INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 Sustainable For Environmental : A Social Development Model

Ijun Rijwan Susanto

ABSTRACT: In this study, the researcher attempted : 1) to understand the basic features of organic farming in The Paguyuban Pasundan’s Cianjur ; 2) to describe and understand how the stakeholders were are able to internalize the challenges of organic farming on their ―lived experiences‖ in the community; 3) to describe and understand how the stakeholders were are able to internalize and applied the values of benefits of organic farming in support of environmental health on their lived experiences in the community; 4) The purpose was to describe and understand how the stakeholders who are able to articulate their ideas regarding the model of sustainable organic farming: 5) The Policy Recommendation for Organic Farming. The researcher employed triangulation thorough finding that provides breadth and depth to an investigation, offering researchers a more accurate picture of the phenomenon. In the implementation of triangulation, researchers conducted several interviews to get saturation. After completion of the interview results are written, compiled and shown to the participants to check every statement by every participant. In addition, researchers also checked the relevant documents and direct observation in the field The participants of this study were the stakeholders, namely : 1) The leader of Paguyuban Pasundan’s Organic Cianjur (PPOFC), 2) Members of Paguyuban Pasundan’s Organic FarmersCianjur, 3) Leader of NGO, 4) Government officials of , 5) Business of organic , 6) and Consumer of . Generally, the findings of the study revealed the following : 1) PPOFC began to see the reality as the impact of modern agriculture showed in fertility problems due to contaminated by residues of agricultural chemicals such as chemical and chemical . So he wants to restore the through environmentally friendly of farming practices; 2) the challenges of organic farming on their ―lived experiences‖ in the community : did not consider the loss that may be experienced by others as the principles for profit has become very prominent. As a result, the development of organic agriculture simply stuck into a commercial activity which would be a criticism of the founders, One of the factors that led to the involvement of the government regulated organic farming is because of the bickering about what is called organic agricultural products and because many nonorganic products sold as organic products, Organic farmers have difficulty in finding locally based seed for organic farming, certification of organic farming has changed, it is not just the assurance processes into a tradable commodity; 3) The Benefits of Organic Farming in Support for Environmental Health, organic farming gives a positive impact on public health, because it does not cause environmental (water, air, soil) by the residues of chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. Besides organic farming also healthy communities through the provision of agricultural products that are free of pesticides and chemical residues; 4) The Social Development Model of Sustainable Organic Farming : (organic farming) seeks acre balance of three long-term goals, namely : a) Social-cultural: to create quality of life (to satisfy personal and community needs for health, , and happines), b) Environment: to Enhance utilization of soil, water, air, and other resourches limited, c) : to be profitable, market forces. These objectives can be achieved if supported by organizational-oriented good governance principles of sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is the implementation of the principles of . Sustainable development will be achieved if conducted prior social development within the broad scope of stakeholders; 5) The Policy Recomendation for Organic Farming : a) National Strategic Agenda : The Program "Go Organic" must be forwarded with the 2010 program "Go Organic 2020" where the formulation of the vision, mission, and activities that will be undertaken are arranged with a broader circle of involved, including organic farmers, organic entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, as well as colleges; b) Regional (ASEAN integration 2015) and International Agenda, at the regional (ASEAN) and the international level, in addition to doing the lobbying, marketing also need to do the work of advocacy. Purpose is to make the existing policy, it could benefit small farmers, not otherwise become barriers to global trade as well as new bilateral. ————————————————————

Introduction global. That's not all; environmental damage can be felt in Nearly two decades this concept of ecological the future or future generations. Therefore, the has become one of the most important principles in global management of natural resources should be carefully and movement is introduced by Lester Brown (1981) as responsible so as not to give an impact on somebody else, a challenge of how to meet the needs of the present for now and for the foreseeable future. At present we are generation without having to lower the chance of future faced with a series of global problems that threaten the generations. This concept was later combined with the biosphere and human life in some alarming conditions, so report of the United Nations through the World Commission that at one time could be up on a condition that is not on Environment and Development. Within a few years later, recovered again. The current problems which became one the idea of sustainability is increasingly recognized, on an of the hot issues in the 21st century, namely the impact of ongoing basis and in 1992 to the attention of millions of modern ( depend on people during The UN Conference on Environment and pesticides), One of the negative effects of modern Development in Rio de Janeiro", which is popularly known is the occurrence of the damage in as the "Earth Summit". This Conference is a continuation of the quality of the environment globally caused by industrial The UN Conference on the Human Environment held in waste that pollutes the environment (Arseno and Arseno, Stockholm twenty years earlier, which agreed on making 2010). The modern technology agribusiness (chemical the environment as an issue on the international political fertilizers, pesticides) was built to support the success of agenda. At the beginning of the 21st century, concern for the great revolution in agriculture. This revolution is referred the environment has become a major interest. The to as the , a term which was first mentioned continuity of human life and the planet is at stake. Concern by Wiliam Gaud, Director of Agency for for the environment is no longer being one of the many International Development (USAID) in 1943. Within the last single issues. This is the context of the concern of all of our 30 years, the industrialized countries began to argue that lives, our businesses, and our politics. The issue of Global the agricultural Green Revolution packages that provide environmental degradation have dimensions of time and high yields are apparently giving effect to decrease the space. The impact of environmental degradation is not only quality of the environment. Decrease in the quality of the felt by people in a certain place and at that time only. environment globally impacting not only to a project or Environmental damage will be felt by many people and is people doing activities that damage the environment, but

