Arundo Donax)
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Evaluation of the Combustion Characteristics of Four Perennial Energy Crops (Arundo Donax, Cynara Cardunculus, Miscanthus X Giganteus and Panicum Virgatum)
2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 10-14 May 2004, Rome, Italy EVALUATION OF THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR PERENNIAL ENERGY CROPS (ARUNDO DONAX, CYNARA CARDUNCULUS, MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS AND PANICUM VIRGATUM) Jonas Dahl & Ingwald Obernberger Institute of Resource Efficient and Sustainable Systems, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25, A - 8010 Graz, Austria, Tel.: +43 (0)316 481300, Fax: +43 (0)316 481300 4; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The perennial crops giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus and cardoon were investigated in laboratory- scale and pilot-scale combustion test runs. Laboratory-scale test runs were conducted in a fixed bed pot reactor monitoring the temperature in the fuel bed and the release of gaseous components while pilot-scale test runs where conducted in a 150 kWth rotating grate fired combustion plant measuring formed emissions of CO, NOX, SO2, HCl, and particulates as well as performing deposit probe measurements. The results revealed that the high concentration of ash and slag forming elements such as Si, K and Ca cause severe problems regarding slagging if not specially considered during combustion. Moreover, high concentrations of N are another challenge regarding measures in order to avoid high emissions of NOx. Moreover, also HCl and SO2 emissions are considerably higher compared to wood fuels due to the higher concentrations of Cl and S in these fuels. Keywords: biomass characteristics, biomass conversion, cynara cardonculus, giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus 1 INTRODUCTION combustion unit (nominal boiler capacity 150 kWth) were carried out with larger amounts (2-4 tons) of Due to the limited availability of wood fuels, in pelletised switch grass and chopped giant reed and southern Europe, high yield energy crops could give an chopped miscanthus (MI). -
Arundo Donax
FLORIDA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY POLICY STATEMENT ON ARUNDO DONAX The Florida Native Plant Society opposes the agricultural production of Arundo donax (giant reed, e- grass, bamboo reed, arundo grass, giant bamboo reed, etc.) as a biofuel in Florida due to its invasive characteristics and empirical evidence of impact on native plant communities. The Society further encourages the eradication of existing stands of this species and the banning of its sale as an ornamental to prevent invasion of native plant habitats in Florida. ---Approved by the Board of Directors of the Florida Native Plant Society on October 28, 2006. BACKGROUND Arundo donax is a large, clumping grass species native to the Indian subcontinent and possibly to adjacent areas of Asia and eastern Europe. It has been spread across most tropical to warm-temperate regions of the globe for various reasons including but not limited to ornamental horticulture, erosion control, reed production for musical instruments, thatch, biomass production (biofuel), and building materials. Outside its native range, Arundo donax is believed to be sterile or nearly sterile and most if not all reproduction is by fragmentation of rhizomes and production of new roots from stems at nodes (Dudley, in press). It is found primarily in riverine habitats where it is broken up and spread during high water events (Else, 1996 as cited in Dudley, in press) and where, once introduced, it spreads vegetatively forming large, dense masses. A single clone can cover hundreds of acres (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk, 2005). Spread between riverine systems is rarely addressed in the literature with 1) rare viable seed, 2) movement on equipment, 3) deliberate introduction by humans, 4) and occasional movement of plant fragments by animals or humans being known or hypothesized. -
Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco
Molecular Identification of Commercialized Medicinal Plants in Southern Morocco Anneleen Kool1*., Hugo J. de Boer1.,A˚ sa Kru¨ ger2, Anders Rydberg1, Abdelaziz Abbad3, Lars Bjo¨ rk1, Gary Martin4 1 Department of Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 Department of Botany, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 3 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Protection and Valorisation of Plant Resources, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco, 4 Global Diversity Foundation, Dar Ylane, Marrakech, Morocco Abstract Background: Medicinal plant trade is important for local livelihoods. However, many medicinal plants are difficult to identify when they are sold as roots, powders or bark. DNA barcoding involves using a short, agreed-upon region of a genome as a unique identifier for species– ideally, as a global standard. Research Question: What is the functionality, efficacy and accuracy of the use of barcoding for identifying root material, using medicinal plant roots sold by herbalists in Marrakech, Morocco, as a test dataset. Methodology: In total, 111 root samples were sequenced for four proposed barcode regions rpoC1, psbA-trnH, matK and ITS. Sequences were searched against a tailored reference database of Moroccan medicinal plants and their closest relatives using BLAST and Blastclust, and through inference of RAxML phylograms of the aligned market and reference samples. Principal Findings: Sequencing success was high for rpoC1, psbA-trnH, and ITS, but low for matK. Searches using rpoC1 alone resulted in a number of ambiguous identifications, indicating insufficient DNA variation for accurate species-level identification. Combining rpoC1, psbA-trnH and ITS allowed the majority of the market samples to be identified to genus level. -
