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Fauna of New Zealand Website Copy, Fnz.Landcareresearch.Co.Nz, 2010 The Copyright notice printed on page 4 applies to the use of this PDF. This PDF is not to be posted on websites. Links should be made to: FNZ.LandcareResearch.co.nz EDITORIAL BOARD Dr R. M. Emberson, c/- Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand Dr M. J. Fletcher, Director of the Collections, NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr M.-C. Larivière, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Mr R. L. Palma, Natural Environment Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 65 Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) Robert J. B. Hoare Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand [email protected] with colour plates by B.E. Rhode Manaaki W h e n u a PRESS Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2010 4 Hoare (2010): Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2010 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Hoare, Robert J. B. Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) / Robert J. B. Hoare ; with colour plates by B. E. Rhode – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2010. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 (print), ISSN 1179-7193 (online) ; no. 65). ISBN 978-0-478-34724-1 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-34725-8 (online) 1. Oecophoridae — New Zealand. 2. Oecophoridae — New Zealand — Classification. I. Title II. Series UDC 595.782(931) Suggested citation: Hoare, R. J. B. 2010. Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae). Fauna of New Zealand 65, 201 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the author using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. To access on-line extracts from this series visit: http://fnz.landcareresearch.co.nz/ M~ori text by H. Jacob, Ætaki. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Date of publication 2 September 2010 Front cover: Izatha churtoni Dugdale, 1988, female (Illustrator: B. E. Rhode). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Fauna of New Zealand 65 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Lepidoptera Superfamily Gelechioidea Family Oecophoridae Genus Izatha Walker Illustration / Whakaahua: Izatha caustopa (Meyrick, Lichen tuft moths 1892), male (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: B. E. Rhode). The moths of the genus Izatha treated in this volume have been popularly named ‘lichen tuft moths’. Most of them are beautifully camouflaged when resting on the trunks of Ng~~~ pãããr‘‘‘hua wekuweku pukoko our forest trees and shrubs, not only because of their col- Kua karangatia ng~ pãr‘hua o te puninga Izatha e tirohia ours, which mimic bark or lichen, but also because of the ana i t‘nei putanga ko ng~ ‘pãr‘hua wekuweku pukoko’. tufts of raised scales on their wings and mouthparts, which Ko te nuinga, ka huna pai noa iho i te piringa atu ki ng~ imitate the raised and irregular surface of lichens. The ge- kahiwi o ng~ r~kau i te ngahere. I pai ai te huna, n~ ng~ tae nus Izatha only occurs in New Zealand, and is one of our e rite ana ki te peha o te r~kau, ki te pukoko r~nei ka tahi, very special and diverse groups of endemic moths, with 40 n~ ng~ pã unahi rerewa i ng~ parihau me te waha e rite ana species now recognised. The bright green and black species ki te mata torehapehape o te pukoko. Kei Aotearoa anake are often illustrated in popular guides to New Zealand te puninga Izatha, koia t‘tahi o ng~ k~hui pãr‘hua ahurei, insects; formerly these were usually considered to belong matahuhua tonu o t‘nei motu. E 40 Çna momo e mÇhiotia to a single species, but there are in fact 3 species (Izatha ana. Kua whakaahuatia nuitia ng~ momo he k~k~riki huttonii, I. peroneanella, and I. taingo), distinguished clearly kitakita, he pango ng~ tae, i roto i ng~ aratohu mÇ ng~ for the first time in this book. Caterpillars of Izatha almost pepeke o Aotearoa. I mua atu, t‘r~ te whakaaro kotahi anÇ all tunnel in dead wood, where they are probably largely t‘nei momo, engari kua kitea i~ianei e toru k‘ (ar~, ko digesting the fungal