196 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 also to the general public. Examples of cases of destruction 4. What is the policy issue can be recommended for of the environment that the impact was felt globally, among organic farming? others, are global warming, acid rain and the ozone hole. According to FAO (2000) cited by Saragih (2002), green Significance of the Study revolution contributed to more than 20% of global Results from this study will specifically benefit the following: greenhouse emissions. The quality of environmental health has been declining due to excessive use of pesticides in the Organic Farmers this study is expected to provide activities of the green revolution. Pesticides are all additional information and knowledge relevant to the chemicals or other materials as well as the remains organic farmers for developing organic farming activity. miniscule and viruses used to eradicate or prevent pests and diseases that damage the plant. The emergence of the Government can give input regarding the various obstacles cannot be released from human history. faced by organic farmers in developing organic agriculture Cooperation between the military and the agro-chemical and give input to plan the development of organic farming. industry in times of war the world has made these companies produce several types of pesticides for the sake Business this study may provide additional information for of the war. At the time of World War I, Germany produced the corporate world who expound on the results of organic that are used as explosives. In addition it also farming, for example eating healthy home-specific business produced an organophosphate used as poison gas. This results organic farming or any other business related to history is repeating itself when World War II broke out, in organic farming, i.e. organic farming certification agencies, which DDT was used to eradicate mosquitoes and leeches the sale of . It could increase people's affecting the lives of soldiers on the battlefield. After the income so that it can increase the purchasing power of the colonial rule, modern agricultural was introduced (Green community. Revolution) which aims to meet the food needs of agricultural technological packages. This is where the Civil Society (NGO) this study can to encourage NGO’s to history of pesticides changed for agricultural purposes. do the mentoring activities at the farmers in developing Carson in her book "Silent Spring", revealed that pesticide organic farming. and chemicals as toxic to other organisms is not on to the plant. Since that time the risk of the use of agricultural Religious Practices in Islam, Allah SWT berfirman in surat chemicals began getting attention from environmentalists. Al-Baqarah verses 173 meaning" ...eat from the () Pesticides are beneficial for increasing agricultural output, halal and good (safety and healthy) on Earth". Organic but it also produces bad effects both for human health and farming results include good (safety and healthy) food environmental health. More than 98% of and category because it is not polluted by toxic insect 95% of reach placee other than the target, exterminator (pesticides). including non-target species, air, water, food, and sediments. Pesticides can be inhaled by humans and Global Contribution give input on all over the world who animals. In addition, droplets of pesticides that are not are interested in the development of organic farming with a soluble or not dissolved by water can move as dust. In social development approach that could push the growth of Indonesia, the case of pollution due to pesticides has been organic agriculture movements worldwide. incurring losses. In Lembang and surrounding agricultural land, Pangalengan garden carrots, tomatoes, cabbage and Scope and Limitation of the Study beans are contaminated by organoklorin. The river This study is limited to a case study on the experience of Cimanuk in Indonesia also contaminated due to agricultural organic farming for environmental health by the Association products of the pesticide. The above explanation was clear of Pasundan Cianjur Organic Farmers. that the green revolution brought negative impact on the health of the environment; therefore the sustainability of life 1. LITERATURE REVIEW is very worrying. Selected related literature and relevant studies were reviewed and discussed in this chapter in order to shed light Statement of the Problem to the subject being researched. This study aims to (1) describe the organic farming in the Paguyuban Pasundan’s Organic Farmer Cianjur, (2) IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION FOR develop a model that promotes the sustainability of organic ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH farming in support of enviromental health. Specifically, it Green Revolution is the application of science to increase sought to answer the following questions: agricultural productivity, including the breeding of high- 1. What are the basic features of organic farming in The varieties of grains, the effective use of pesticides, and Paguyuban Pasundan’s Cianjur in terms of: improved fertilization, irrigation, mechanization, and soil 1.1. The Association: geographic location, history, conservation techniques(Andyana, 2005). The success of leadership & governance, farming program and the green revolution in food produce for the world turns on activities; and the other hand produce a result in large and complex side, 1.2. The challenges of organic farming? the green revolution brought environmental health impact. 2. What are the benefits of organic farming in support for According to Wahono (1999) cited in Saragih (2010) some environmental health? study prove that the revolution called the green revolution 3. What model can be developed for organic farming raises many issues, among others, ". .. negative impact for toward its sustainability? environmental health...". According to Arias-Estévez; 197 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

López-Periago; Martínez; Carballo-Simal-Gándara; Mejuto; Pesticides evaporate can be inhaled by humans and García-Río, 2008 if the use of pesticides is not controlled animals around. In addition, droplets of pesticides that are properly, it could bring impact on environmental health. not soluble or not dissolved by water can move as the dust Pesticides contribute to pollution of air, land, and that can affect the weather conditions and the quality of water.Pollution occurrence process, as follows : precipitation.

Distribution in the air Distribution in the waters Pesticides contribute to air pollution when it is sprayed There are four of the main routes for pesticides to reach through the aircraft. Pesticides can be suspended in the air waters: fly to areas outside of the sprayed, via percolation as the are carried by the wind. Pesticides are towards the ground, carried by the flow of surface water, or applied to crops can evaporate and be blown by the wind shed, intentionally or not. Pesticides are also moving in so as to endanger the outside of agricultural waters along with soil . Factors affecting the ability areas. Weather conditions such as temperature and of pesticides contaminate waterways include the degree of humidity also became the defining quality of pesticide due solubility, the distance from the water agency pesticide to deployment as well as a volatile, fluid evaporation of deployment, weather, soil type, presence of plants around, pesticides is determined by weather conditions. The low and methods used in applying it. humidity and high temperatures facilitate evaporation.

Source: https://www.wikipedia.org

Figure 1: The Movement of Pesticides

Distribution in the soil rising sea and global which the impacts A variety of chemical compounds used as pesticides are global warming. Global warming is the effect of increasing persistent soil contaminants, which can persist for decades. the amount of greenhouse gases (GRK) on the surface of The use of pesticides reduces in General on the the Earth. GRK itself consists of gas methane (NH4), ground. Soil that is not sprayed pesticides known to have carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour (H2O), oxides better quality, and contain higher levels of organic, thus (NOX, NxO). Increase in greenhouse gases caused by increasing the ability of the soil to retain water. The binding human activities in producing the GRK is larger than the and degradation rate is a factor that affects the degree of capacity of the environment in improving himself. According persistence of pesticides in soil. Depending on the chemical to Mercado (2009) The sources of greenhouse gases and properties of pesticides, the processes controlling the their estimated contribution to global warming are roughly: movement of pesticides from soil to water directly, this then Industrial production 57%, Transportation 21%, moved to other places including air and foodstuffs. 20%, Agriculture 15%. According to FAO Approximately only 20 per cent of pesticides on target while (2000) cited in Saragih (2002) green revolution contributed the other 80 percent fall to the ground (WHO, 2006). to more than 20% of global greenhouse emissions. Environmental pollution (air, land, and water) caused by the Approximately 200 thousand people have died due to the activities of the green revolution then impact the occurrence accumulation of these pesticide residues resulting in of: pollution of agricultural land. When entering into the food chain, the nature of the toxic pesticide ingredients can Global Warming and Climate Change cause a variety of ailments such as cancer, birth defects, Global Warming is increasing the Earth's temperature, mutations, CAIDS (Chemically Acquired Immune Deficiency which results in the melting of ice at the North Pole, the Syndrome) etc. (Sofia, 2004). 198 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