Common Reed Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. Grass Family (Poaceae)
FACT SHEET: GIANT REED Common Reed Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Grass family (Poaceae) NATIVE RANGE Eurasia DESCRIPTION Common reed, or Phragmites, is a tall, perennial grass that can grow to over 15 feet in height. In North America, both native phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng) and introduced subspecies are found. Introduced Phragmites forms dense stands which include both live stems and standing dead stems from previous year’s growth. Leaves are elongate and typically 1-1.5 inches wide at their widest point. Flowers form bushy panicles in late July and August and are usually purple or golden in color. As seeds mature, the panicles begin to look “fluffy” due to the hairs on the seeds and they take on a grey sheen. Below ground, Phragmites forms a dense network of roots and rhizomes which can go down several feet in depth. The plant spreads horizontally by sending out rhizome runners which can grow 10 or more feet in a single growing season if conditions are optimal. Please see the table below for information on distinguishing betweeen native and introduced Phragmites. ECOLOGICAL THREAT Once introduced Phragmites invades a site it quickly can take over a marsh community, crowding out native plants, changing marsh hydrology, altering wildlife habitat, and increasing fire potential. Its high biomass blocks light to other plants and occupies all the growing space belowground so plant communities can turn into a Phragmites monoculture very quickly. Phragmites can spread both by seed dispersal and by vegetative spread via fragments of rhizomes that break off and are transported elsewhere. -
Biomass Basics: the Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day
Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day Energy is essential in our daily lives. We use it to fuel our cars, grow our food, heat our homes, and run our businesses. Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. These fuels provide the energy that we need today, but there are several reasons why we are developing sustainable alternatives. 2 We are running out of fossil fuels Fossil fuels take millions of years to form within the Earth. Once we use up our reserves of fossil fuels, we will be out in the cold - literally - unless we find other fuel sources. Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels because it can be produced from renewable sources, such as plants and waste, that can be continuously replenished. Fossil fuels, such as petroleum, need to be imported from other countries Some fossil fuels are found in the United States but not enough to meet all of our energy needs. In 2014, 27% of the petroleum consumed in the United States was imported from other countries, leaving the nation’s supply of oil vulnerable to global trends. When it is hard to buy enough oil, the price can increase significantly and reduce our supply of gasoline – affecting our national security. Because energy is extremely important to our economy, it is better to produce energy in the United States so that it will always be available when we need it. Use of fossil fuels can be harmful to humans and the environment When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. -
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory Suggested Citation Johnson, Caley, Anelia Milbrandt, and Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe. 2020. Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-76011. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/76011.pdf NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. 15013 Denver West Parkway Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NOTICE This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of State. -
Alhagi Maurorum
Prepared By Jacob Higgs and Tim Higgs Class 1A EDRR- Early Detection Rapid Response Watch List Common crupina Crupina vulgaris African rue Peganum harmala Small bugloss Anchusa arvensis Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis Spring millet Milium vernale Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago North Africa grass Ventenata dubia Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthiodes Malta thistle Centaurea melitensis Common Crupina Crupina vulgaris African rue Peganum harmala Small bugloss Anchusa arvensis Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis Spring millet Milium vernale Syrian beancaper Zygophyllum fabago North Africa grass Ventenata dubia Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthiodes Malta thistle Centaurea melitensis m Class 1B Early Detection Camelthorn Alhagi maurorum Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Purple starthistle Cantaurea calcitrapa Goatsrue Galega officinalis African mustard Brassica tournefortii Giant Reed Arundo donax Japanese Knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Vipers bugloss Echium vulgare Elongated mustard Brassica elongate Common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum L. Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Cutleaf vipergrass Scorzonera laciniata Camelthorn Alhagi maurorum Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Purple starthistle Cantaurea calcitrapa Goatsrue Galega officinalis African mustard Brassica tournefortii Giant Reed Arundo donax Japanese Knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum Vipers bugloss Echium vulgare Elongated mustard Brassica elongate Common St. Johnswort Hypericum perforatum L. Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Cutleaf vipergrass Scorzonera laciniata Class 2 Control -
Where Does Sugar Come From?