element; one or two caterpillars have Izatha huttonii, ko I. peroneanella, me I. taingo), ~, ko been found in bracket fungi and others are known or sus- t‘nei pukapuka nei te w~hi tuatahi kua tuhia ng~ kÇrero pected to feed on lichens. Therefore, Izatha species form hei ~ta wehewehe i t‘n~, i t‘n~. Ko t~ te tino nuinga o ng~ part of New Zealand’s decomposer community, which are torongã o ng~i Izatha, he wiri atu ki roto i te r~kau kua essential for recycling the nutrients in our forests and mate, ko te w~hi harore k‘ pea o te r~kau t~na kai; e rua shrublands. Despite their interesting form and ecological pea ia nei ng~ torongã kua kitea i roto i ng~ harore o te significance, the study of these moths has been neglected, wh~nau pukupae, ~, ar~ anÇ ‘tahi e whakapaetia ana he kai and 15 new species are described in this volume, which pukoko. N~ runga i ‘nei kitenga, kua uru a ng~i Izatha ki te represents an increase of 60% over the 25 previously hapori kaiwhakapopo o Aotearoa, n~ r~tou te mahi nui ki known. te whakahoki i ng~ painga o ng~ hanga mate ki te ngahere Amongst the most extraordinary features of Izatha me ng~ whenua mauwha. Ahakoa te korok‘ o te hanga me described in this volume are the strange and extreme genita- te w~hi nui ki a r~tou i te pãnaha hauropi, kua hapa ‘nei lia, especially of the males. The phallus (penis) is often pãr‘hua i roto i ng~ mahi rangahau. Tekau m~ rima ng~ ornamented with strong ridges bearing backward-pointing momo hou e whakaahuatia ana i t‘nei putanga — e 25 i mÇhiotia i mua atu i t‘nei, nÇ reira e 60% te pikinga ake. (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Hoare (2010): Izatha (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oecophoridae) teeth, and damage presumed to be from these teeth has Ko ‘tahi o ng~ ~huatanga tino korok‘ o ng~i Izatha, kei been observed in the female genital tract. Some females ng~ taihemahema, ~, ko Ç ng~ toa ng~ mea tino rerek‘. He have the genital tract reinforced, presumably to minimise mea whakanakonako te ure o ‘tahi ki ‘tahi p~hiwihiwi, ~, potential damage from the males during mating. This ‘sexual he momo niho kei ng~ hiwi nei, he niho anga whakamuri. antagonism’ may have evolved as a way for the male to Waihoki, kua kitea he tohu i te aroaro o ng~ uwha, e ‘dissuade’ the female from mating more than once, thus whakapaetia ana ko ng~ takakinotanga a aua niho. He kaha ensuring that his sperm fertilise her ova. However, females tonu ng~ aroaro o ng~ uwha o ‘tahi momo, kia kore ai pea are known to mate more than once in Izatha! Another e raru rawa te uwha i te ainga. Ko t‘tahi whakapae, t‘r~ peculiarity of the males of some Izatha species is their pea i p‘nei ai te uaua o te ai, kia kore ai te uwha e tahuri ki possession of up to 48 sword-like spines inside the phal- te kimi hoa ai atu anÇ mÇna — ~, m~ konei e toa ai ng~ t~tea lus, which are deposited in the female genital tract during o te toa tuatahi. Engari ar~ ‘tahi uwha Izatha e mÇhiotia mating. These detachable spines (the ‘deciduous cornuti’) ana kua tukuruatia te ai. Ko t‘tahi atu ~huatanga rerek‘ o are known from some other moths, but their function is ng~ toa o ‘tahi momo, ko te noho mai o ‘tahi tarakina, e 48 still not understood. Males deposit all their cornuti at once, rawa pea, ki te ure, ~, i te kuhunga atu o te ure ki te tara, ka but can still mate again after this. So these little moths, whakar‘rea atu ki reira. Kei ‘tahi atu momo pãr‘hua ‘nei often overlooked or taken for granted, have strange and ‘pihi ngahoro’, engari k~ore e mÇhiotia ana te kaupapa a fascinating sex lives that are worthy of further study. ‘nei hanga. Tukuna katoatia ai ng~ tarakina nei i te tuhanga Some Izatha species are apparently rare, and may be in kotahi a te ure, engari ka pai tonu te ai anÇ a te toa, ahakoa need of special conservation. A small brown species (I. kua riro katoa ng~ mea r~. E kite ake nei t~tou, ko te taha rigescens) was found on the Wellington coast in 1929; it ai o ‘nei pãr‘hua, e tama, ehara i te hanga noa — me haere has not been seen since. The pale grey I. psychra is only tonu pea ng~ rangahau ka tika.
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