Endanger Human Health Waste Management The green revolution turns out to have a negative impact Organic farming practices reduce the amount of waste not only on the environment but also on the health of the through waste into organic fertilizer. actors and consumers of agricultural products. The WHO , straw and other agricultural waste as long as it is (World Health Organization) reports that each year about 3 considered waste, thus being a material that has a value as million people are poisoned with pesticides. Approximately a source of nutrients and organic substances for organic 200 thousand people later died. Synthetic chemicals used farming. in agricultural activities are also believed to be the main factors that lead to the development of diseases that plague The Reduction of Toxic Substances in the Environment the metabolism such as kidney, lung, lever and so on, Currently, 99.5 percent of the acres in the United States (Saragih, 2003). These conditions are compounded by the devoted to farming use non-organic methods. use of pesticides. The accumulation of these pesticide Approximately 382 million acres of land in the U.S. is used residues result in pollution of agricultural land. When for crop production, and an estimated 525 million acres is entering into the food chain, the nature of the toxic pesticide used for livestock. Add this up and you get over 900 million ingredients can cause a variety of ailments such as cancer, acres of land subjected to chemicals for fertilizer and birth defects, mutations, CAIDS (Chemically Acquired pesticides, as well as other substances used in livestock Immune Deficiency Syndrome) etc. (Sofia, 2004). farming. Any reduction of this number would have a benefit According to Arseno and Arseno, (2010) pesticides also to the environment around us. damage human health and can cause incurable ailments such as cancer and autism. A study of the US National Development of Organic Farming in the World Cancer Institute found that farmers who handle herbicides The main goal of organic agriculture is to provide are six times more likely to develop non-Hodgkin’s agricultural products, especially food that is safe for the lymphoma. health of producers and consumers and does not damage the environment. A healthy lifestyle requires assurance that ORGANIC FARMING IN SUPPORT FOR agricultural products should be consumed is safe, of high ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH nutritional and environmentally friendly. This kind of consumer preference and economic development leads to The Aim of Organic Agriculture the increase in the world of organic agriculture product According to Sutanto (2001) the term organic farming demand. brought together the whole imagination of farmers and consumers in a serious and responsible avoid chemicals and fertilizers which are poisoning the environment with the aim to gain healthy environmental conditions. They produce a sustainable crop production by way of improving soil fertility using natural resources such as agricultural waste recycling. Thus organic farming is a movement "back to nature".

Benefit of Organic Farming For Environmental Health According to Rockets (2007) organic farming a lot of benefit to the environmental health, namely: Source: Willer Monday (2010) cited (Mayrowani, 2012)

Quality of Soil Figure 2: The Development of Organic Farming Keeping the nature of the physical, chemical and biological good soil is important in organic farming. Over the past 10 years (1999-2009) a fairly rapid increase of organic farmland expansion as well as the principals of Quality of Air organic agriculture took place. Figure 1 shows an increase Organic farming proves to be capable of minimizing global in organic farming land area in the world. In 1999, extensive climate change due to in agricultural land organically just 11 million ha, and organic farming this emission is lower than conventional increased approximately three fold during the past 10 years agriculture. Organic farming does not use synthetic nitrogen been 37.2 million ha. Organic farming land area shows fertilizer so there is no nitrogen oxides emission from rapid growth in most countries, there is even a fairly high artificial fertilizers. The use of petroleum is low thus growth increased for some commodities of organic farming lowering emissions of carbon dioxide gas. More importantly, in the world. Although the development of organic farming organic farming provides shelter (sink) for carbon dioxide is fast-growing, the percentage of the world's organic through increased content of in soil and the agricultural land area to the total area of agricultural land is closure of the ground surface with plants covering the still low: 0.9% (table 1). ground.

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Table 1 Percentage of Land Area to the Total Organic Farming Organic Farm in the World, 2009

Region Agricultural Land (ha) Agricultural Land (%) Afrika 1.026.632 0.1 Asia 3.581.918 0.3 Eropa 9.259.934 1.9 Uni Eropa 8.346.372 4.7 Amerika 8.558.910 1.4 Latin Oceania 12.152.108 2.8 Amerika 2.652.624 0.7 Utara Jumlah 37.232.127 0.9

Source: Willer Monday (2010) cited (Mayrowani, 2012)

Source: Willer Monday (2010) cited (Mayrowani, 2012)

Figure 3: Development of the Number of Organic Agriculture

In India the number of principals of organic agriculture and human resources, there is a tendency that the increased almost two-fold. Also more than three quarters of Government is more concerned on the development of organic farming comes from Asia, Africa and Latin America. organic agriculture because the Government wants to Organic products world trade is expected to reach USD revitalize the agricultural sector as the backbone of $46.1 billion (36.2 billion Euros) in 2007 (IFOAM, 2009). economic development in Indonesia (Lesmana and The largest organic food products trade in the United Hidayat, 2008), and production costs will be much lower States, amounted to 15.65 billion Euro in 2008 (Figure 3). compared to other countries, especially developed This is possible because Indonesia has natural resources countries.

Source: Willer Monday (2010) cited (Mayrowani, 2012)

Figure 4: Countries with Organic Food Market Largest in the World 2008.

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Development of Organic Farming in Indonesia 2002). In 2006, there were 23.605 organic farmers in Modern organic farming in Indonesia was introduced by Indonesia with an area of 41.431 ha, 0.09 per cent of the Bina Sarana Charity Foundation (BSB), by developing total agricultural land in Indonesia (IFOAM, 2008). The organic farmer in Bogor, West Java in 1984 development of vast acreage of organic farming in (Prawoto and Surono, 2005; Chinese Indonesian surname Indonesia from 2007-2011 is shown in Figure 4.

Source: Willer Monday (2010) cited (Mayrowani, 2012)