Where does sugar come from? This is Joe and Jana. They’re here to tell you all about the journey of the jellybean. Sugar, which is the main ingredient in jellybeans, is produced in more than 100 countries around the world. In Australia, sugar is made from a tall tropical grass called sugarcane. Joe grows sugarcane so he knows all about it. What is sugarcane? Where is sugarcane grown? Why is sugarcane important for Australia? Sugarcane is a tall tropical plant In Australia, sugarcane can be seen that is similar to bamboo. To growing along 2,100 kilometers Sugarcane is one of Australia’s most grow successfully, sugarcane of coastline between Mossman in important rural industries, worth needs strong sunlight, fertile far north Queensland and Grafton around $1.5 - $2.5 billion to the soil and lots of water. It needs in northern New South Wales. Australian economy. Approximately 70% of the world’s sugar is produced at least 1.5 m of rainfall each Sugarcane growers manage from sugarcane; the remaining year or access to irrigation. some unique and spectacular 30% is made from sugarbeet. vegetation, animal life and Sugar is made in the leaves of the waterways. Many cane growers Cane growing and sugar production sugarcane plant through a natural live close to rainforests and the has been around for over a process called photosynthesis. Great Barrier Reef. Because of their hundred years in Australia. The Photosynthesis occurs when a proximity, many cane growing sugarcane industry has helped plant, using energy from the sun, families spend their weekends build many coastal towns and transforms carbon dioxide (CO2) and outdoors swimming and fishing. -
Ecology and Management of Arundo Donax, and Approaches to Riparian Habitat Restoration in Southern California
ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARUNDO DONAX, AND APPROACHES TO RIPARIAN HABITAT RESTORATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Gary P. Bell The Nature Conservancy of New Mexico, 212 E. Marcy Street, Suite 200, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA Abstract By far the greatest threat to the dwindling riparian resources of coastal southern California is the alien grass species known as Arundo donax. Over the last 25 years the riparian forests of coastal southern California have become infested with A. donax which has spread by flood-fragmentation and dispersal of vegetative propagules. Arundo donax dramatically alters the ecological/successional processes in riparian systems and ultimately moves most riparian habitats towards pure stands of this alien grass. By current estimates there are tens of thousands of acres of A. donax along the major coastal drainage systems of southern California, including the Santa Ana, Santa Margarita, Ventura, Santa Clara, San Diego, and San Luis Rey rivers. The removal of A. donax from these systems provides numerous downstream benefits in terms of native species habitat, wildfire protection, water quantity and water quality. Introduction Arundo L. is a genus of tall perennial reed-like grasses (Poaceae) with six species native to warmer parts of the Old World. Arundo donax L. (giant reed, bamboo reed, giant reed grass, arundo grass, donax cane, giant cane, river cane, bamboo cane, canne de Provence), is the largest member of the genus and is among the largest of the grasses, growing to a height of 8 m (Fig. 1). This species is believed to be native to freshwaters of eastern Asia (Polunin and Huxley 1987), but has been cultivated throughout Asia, southern Europe, north Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years and has been planted widely in North and South America and Australasia in the past century (Perdue 1958, Zohary 1962). -
Pastry Ingredients
Pastry Ingredients All Grand Central Pastries and desserts are baked from scratch using real butter and natural fruits and flavorings. There are absolutely no artificial sweeteners, flavorings or preservatives Breakfast Pastries Croissant- Shepherd's Grain unbleached white flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, niacin, reduced iron, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, whole milk, Larsen's Cremerie Classique unsalted butter, granulated cane white sugar, fresh and dry instant yeast, sea salt, ascorbic acid, egg wash. Contains: Wheat, Milk, Eggs Almond Croissant- Shepherd's Grain unbleached white flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, niacin, reduced iron, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, whole milk, Larsen's Cremerie Classique unsalted butter, granulated cane white sugar, fresh and dry instant yeast, sea salt, ascorbic acid, egg wash, almond meal, almond extract (alcohol, oil of bitter almond, water), vanilla, cage-free liquid eggs, almonds, cornstarch, powdered sugar (sugar, cornstarch) Contains: Wheat, Milk, Nuts, Eggs Chocolate Croissant- Shepherd's Grain unbleached white flour (wheat flour, malted barley flour, niacin, reduced iron, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin, folic acid), water, whole milk, Larsen's Cremerie Classique unsalted butter, granulated cane white sugar, fresh and dry instant yeast, sea salt, ascorbic acid, egg wash, Valhrona chocolate batons (sugar, cocoa paste, cocoa butter, soy lecithin, vanilla), powdered sugar (sugar, cornstarch) Contains: Wheat, Soy, Milk, Eggs Latte Dunkers: -
