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A New Species of Stegophiura (Ophiuroidea, Ophiopyrgidae) from the Mid-Cretaceous of Southern Japan

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A New Species of Stegophiura (Ophiuroidea, Ophiopyrgidae) from the Mid-Cretaceous of Southern Japan Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (2018) 137:319–325 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0168-7 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) REGULAR RESEARCH ARTICLE A new species of Stegophiura (Ophiuroidea, Ophiopyrgidae) from the mid-Cretaceous of southern Japan 1 2 3 4 5 Yoshiaki Ishida • Ben Thuy • Toshihiko Fujita • Masaru Kadokawa • Naoki Ikegami • Lea D. Numberger-Thuy2 Received: 30 May 2018 / Accepted: 25 September 2018 / Published online: 5 October 2018 Ó Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT) 2018 Abstract Well-preserved external moulds of articulated brittle stars from the middle to late Cenomanian (early–Late Cretaceous) ‘‘Lower formation’’ of the Mifune Group on the island of Kumamoto, southern Japan, are described as a new species of the genus Stegophiura, S. miyazakii. Extinct (Late Cretaceous) species previously assigned to Stegophiura are now shown to represent other genera; here, we transfer S.? hagenowi and S.? nekvasilovae to the extant ophiopezid genus Ophiopeza and S.? trispinosa to the extinct ophiacanthid Sabinacantha. The present specimens are thus inferred to be the sole wholly extinct representative and the oldest record of the genus Stegophiura. Keywords Mesozoic Á Cenomanian Á Kumamoto Á Classification Á New species Á Palaeoenvironment Introduction phylogenies (e.g., O’Hara et al. 2014, 2017, 2018; Thuy and Sto¨hr 2016) and to an ongoing systematic survey of the Our knowledge of ophiuroid systematics and evolution is fossil record of brittle stars (e.g., Hess 1975; Jagt 2000; currently increasing at an impressive rate thanks to con- Thuy 2013; Thuy and Sto¨hr 2018). Despite this, fossil certed advances in molecular and morphological ophiuroids are still poorly known in comparison with their Recent relatives (e.g., Sto¨hr et al. 2012). However, in view of their pivotal role in reconstructing and dating phyloge- Editorial Handling: C. A. Meyer. nies (e.g., O’Hara et al. 2014; Thuy and Sto¨hr 2016), & Ben Thuy extinct brittle stars are a valuable sources of data. There- [email protected] fore, to explore the evolutionary history of the Ophiuroidea Yoshiaki Ishida in greater detail, attempts should be made to assess their [email protected] fossil record as exhaustively as possible. Toshihiko Fujita Here, we describe new finds of ophiuroids from the [email protected] lower Upper Cretaceous of southern Japan and identify Naoki Ikegami these as a new species that is assignable to the extant [email protected] ophiopyrgid genus Stegophiura H. Matsumoto, 1915.To Lea D. Numberger-Thuy date, 16 living species of this genus have been recorded [email protected] worldwide (Sto¨hr et al. 2018). Fossil forms previously assigned to this genus are all Late Cretaceous in age and 1 2-20-13, Kamiogi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-0043, Japan include S.? hagenowi (Rasmussen, 1950) from the lower 2 Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 24, Rue Mu¨nster, Campanian to upper Maastrichtian of England, Denmark, 2160 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Belgium, Germany, France and Poland (Jagt 2000; Jagt and 3 National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Odin 2001), S.? nekvasilovae Sˇtorc and Zˇ´ıtt, 2008 from the Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan upper Turonian of the Bohemian Basin (Czech Republic), 4 2-13-24, Sakuragi, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto-shi, and S.? trispinosa Jagt and Kutscher, in Jagt, 2000 from the Kumamoto 861-2101, Japan upper Campanian of Belgium. They are known exclusively 5 Mifune Dinosaur Museum, 995-6, Mifune, Mifune-cho, from dissociated lateral arm plates and/or radial shields, Kamimashiki-gun, Kumamoto 861-3207, Japan 320 Y. Ishida et al. except for S.? hagenowi which is also known from arm both taxa are indicative of a middle-to-late Cenomanian fragments and other skeletal plates; there is also a more or age (Tamura and Matsumura 1974; Matsumoto et al. less articulated specimen with arms from the upper 1982, 1991; Saito et al. 2005). Maastrichtian of the Maastricht area (the Netherlands; J. The ‘‘Lower formation’’ comprises brackish to shallow- W. M. Jagt, pers. comm., June 2018). Fully articulated marine deposits and yields numerous bivalves such as specimens of the extant species, S. sterea (H. L. Clark, Tetoria inflata, Nipponicorbula mifunensis, Crassostrea 1908), were recorded from the Pliocene of central Japan by japonica, Matsumotoa unisulcata, Brachidontes Ishida et al. (1996). mashikensis, Anomia foldia, Ceratostreon japonica, The present study aims to provide a detailed morpho- Eomiodon matsubasensis, and Pulsides okadai (Tamura logical description of the new finds from southern Japan 1979). It overlies the ‘‘Basal formation’’ that consists and a systematic interpretation with respect to previously mainly of basal conglomerates and is overlain by terrestrial recorded fossil occurrences of Stegophiura. deposits of the ‘‘Upper formation’’ (Matsumoto 1939) which have yielded vertebrate fossils, including dinosaur bones and teeth (Tamura et al. 1991). Material and geological setting Specimens of the Recent Stegophiura sterea contained in the collections of the National Museum of Nature and The two individuals described herein were collected from Science, Tokyo (NSMT E-9136) were used for morpho- siltstone of Matsumoto’s (1939) ‘‘Lower formation’’ of the logical comparisons with the fossil material. Cretaceous Mifune Group. These strata are exposed along the Akai River at Kawauchida (Mashiki Town, Kumamoto Prefecture), approximately 3.5 km northeast of Funano Systematic palaeontology (section by YI, BT, Mountain (co-ordinates 32°4604400N, 130°520200E; see and LDN-T) Fig. 1) (Matsumoto 1939; Tamura 1979). The specimens expose the ventral and dorsal sides, respectively (Fig. 2a), Order Ophiurida Mu¨ller and Troschel, 1840 and are preserved as external moulds that lackall original Suborder Ophiurina Mu¨ller and Troschel, 1840 skeletal calcite. To enable a detailed morphological assessment, a synthetic resin cast of the specimens was Family Ophiopyrgidae Perrier, 1893 made. Genus Stegophiura H. Matsumoto, 1915 The ‘‘Lower formation’’ of the Mifune Group is a suc- cession of mainly sandstone and siltstone beds, including Stegophiura miyazakii sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3) several coal seams and attains an overall thickness of Diagnosis Species of Stegophiura with tiny spines fringing 450–700 m (Matsumoto 1939). This unit has yielded the the edges of dorsal and ventral disc sides (Figs. 2b, c, 3a–c) ammonite Eucalycoceras cf. spathi (Collignon) and the and long primary arm spines that correspond in length to bivalve Actinoceramus tamurai (Matsumoto and Noda); arm segments (Figs. 2d, 3c). Fig. 1 Map showing the position of the locality (marked by X) that has yielded the new Stegophiura specimens described herein. The map on the left is part of the ‘‘Mifune’’ 1:25,000 topographic map of the Geographical Survey Institute Stegophiura from the mid-Cretaceous of Japan 321 Fig. 2 Synthetic resin casts of Stegophiura miyazakii sp. nov. from abradial genital plate (arm comb plate); Aos, adoral shield; Apa, the ‘‘Lower formation’’ of the Mifune Group (middle-to-late Ceno- apical papilla; Asa, arm spine articulation; Asp1, primary arm spine; manian; Upper Cretaceous). a Two partly overlapping individuals Asp2, secondary arm spine; Dap, dorsal arm plate; Dsc, disc scale; showing dorsal (holotype; MDM 15017) and ventral (paratype: MDM Dsp, disc spine; Gsc, genital scale; Lap, lateral arm plate; Opa, Oral 15018) sides of the disc. b Holotype, dorsal view of disc and basal papilla, Opl, oral plate; Osh, oral shield; Rsh, radial shield; Otp2, arm portions. c Paratype, ventral view of disc and basal arm portions. second oral tentacle pore; Spu, Spur; Tpo, tentacle pore; Tsc, tentacle d Holotype, dorsal view of basal arm segments. e Holotype, dorso- scale; Vap, ventral arm plate. All scale bars equal 1 mm lateral view of basal arm segments. Acpa, arm comb papilla; Agpl, Derivation of name Named in honour of Hayao Miyazaki, Holotype MDM 15017 (Mifune Dinosaur Museum, co-founder of Studio Ghibli, an animation studio in Japan, Kumamoto, Japan), an articulated skeleton exposing the to pay tribute to his anime lifework, in particular the dorsal side. masterpiece ‘‘Ponyo’’ that celebrates marine biodiversity. Paratype MDM 15018 (Mifune Dinosaur Museum, In addition, Hayao Miyazaki‘s favourite novelist, Soseki Kumamoto, Japan), an articulated skeleton exposing the Natsume, lived in Kumamoto Prefecture, where the new ventral side. ophiuroid fossils were found. 322 Y. Ishida et al. Fig. 3 Line drawings of specific features of Stegophiura miyazakii sp. nov. from the ‘‘Lower formation’’ of the Mifune Group. a–d Correspond to c, b, d, e in Fig. 2, respectively (see Fig. 2 for abbreviations). All scale bars equal 1 mm Type locality and stratum Siltstone within the ‘‘Lower trapezoidal, wider than long in proximal segments and of formation’’ of the Mifune Group (middle-to-upper Ceno- equal width and length in median segments, widely sepa- manian, Upper Cretaceous) at Kawauchida (Mashiki Town, rating the lateral arm plates on all observable arm segments Kumamoto Prefecture), southern Japan (Fig. 1) (Mat- (Fig. 2d, e). Lateral arm plates are swollen, with moder- sumoto 1939). ately coarse outer surface stereom and with at least four small, well-defined, prominent spurs grouped in the centre Measurements Holotype: disc diameter, 6.1 mm, maxi- of the outer proximal edge (Fig. 2d). The spine articula- mum preserved arm length, 10.0 mm, basal arm width, tions are integrated into the stereom at the distal edge of the 1.5 mm. Paratype: disc diameter, 5.0 mm, maximum pre- lateral arm plates and consist of large muscle openings served arm length, 8.7 mm, and basal arm width, 1.1 mm. separated from a much smaller nerve opening by a low vertical ridge (Figs. 2e, 3d). The lateral arm plates carry a Description single, large, slender arm spine that is of equal length to or a little shorter than an arm segment; the spine is located in Of the holotype, the dorsal side is exposed (Figs. 2a, b, d, the lower part of the lateral arm plates, under a small angle e, 3c, d).
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