Figure 5: The Development of Organic Farming Area in Indonesia 2007-2011

In 2007 the vast acreage of organic farming in Indonesia is amount is higher than that has not been certified only 40.970 ha, in 2008 increased by sharp of 409 percent to 3.817. Meanwhile coffee products are mostly organic 208.535 ha. Widespread organic agriculture growth from certification already received nearly 35 thousand hectares. 2008 to 2009 was not very significant and only 3 percent. Forest honey then followed with a certified land area of 15 Organic farming area Indonesia in 2010 was 238.872.24 thousand hectares, Palm sugar and kacag certified 10 ha, an increase of 10 percent from the previous year thousand hectares of cashew, spices almost 10 acres of (2009). However in 2011 5.77 percent decline from the certified organic rice about 3 thousand hectares, and then previous year to 225.062.65 ha. Decrease due to decrease followed by cocoa and tea. In 2011 the is still in vast average of organic farming certified by as much as the key commodity in Indonesia. Almost all coffee products 13 percent. This is because the numbers of factors (forest aim to export. Coffee commodities with the widest area honey farmers) are no longer continuing its product (41.651.73 ha) followed by cashew (11.394.7 ha) and acres certification in 2011. The extent of organic agriculture, is of forest honey, 007.9.2 ha (SPOI, 2011). expected to benefit the wider community will demand in fulfillment of a healthy and sustainable food. The current Participation all men and women, inclusive of the organic farming has grown extensively, both in the physically challenged, should have a voice in decision- cultivation, means of production, type of product, marketing, making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate consumer knowledge and organization/institution institutions that represent their interests. Such broad community interest in organic farming. Area without a participation is built on freedom of association and speech, 134.717 certification, 66 hectares and area in the process as well as capabilities to participate constructively. of certification of 3.80 hectares. According to Inawati Participation is a process whereby policy- making, (2011), the development of organic commodities producers prioritizing issues, accessibility to public goods and services and due to the influence of the society's lifestyle as and also allocating resources is influenced by key consumers are starting to pay attention to the importance of stakeholders. health and of the environment by using organic products that do not use synthetic chemicals. In addition it is also Social Change Theory due to begin growing organic produce business. In addition Change occurs everywhere. This is a phenomenon that to continuing to increase the land area used for organic characterizes the worrd in which we live. All of us are, farming, Organic Alliance Indonesia (AOI) also noted the therefore, a part of an ever changing world. Some of these increasing number of organic commodities producers, as many aspects of change in our social world are changes in well as a range of organic commodities were cultivated, our institutions, changes in material culture, cultural organic trademark, and suppliers to retailers such as super diffusion, and changes in our population. Everyone faces market and a large restaurant. Results of the study of the regular seasonal and annual cycles as well as the Organic Alliance Indonesia in 2010 shows the increasing cycles of birth, infancy, childhood, adulthood, marriage, number of organic products manufacturer with diverse child bearing, old age, and death. Change has been commodities, such as rice, eggs, and a variety regarded in many ways, as a means, as an end, as of crops such as coffee, tea gardens, forest honey and process, as a social movement, as a state of affairs, as spices. In organic farming Statistics Indonesia (SPOI) 2010 involving a program, a principle, an ideology, a doctrine, or it appears that certified organic producers reach 9.805. This even a problem. Social change has been defined as the 201 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 alteration of patterns of social organizations, structure, through biological processes. Local resource utilized in institutions, and intergroup or intragroup behaviours over such a way so as to reduce the possibility of loss of time. It is pervasive in all societies and affects all nutrients, biomass and energy, and prevent pollution. individuals, in one way or another. Change is pervasive in Focuses on the utilization of renewable resources. culture, society, and personality. Changes in culture bring about changes in society and human beings. Likewise, Favourable economic, means farmers can produce changes in society and in human beings bring about something that is sufficient to meet their own needs / change in culture. Culture change refers to all alterations income, and earn enough to pay for labour and other affecting new traits or trait complexes and to changes in a production costs. Advantage by not only the size of the culture content and structure. Culture change involves the economy measured directly based on their farm, but also following elements: (a) development of oral and written based on resource conservation function and suppress the language and other means of communication, (b) possible risks to the environment occurs. Fair by social modification of technology, (c) shifts in economic principles, considerations, means and personnel resources are spread (c) historical evolution of religious thought and political so that the basic needs of all members of the community ideology, (d) variations in musical styles and in art forms, are met, as well as every farmer has an equal opportunity (e) transition in scientific theory, (f) alterations in the forms to use the land, obtaining sufficient capital, technical and rules of social interactions. There are a number of assistance and market outcomes. All people have an equal possible sources of social change: opportunity to participate in determining the development policy, both in the field and within the community itself. Innovations one great thing that can happen in any society is when people acquire new ideas and change the way they Sustainability of Organic Farming Concept do something. These are called innovations; and these may Sustainable agriculture with low technological input is take the following forms: limiting dependence on organic fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals. Disease and plant pests are New technology this is a major source of social change. managed through , organic insecticides bio However, it is important to note that new technology does herbicidal, combined with a good crop management. , not change society by itself. It is the people’s response to livestock, poultry, fisheries must be returned by the the technology that causes change. integrated so that is part of the "organic farming". Through the management of good soil plant nutrient requirements New culture not only machines and material inventions can be found as well as environmental and ecological change the world. Beliefs and values can also produce conditions can be improved and protected without having to dramatic social change. In Western society, rapid depend on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Thus the technological changes were stimulated by acceptance of concept of organic farming can be tested from the safety of the ideals of progress. To a considerable extent, humans, animals, flora and fauna. Increase the diversity of made progress because it believed in progress and all life but remains in harmony with nature, without having to underwent rapid social change because Europeans wanted do the exploitation of natural resources. change. Organic farming’s principles: New social structures new forms of social structures can also be the result of invention. Since roles are a very basic The principle of health, organic agriculture must preserve social structure, changes in roles and the creation of new and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and roles often cause other social changes. For instance, the Earth as one unified and inseparable. This principle changes in sex roles stimulate many changes. The suggests that the health of individuals and communities presence of working mothers certainly causes new social cannot be separated from the health of the ; a structures. healthy soil will produce healthy plants that can support the health of animals and humans. Health is an integral part of Sustainable Agriculture Concept the system of life. Sustainable agriculture provides many economic and non- economic benefits, such as contributing to local quality of The Principle of Ecology, organic agriculture should be life, providing fresh, wholesome foods and conserving the based on ecological systems and cycles of life. Work, environment to allow for future productivity. It embraces imitating and trying to maintain ecological systems and independent small farmers who contribute to the social cycles of life. The principle of ecology organic agriculture fabric and economic health of rural communities. According put in systems ecology of life. This principle States that the to Sihotang (2009), sustainable agricultural systems must production is based on the process and recycled be evaluated based on consideration of several criteria, ecologically. Welfare and food obtained through an among others: ecological production environment is special; for example, plants need fertile soil, animals need the farm ecosystem, Safe by environmental insight, meaning the quality of fish and marine organisms need aquatic environment. natural resources and the overall vitality of agro ecosystems maintained / start of human life, plants and The principle of justice, organic agriculture should build animals to soil organisms can be improved. This can be on relationships that are able to guarantee fairness is achieved if well-managed land, soil and plant health related to the environment and the opportunity to live improved, as well as human and animal life is enhanced together. Justice is characterized by equality, mutual