Are Biofuels an Effective and Viable Energy Strategy for Industrialized Societies? a Reasoned Overview of Potentials and Limits
Sustainability 2015, 7, 8491-8521; doi:10.3390/su7078491 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Are Biofuels an Effective and Viable Energy Strategy for Industrialized Societies? A Reasoned Overview of Potentials and Limits Tiziano Gomiero Independent Consultant and Researcher on Multi-Criteria Farming and Food System Analysis, Agro-Energies, Environmental Issues, Treviso 30121, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-32-0464-3496 Academic Editor: Andrew Kusiak Received: 7 April 2015 / Accepted: 26 June 2015 / Published: 30 June 2015 Abstract: In this paper, I analyze the constraints that limit biomass from becoming an alternative, sustainable and efficient energy source, at least in relation to the current metabolism of developed countries. In order to be termed sustainable, the use of an energy source should be technically feasible, economically affordable and environmentally and socially viable, considering society as a whole. Above all, it should meet society’s “metabolic needs,” a fundamental issue that is overlooked in the mainstream biofuels narrative. The EROI (Energy Return on Investment) of biofuels reaches a few units, while the EROI of fossil fuels is 20–30 or higher and has a power density (W/m2) thousands of times higher than the best biofuels, such as sugarcane in Brazil. When metabolic approaches are used it becomes clear that biomass cannot represent an energy carrier able to meet the metabolism of industrialized societies. For our industrial society to rely on “sustainable biofuels” for an important fraction of its energy, most of the agricultural and non-agricultural land would need to be used for crops, and at the same time a radical cut to our pattern of energy consumption would need to be implemented, whilst also achieving a significant population reduction. -
An Armored Scale Released for Biological Control of Giant Reed, Arundo Donax
112 Session 3 Non-Traditional Biological Control Agents Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an Armored Scale Released for Biological Control of Giant Reed, Arundo donax P. J. Moran1, J. A. Goolsby2, A. E. Racelis2, E. Cortés3, M. A. Marcos-García3, A. A. Kirk4 and J. J. Adamczyk5 1U. S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Inva- sive Weeds Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710 USA Email: [email protected] 2USDA-ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, TX 78541 USA Email: [email protected] 3Instituto de Biodiversidad CIBIO. Universidad de Alicante, Campus Universitario San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080, Alicante, Spain Email: [email protected] 4USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, CS 90023 Montferrier-sur-Lez, 34988 Sant Gely du Fesc (Montpelier), France Email: [email protected] 5USDA-ARS, Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory, 810 Hwy 26 West, PO Box 287, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA Email: [email protected] Abstract Non-native, invasive perennial grasses have not been widely targeted for classical biological control with insects, despite their global prevalence and damaging effects, in part because of a perceived paucity of host-specific insect herbivores. Armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) have not been used for biological weed control. However, over 250 armored scale species occur on grasses, of which 87% feed only on this family and 58% feed on only one grass genus, suggesting that armored scales may have unrealized biological control potential. We selected the armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis Leonardi as a candidate agent against the exotic, invasive, water-consuming grass known as giant reed (Arundo donax L.), based on literature records and our collections indicating host-specificity to the genus Arundo and its broad geographic range in the Mediterranean basin.