement of the name ‘New Brighton’ was used by Elder et al. (1991). Christchurch, New Zealand (inset, Fig. 1) in 1850, and Another near-field earthquake that caused damage in Christchurch occurred in 1870, on 31 August at 18:53 prior to the 2010 MW 7.1 Darfield and 2011 MW 6.2 Christchurch earthquake sequence (Bannister & Gledhill (NZMT) or 07:23 (UT). It affected a wider area of Canter- 2012), only a small number of earthquakes are known to bury, generally at lower intensities than the 1869 event. It have shaken Christchurch city strongly enough to cause caused minorbuilding and contents damage, as well as the isolated chimney and minorbuilding damage and/orsig- fall or cracking of isolated chimneys over the eastern parts nificant contents damage (i.e. shaking intensities of Mod- of mid-Canterbury from Christchurch to Rakaia. Basing his ified Mercalli MM6 or more). These include large estimates on limited data, Eiby (1968) assigned the same earthquakes with epicentres more than 50 km from magnitude class and location as the 1869 earthquake, that is, Christchurch, such as the 1888 MW 7.1Á7.3 North Canter- offshore from Banks Peninsula. Dibble et al. (1980) con- bury (Cowan 1991), 1922 MW 6.4 Motunau (Downes 1995; sidered that the distribution of intensity was consistent with Dowrick, pers. comm., 1998) and 1929 MS 7.8 Buller a magnitude M 6.5 earthquake centred about 60 km east of (Dowrick 1994) earthquakes. Only one near-field earth- Christchurch. quake is known to have caused pervasive building and Prior to 2010, these two significant (although not major) chimney damage to intensity MM7 in the Christchurch earthquakes were the only historical events that provided an Central Business District (CBD) and its nearby suburbs, insight into the occurrence and effects of moderate magni- including Avonside, St Albans and Merivale. This event was tude earthquakes on faults hidden beneath the alluvial plains the 08:00 5 June 1869 (NZMT), 20:30 4 June 1869 (UT) upon which Christchurch city is situated. In an Earthquake earthquake. Based on limited data, Eiby (1968) assigned Hazard and Risk Assessment Study completed for Canter- MM7 to Christchurch city and located the earthquake off bury Regional Council (now Environment Canterbury) in Banks Peninsula, just over 60 km from Christchurch. Eiby 1998 (Pettinga et al. 1998), the inadequacy of information assigned a ‘C’ class to the magnitude, meaning that it was about these earthquakes was noted. Recommendations were probably between 4.5 and 6. In an unpublished client report made to resolve conflicting assessments of intensity and forBP (New Zealand) Ltd, based on historicaldocument magnitude and to improve locations by in-depth research. research carried out at the time Dibble et al. (1980) This was carried out as part of further work for Canterbury recognised that the earthquake was close to the city and at Regional Council in 1999, which was reported on in Stirling a shallow depth. They suggested a magnitude of M 5.75 and et al. (1999, 2001) and Pettinga et al. (2001). As the 2001 a location immediately east of the city in the vicinity of papers do not include the historical earthquake studies, we *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ISSN 0028-8306 print/ISSN 1175-8791 online # 2012 The Royal Society of New Zealand http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2012.690767 http://www.tandfonline.com 200 G Downes and M Yetton Figure 1 Isoseismal map and macroseismic epicentre (M) of the 1869 Christchurch earthquake. Isoseismal lines, marked with Roman numerals, bound areas judged to have experienced the same MM shaking intensity. The use of M for the macroseismic epicentre on the isoseismal map follows the notation used by Downes & Dowrick (in press) to distinguish these epicentres from those determined instrumentally. Inset: Location of Christchurch, New Zealand. here review and analyse the data that were found in 1999 New Zealand, are given in Table 1 and shown on the and in laterinvestigations. isoseismal map (Fig. 1). Collecting data involved searching newspapers, pub- The highest intensity of shaking was clearly confined to lished papers, farm records and personal diaries held at within a few kilometres of Christchurch city. In 1869, the National Library of New Zealand in Wellington and at Christchurch city (Fig. 2) was largely confined within the the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch. The information four avenues of Deans, Bealey, Fitzgerald and Moorhouse, found is considerably more extensive than that used by which now constitute the CBD. Contents damage occurred previous researchers, and sufficiently comprehensive to in many shops and homes and many chimneys and chimney provide reasonable constraint on new locations and magni- tops fell or were cracked. The side of a brick house in tudes for the 1869 and 1870 earthquakes. We renamed the Manchester Street collapsed. The stone spire of St John’s 1869 earthquake the Christchurch earthquake in Stirling Church in Latimer Square was cracked from top to bottom, et al. (1999); here, we name the 1870 earthquake the Lake reportedly the worst damage in the city. At the Government Ellesmere earthquake. buildings, the tops of two chimneys fell, plasterwas cracked The source information used in the analysis of intensities and several stone blocks were displaced. Similar damage in this paper has been lodged with the library at GNS occurred in other brick and stone buildings, including the Science. NZ Trust & Loan building, the NZ Insurance building and the nearby ‘Matson’ building. Some brick and stone buildings were not damaged. The relatively low level of Location, magnitude and effects of the 5 June 1869 masonry damage in the city is consistent with MM7 rather Christchurch earthquake than the MM 7Á8 assigned by Dibble et al. (1980). Intensities of shaking, assigned using the Dowrick (1996) The suburb of Avonside and, more generally, the area version of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MM) for north of the Avon River and east of and along Papanui Pre-2010 historical seismicity near Christchurch 201 Table 1 MM intensities caused by the 1869 Christchurch earth- A few chimneys and household contents were however quake. Also given for comparison are the mode or range of most damaged at Lyttelton. commonly reported intensities, as appropriate, as well as the full No liquefaction or ground damage was reported, nor range of reported intensities in the 26 December 2010 MW 4.7 was there any damage to the Lyttelton rail tunnel. No earthquake at the locations for which there are intensities for the rockfalls were reported. However, minor settlement may 1869 earthquake. have occurred in the Heathcote estuary, where it was 1869 reported that ‘the tide runs higher up the Heathcote River 26 December2010 MW 4.7 Christchurch earthquake than formerly’ (Weekly News 26 June 1869). An intensity of earthquake at least MM6, and more probably MM7, is implied. Mode orrangeof Full Interestingly,
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