202 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 respect, justice and stewardship of the world together, both Research Design between human beings and in connection with other living In this study, the researcher used the qualitative method by things. This principle emphasizes that those involved in using case study approach in the analysis and organic agriculture should build on relationships the interpretation of data that were gathered. According to inhumane to ensure there is justice for all parties at all Stake (1995) cited in Creswell (2013) in a case study levels; like farmers, workers, processor, Distributor, design researchers investigate a program, event, activity, merchants and consumers. Organic agriculture should process, or a group of individuals carefully. Cases is limited provide a good quality of life for everyone involved; donate by the time and activity, and researchers gather information to food sovereignty and the reduction of poverty. Organic in full using a variety of procedures of data collection based agriculture aims to produce the adequacy and availability of on the specified time. food or other products with a good quality. 4.Result The principle of protection, organic agriculture should be managed carefully and responsibly to protect the health and Leadership and governance well-being of present and future generations and the In the implementation of leadership and governance environment. Organic farming is a living and dynamic associations, at least they held a regular meeting of the systems that respond to the demands and conditions that is board every month. At the meeting they discussed the internal or external. The principals of organic agriculture development of activities and evaluated each program encouraged increased efficiency and productivity, but must implementation, and also discussed found solutions to the not endanger health. problems. Regarding the decision-making process carried out by deliberation and consensus among administrators Environmental Health Concept association, they agreed that in emergency situations According to Slamet (2011) environmental health is the leaders make decisions independently without prior study of the interaction between the environment and consultation with the other members of the board, but he human health, plants, and animals with the aim of was accountable for his decision was the monthly meeting improving environmental factors are favourable (eugenic) of the association board. In terms of communication with and control the adverse factors (disgenic), such that the risk external parties, conducted by the head of the public relation of impaired health and safety so restrained. According to conducted leadership and governance. the Decree of the Head of Environmental Impact Management Agency Ministry of Environment of the The vision of the association Republic of Indonesia, number Kep-124/12/1997 dated The vision of association, are as follows: ―Becoming an December 29, 1997, quoted Slamet (2011) environmental independent organic farmers associations have requested health is a state of the various environmental media (air, that can prosper society and preserve the environment water, soil, foods, human, disease vectors, material) which through the development of organic farming in Cianjur‖ is reflected in the physical, biological, and chemical parameters of the quality of the environment that affect The motto of the association public health. Land is the portion of the earth's surface The motto of the association is as follows: "Organic farming consisting of and organic materials instead. Soil are as its driving force of sustainable agricultural development" important for all life on earth, his deep soil capable of supporting plant life in which plants provide food and The farming program and activities oxygen then absorb carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Different To achieve the goals set, every year the work program and soil composition at one location to another. (Slamet, 2011). activities were created. Shown in the following table as the Air refers to the mixture of gases present in the earth's farming programs and activities. surface. Air dry earth contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The challenges of organic farming Organic farming benefits to air safety and quality as an Market development, land, and regulations on organic important environmental media (Slamet, 2011). farming be an indication that organic farming is growing Environmental health efforts is to create conditions for all rapidly. The initial goal of organic farming movement is elements of the environment (water, air, soil, food, building a relationship of harmony between man and man biodiversity, and human beings and their behavior) to and between man and nature. Increased public awareness healthier, so it does not cause the onset of the disease, of the dangers of synthetic chemicals to health, the risk of either on humans, animals, or plants. Environmental health environmental damage to the livelihood of the future, and efforts is one of the basic public health efforts. injustice with such issues have prompted increased

demand for organic agricultural products. According to 2. METHODOLOGY Saragih (2010) at least, there is some concern interrelated This chapter presents discussion on the research design, with each other when looking at the development of organic the data gathering instruments & technique, the farming today, namely: (1) whether the organic farming triangulation, the participants of the study, the data movement could develop in accordance with the principles gathering procedure, the analysis, and the ethical and values when the initial organic farming schema into the consideration. government policy, (2) whether the increasing market demand means it does not encourage the industrialization of organic agriculture production and commercialization of organic agricultural products, (3) whether the inequality 203 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 relations between developed countries with poor and to what the government promoted (David, 2002). Participant developing countries occurred because of the liberalization of government, NGOs, and farmers, explained: ―Saat ini of the sector agriculture will not be repeated in the petani organik mempunyai tantangan yang cukup berat international trade of organic agricultural products, and (4) dengan adanya regulasi pemerintah yang mengatur does not encourage the development of organic farming pertanian organik, terutama bagi para petani kecil di because of the environmental damage led to the extension pedesaan‖. (NGO) "Currently, organic farmers have a tough of organic farming in the fertile lands. Particularly tropical challenge with the government regulations governing forests? This segment of the study, answered the question: organic farming, especially for small farmers in rural areas". ―What are the challenges of organic farming‖? The aims (NGO, Personal communication,10/20/2013) ―Pemerintah were to describe and understand how the stakeholders harus mengatur pertanian organik dengan regulasi were are able to internalize the challenges of organic pertanian organik, karena banyak pertengkaran apa yang farming on their ―lived experiences‖ in the community. From disebut organik dan untuk melindungi konsumen karena interviews with the participant’s it was found some of the banyaknya produk nonorganik dijual sebagai produk challenges of organic farming are grouped into several orgaik‖. (GO) "The government should regulate organic themes. To group this theme, researchers used opinion farming with organic farming regulation, because many so- from Saragih (2010) about the challenges of organic called organic quarrel and to protect consumers because of farming,as follows: the many non-organic products sold as a organic products―. (GO, Personal communication,10/20/2013) ―Dirasakan From harmony into commercialization semakin berat saat ini untuk menjalankan pertanian organik Organic farming is promoted by its founders as a movement karena diatur oleh peraturan pemerintah yang memakai to build a harmonious life in nature so that continuity can be standar tinggi, seperti sertifikasi dan lain-lain‖. (LF) "Felt assured livelihood (David, 2002). Participant of consumers more severe this time to run an organic farm as regulated and traders of organic agricultural products said the by government regulations that put a high standard, such following: ―Produsen selalu menjual mahal hasil produk as certification and others". (LF, Personal communication, pertanian organiknya dengan alasan produk sehat itu 10/20/2013) ―Banyak persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh mahal, mereka sangat memanfaatkan kesempatan ini untuk para petani‖. (F1 to F4) "Many requirements that must be mendapatkan untung yang sebesar-besarnya‖. (B) met by the farmers". (F1 to F4, Personal communication, "Producers are always selling expensive organic 10/20/2013) In many countries and regions, as organic agricultural products for the reason that healthy products farming are well developed and accepted by many in the are expensive, they really take advantage of this government to intervene and set it up (Saragih, 2010). One opportunity to get the maximum profit". (B, Personal of the factors that led to the involvement of the government communication,10/23/2013) ―Para pedagang menjual regulated organic farming is because of the bickering about produk organik semakin mahal, karena banyak konsumen what is called organic agricultural products and because yang beralih ke produk organik mengikuti trend " back to many nonorganic products sold as organic products. In nature " sementara produk organik masih terbatas maka Indonesia Agriculture Organic governed by the Regulation harganya mahal‖. (C) "The traders sell organic products of the Minister of Agriculture no. 64/OT. 140/5/2013 About more expensive, as many consumers are switching to Organic Farming System. organic products follow the trend of "back to nature" while organic products is still limited, the price is expensive". (C, From the production industrialization conventional Personal communication, 10/23/2013)In the context of the into organic production facility industrialization relationship between consumers andproducers, there is Technology development in the conventional agricultural also a dependency relationship. Farmers obviously can not system (the green revolution) is not based on local meet all their needs. As well if sick, farmers need health resources. Farmers only become users. After a struggle for experts to handle, etc. That is, there is a dependency generations of farmers to develop farming planting the seed between humans because humans can not meet all its of the process, the seeds in the revolutionary brain- needs alone .Therefore, the demand for organic products is tweaking by the supporters of the green revolution that was increasing, while the organic agricultural products is limited born of hybrid seeds and the seeds are genetically to the available organic products into goods that it refers modified. Participant NGO’s and farmers, explains: only to the rules of the economy, namely the search for ―Tantangan pengembangan pertanian organic saat ini profit maximization. In this case, the producer seeks adalah industrialisasi sarana produksi pertanian organic maximum profit by selling its products at a great price. yang tidak berbasis sumber daya local, baik sumber daya Instead, consumers are trying to bargain to get the lowest manusia, sumber daya alam, sumber daya social, sumber possible price. Farmers did not consider the loss that may daya keuangan, maupun sumber daya infrastruktur yang be experienced by others as the principles for profit has dimiliki petani. Perusahaan-perusahaan besar mulai masuk become very prominent. As a result, the development of ke pengembangan sarana produk pertanian organic organic agriculture simply stuck into a commercial activity dengan yang mereka sebut sebagai ―bioteknologi‖. (NGO) which would be a criticism of the founders (Saragih, 2010). "The challenge of development today is organic agriculture industrialization of organic agricultural in puts that are not From opposition into government mainstream based on local resources, both human resources, natural Organic farming movement was born as a critique of the resources, social resources, financial resources, and industrialization of agriculture or the use of chemicals in infrastructure resources owned by farmers. Large agriculture is globally promoted by the government. Over companies began to enter into the development of organic the decades, the organic farming movement into opposition agricultural products by means of which they refer to as

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''. (NGO, Personal communication, Activities of these institutions not only provide a label for the 10/20/2013) ―Kami kesulitan mendapatkan benih lokal. product, but also organize meetings between farmers and Hampir semua benih harus membeli dari perusahaan‖. (F-1 producers, marketing, lobbying, and conduct capacity to F 4) "We had trouble getting local seeds. Almost all building activities for its members. In development is not the seeds must be bought rom the company". (F-1 to F4, case, regulation in many countries including ISO 65 Personal communication, 10/20/2013) Organic farmers prohibits the producer to become the owner of the ISO have difficulty in finding locally based seed for . It is more emphasized aspects of farming. The seeds on the market should not be and can independence which means that the manufacturer is the not be reproduced by farmers because it is protected by a party that must have this certification. While the U.S. set of laws governing patents. The patent ignoring government regulations prohibit producers to take an active altogether the rights of farmers who already provide role in the certification institution. As a result, many broodstock for the mecha-tweaking the authenticity seed certification bodies established only by a few persons and (Saragih, 2010). The development of biotechnology is of legal entities permit oriented companies or businesses. course the claim as a nature preserve. Yet still developing (Huber, 2007) Participant said: ―Tantangan baru bagi kami standards for patent law so that propagation should not be sebagai petani organik adalah sertifikasi pertanian organik, done by the farmers. Furthermore, the risk of disaster untuk mendapatkan sertifikat sangat mahal dan caused by "biotechnology" is often never properly conveyed persyaratannya rumit‖. ( LF) "New challenges for us as to the public. Competition era of globalization According to organic farmers was certification of organic farming. To Saragih (2010) Trade Liberalization is theoretically a obtain a certificate is very expensive and complicated regulation that impedes the process of elimination of requirements". (LF, Personal communication, 10/20/2013) products from one country to enter another country. It ―Pertanian organik dihadapkan pada urusan sertifikasi, kalo started with the implementation of trade liberalization tidak tersertifikat organik maka produknya tidak diakui around 60 binding states were listed that are members of sebagai produk organik. Untuk mendapatkan sertifikat ini the World Trade Organization (WTO). The purpose of biayanya mahal dan persyaratannya tidak mudah.―. (NGO liberalization in the agricultural sector of agriculture of the "Organic agriculture is faced also in matters of certification, agreement called Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) is that if not certified organic products are not recognized as the each state would remove trade tariffs (market access) and organic product. To get this certificate requirement is agricultural (domestic subsidies and export expensive and not easy". (NGO, Personal communication, subsidies). Participants stated their views: ―Era perdagagan 10/20/2013) According to Keith (2010) certification has bebas jadi ancaman bagi para petani organik kecil di dalam changed. It is not just the assurance processes into a negeri. (NGO) "Era of free trade is a threat to small organic tradable commodity. If at first the only certification is a farmers domestic". (NGO, Personal communication, voluntary process so now it is a mandatory process. 10/20/2013) ―Jika produk pertanian organik dari luar negeri Therefore a mandatrory process, along with the growing masuk ke pasar dalam negeri, petani organik kecil dalam demand of many certification bodies then developed into a negeri bisa kalah bersaing, biasanya produk pertanian luar lucrative business. According to Rundgren (2005), the negeri lebih bagus kualitasnya dan lebih murah harganya‖. average amount spent by a producer to be certified is (B) "If organic agricultural products from foreign countries approximately 1 - 2% of the total selling price of the enter into domestic market, domestic small organic farmers product, although even in some cases can reach 10%. can not compete against foreign agricultural products which usually better quality and cheaper price". (B, Personal The Benefits of Organic Farming in Support for communication, 10/21/2013) Liberalization is a process of Environmental Health coercion to comply with trade regulations are made for the According to the Decree of the Head of Environmental sake of developed countries (Bowe, 2005). Poor and Impact Management Agency Ministry of Environment of the developing countries are forced to open their markets, while Republic of Indonesia, number Kep-124/12/1997 dated developed countries to tighten regulation of its trade. Poor December 29, 1997, quoted Slamet (2011). Environmental and developing countries are not able to provide subsidies health is a state of the various environmental media (air, to their farmers, while developed countries continue water, soil, foods, human, disease vectors, and material) subsidizing their farmers and sell these products to the which is reflected in the physical, biological, and chemical international market or sell it to poor and developing parameters of the quality of the environment that affect countries at a price much cheaper than the price of public health. This segment of the study, answered the production. This resulted in the death of the production question: ―What are the benefits of organic farming in process of organic farming in poor and growing countries. support of environmental health‖. In this segment the goal is to describe and understand how the stakeholders were are From assurance into certification business able to internalize and applied the values of benefits of When the originator of the idea of organic farming began organic farming in support of environmental health on their making organic agriculture as an alternative to chemical- lived experiences in the community. According to the based agriculture perhaps it never occurred to them that American Public Health Association (AHA), (Slamet, 2011). there is a shadow system of legislation that is complicated Environmental health is "The Basic Six" on the basis of when organic agricultural products are traded. At first, the public health efforts. According to Slamet (2011) certification is more as a guarantee that certain products environmental health can be defined as the study of the are produced according to certain values. The collateral is interaction between the environment and human health, the farmers. Therefore, it is not surprising that guarantee plants, and animals with the aim to improve the favorable institutions initially comprised of farmers and consumers. environmental factors (eugenic) and control the adverse

205 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 factors (dysgenic), such that the risk of impaired health and The benefit of organic farming on water safety so restrained. Activities eco-friendly organic farming Water is a compound that is vital for all known forms of life is a factor that affects the environment is favorable on earth. Water covers nearly 71% of earth’s surface. Clean (eugenic). water is essential for human life (Slamet, 2011). Agriculture provides benefits to water. Water as a media environment The benefit organic farming on soil is very important for the sustainability of life on earth, Land is the portion of the earth's surface consisting of therefore, should be maintained and the quality of mineral and organic materials instead. Soil are important for existence. The farmer participants attested that: ―Pertanian all life on earth, his deep soil capable of supporting plant life oganik menyehatkan air karena tidak tercemar oleh pupuk in which plants provide food and oxygen then absorb kimia, jika menyerap ke tanah dan masuk ke sumur carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Different soil composition at penduduk di sekitar sawahpun tidak berbahaya. Kegiatan one location to another (Slamet, 2011). Organic farming pertanian organik membuat air di sawah menjadi sehat lagi brings many benefits to soil fertility. The farmer participants seperti jaman dulu.‖ (F1) "Agriculture oganic healthy water and NGOs, attested, saying: ―Tanah menjadi terbebas dari because it is not polluted by chemical fertilizers, if absorbed racun kimia pertanian dan sisa pupuk kimia, inilah manfaat into the soil and into the well population harmless. Organic pertanian organik‖. (F1) "The land be free of toxic chemicals farming activities in the fields of water be made healthy and residual agricultural chemical fertilizer, this is the again like earlier times ." (F1, Personal communication, benefit of organic farming". (F1, Personal communication, 10/20/2013) ―Air menjadi terbebas dari racun pestisida 10/20/2013) ―Kesuburan tanah akan terjaga secara alami kimia dan sisa pupuk kimia, inilah manfaat pertanian karena dipupuk oleh pupuk alami yang ramah lingkungan organik air di sawah jadi sehat dan amana dipakai.‖ (F2) seperti kotoran ternak.‖ (F2) "Soil fertility will be maintained "The water be free of toxic chemical pesticides and naturally as fostered by environmentally friendly natural chemical fertilizers the rest, here's the benefits of organic fertilizers like manure." (F2, Personal communication, farming in the fields of water to be healthy and safe to use." 10/20/2013) ―Kegiatan pertanian organik memakai pupuk (F2, Personal communication, 10/20/2013) ―Kegiatan alami dan pestisida alami , tidak lagi meracuni tanah.‖ (F3) pertanian organik memakai pupuk alami dan pestisida "Organic farming activity taking natural fertilizers and alami , tidak lagi meracuni air tanah.‖ (F) "Organic farming natural pesticides, no longer poison the ground." (F3, activity takes in natural fertilizers and natural pesticides, no Personal communication, 10/20/2013) ―Dengan memakai longer poison the ground water." (F3, Personal pupuk organik, tanah tidak mudah terkena erosi, hara tanah communication, 10/20/2013) ―Pupuk kompos yg dipakai jadi subur secara alami‖ .(F4) "By using organic fertilizers, dalam kegiatan pertanian organik mampu menyimpan air soil less susceptible to erosion, nutrient soil so fertile tanah, jadi air tidak akan mudah hilang dari tanah walau naturally‖. (F4, Personal communication, 10/20/2013) musim kemarau lama‖. (F4) "That used in organic ―Pertanian organik sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan farming soil is capable of storing water, so water will not be tanah karena pertanian organik menggunakan kompos easily lost from the soil with the long dry season." (F4, sebagai bahan utama penyubur tanaman dan kompos ini Personal communication, 10/20/2013) According Arsenio menyediakan unsur hara makro, mikro serta mineral yang and Arsenio (2010), consequence of agribusiness is the sangat lengkap sehingga bisa membuat tanah menjadi extraordinary increase in . Poor land subur secara alami dan dapat mencegah terjadinya erosi management, , chemical agriculture have pada tanah‖. (LF) "Organic farming is very beneficial to the caused soil erosion and . is so health of the soil as organic farming using compost as the precious that without it, the soil loses nutrients and cannot main ingredient plant fertilizer and compost provides retain water. In many agriculture areas, pollution of nutrients macro, micro and that are complete so groundwater courses with synthetic fertilizers and that it can make the soil become fertile naturally and can pesticides is a major problem. As the use of these is prevent soil erosion‖. (LF, Personal communication, prohibited in organic agriculture, they are replaced by 10/20/2013). According to Djayawarman Alamprabu, (2013) organic fertilizers (e.g. compost, animal manure, green on the use of modern agricultura lchemical fertilizer with manure) and through the use of greater biodiversity (in high concentration and high doses over along period leads terms of species cultivated and permanent vegetation), to deterioration of soil fertility due to an imbalance of enhancing soil structure and water infiltration. Well nutrients or other nutrient deficiencies, and the decline in managed organic systems with better nutrient retentive content. According to Sabastian (2010) abilities, greatly reduce the risk of groundwater pollution. In soil building practices such as organic fertilizers and some areas where pollution is a real problem, conversion to minimum are central to organic practices. These organic agriculture is highly encouraged as a restorative encourage soil fauna and flora, improving soil formation and measure, (Saragih, 2010). structure and creating more stable systems. In turn, nutrient and energy cycling is increased and the retentive abilities of The benefit organic farming on air the soil for nutrients and water are enhanced, Air refers to the mixture of gases present in the earth's compensating for the non-use of mineral fertilizers. Such surface. Air dry earth contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, management techniques also play an important role in soil and 1% water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases (Otto . The length of time that the soil is exposed S, 2004). Organic farming benefits to air safety and quality to erosive forces is decreased, soil biodiversity is increased, as an important environmental media (Slamet, 2011). The and nutrient losses are reduced, helping to maintain and farmer participants attested, saying that: ―Dalam aktivitas enhance soil productivity pertanian organik tidak lagi membakar sisa-sita tanaman karena dapat dijadikan pupuk, jadi udara bresih tidak

206 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 tercemar asap hasil pembakaran sisa tanaman.‖ (F1) "An tidak mengijinkan genetically modified organisms jadi organic farming activity is no longer burning plant residues makanan hasil pertanian organik terbebas dari GMO’s‖. because it can be used as fertilizer, so clean air is not (GO’s) "Organic farming does not allow genetically modified polluted by smoke of burning crop residues." (F1, Personal organisms so organic food crops free of GMO’s‖. (GO’s, communication, 10/20/2013) ―Tanaman organik tidak Personal communication, 10/20/2013) The use of disemprot memakai pestisida kimia lagi jadi tidak ada Genetically modified organisms. (GMO’s) within organic pencemaran udara oleh racun pestisida, udara jadi systems is not permitted during any stage of organic food aman.‖(F2) "Organic crops are not sprayed with chemical production, processing or handling. As the potential impact pesticides, so the air is so safe." (F2, Personal of GMO’s to both the environment and health is not entirely communication, 10/20/2013) ―Pertanian organik untuk understood, organic agriculture is taking the precautionary mengendalikan hama tanamannya memakai pestisida approach and choosing to encourage natural biodiversity. organik, pestisida organik tidak mencemari udara, udara The organic label therefore provides an assurance that jadi sehat.‖ (F3, F4) "Organic agriculture for pest control GMOs have not been used intentionally in the production using pesticides organic crops, organic pesticides do not and processing of the organic products, (Saragih, 2012). pollute the air. The air is so healthy." (F3, F4, Personal communication, 10/20/2013) Organic agriculture reduces Benefit organic farming for waste management non-renewable energy use by decreasing agrochemical Organic farming practices reduce the amount of waste needs. Organic agriculture contributes to mitigating the through recycling waste into organic fertilizer. Livestock greenhouse effect and global warming through its ability to manure, straw and other agricultural waste can also sequester carbon in the soil. Many management practices considered waste. So that it becomes a material that has used by organic agriculture (e.g.returning crop residues to value as a source of nutrients and organic matter to organic the soil, the use of cover crops and rotations), increase the farming. The farmer participants have these to say: ―Limbah return of carbon to the soil, raising productivity and organik yang berasal dari pabrik makanan, dari restoran, favouring carbon storage. A number of studies revealed dari pemukiman penduduk, and dari tempat-tempat umum that soil organic carbon contents under organic farming are dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk organik, sekaligus juga considerably higher. The more organic carbon is retained in membantu program pemerintah tentang kebersihan the soil, the more the mitigation potential of agriculture lingkungan‖. (LF) ―Organic waste from food factories, from against climate change in higher, (Sabastian, 2012) the restaurant, from the settlement, and from public places can be used as organic fertilizer, while also helping the The benefit of organic farming on foods government program of environmental cleanliness‖. (LF, Food is a substance, usually derived from animals or Personal communication, 10/20/2013) ―Sampah organik plants, eaten by living things to provide energy and dari rumah-rumah penduduk, dari pasar bisa dibuat untuk nutrients. Food is usually made for human needs through pupuk, sehingga membantu membersihkan lingkungan dari farming or that includes animal and plant limbah‖. (F2) ―Organic waste from people's homes, from sources, (Soemarwoto, 2004). An organic agriculture is market can be made for fertilizer, thus helping to clean up providing healthy foods without synthetic chemical pesticide the environment from waste‖. (F2, Personal communication, residues. The farmer participants, trader, consumers, 10/20/2013) ―Kotoran ternak dan limbah dari pemukiman attested, saying that: ―Permintaan konsumen terhadap penduduk dapat digunakan untuk pupuk organik. jadi produk organik seperti sayuran dan beras terus meningkat‖. memberi manfaat juga pada kebersihan lingkungan‖. (F3) (B) "Consumer demand for organic products like vegetables ―Manure and sewage from residential areas can be used for and rice continue to increase". (B, Personal communication, organic fertilizer, so also benefit the environment clean‖. 10/20/2013) ―Produk pertanian organik tanpa zat kimia (F3, Personal communication,10/20/2013) ―Selain itu, sintetik , saya sudah lama beralih ke produk organik karena sampah, kotoran ternak juga dapat digunakan sebagai saya ingin makanan yang sehat dan aman". (C) "Organic pupuk. pupuk, sehingga lingkungan juga jadi bersih dan farming products without synthetic chemicals, I have long sehat, bebas sampah‖. (F4) ―Besides, garbage, livestock switched to organic products because I want a healthy and manure can also be used as fertilizer. So the environment safe food". (C, Personal communication, 10/20/013) is also so clean and healthy, waste-free (F4, Personal ―Kesehatan masyarakat akan semakin baik dengan adanya communication, 10/22/2013) ―Program kebersihan makanan organik yang bebas residu pestisida‖. (Gov) lingkungan di sebuah wilayah, bisa dipadukan dengan ―Public health will be better with presence of organic foods program pembuatan pupuk organic‖. (NGO’s) that are free of pesticide residues‖. (Gov, Personal ―Environmental hygiene program in a region can be communication, 10/20/2013) ―Sayuran, beras jadi sehat combined with organic fertilizer program‖. (NGO, Personal karena tanpa terkena racun pestisida, menurut keyakinan communication, 10/20/2013) Organic fertilizer from waste saya jika terkena racun, haram hukumnya (dilarang oleh can be combined with a program of environmental hygiene Tuhan) untuk dimakan". (F3) "Vegetables, rice are healthy areas. So organic farming can benefit the health of the because they are not exposed to toxic pesticides. environment through waste management in the region, both According to my belief if exposed to poisons, haram in rural and urban.Organic farming practices reduce the (forbidden by God) to be eaten". (F3, Personal amount of waste through recycling waste into organic communication, 10/20/2013) Many factors contribute to this fertilizer. Livestock manure, straw and other agricultural development, one of the driving factors is the insistence on waste as long as it is considered waste, so that it becomes the domestic market, national market and international a material that has value as a source of nutrients and markets which want products that are free of synthetic, organic matter to organic farming. According to Sutanto chemical residues (Sabastian SA, 2010). ―Pertanian organik (2002), environmental hygiene program can be combined

207 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 with composting programs derived from the settlement and developed on organic farming towards its sustainability―? urban garbage. In many countries organic agriculture The purpose was to describe and understand how the development programs in close urban environments is stakeholders who are able to articulate their ideas regarding always associated with cleanliness, either through the the model of sustainable organic farming. Farmer process of composting in residential areas or landfill. participants said something. They essentially said: ―Kami memerlukan pengetahuan dan keterampilan tentang The Social Development Model of Sustainable pertanian organik‖. ―We need the knowledge and skills Organic Farming about organic farming". The farmers do change from According to the United Nations (2010), sustainable conventional farming practices to organic farming practices development has been discussed and performed by the carried out spontaneously and in a planned. They added: world community as a method to create a balance. Balance ‖Pada awalnya saya beralih ke pertanian organik sepontan is obtained on the social, economic, and environmental. saja karena diajak teman saya‖. (F1 dan F3) "I moved to Sustainable development can be applied in many aspects organic farming from conventional farming, because my of life, including in agricultural development The advent of friend invited". (F1 and F3, Personal communication, sustainable development, in 1970's there was widespread 10/21/2013) ―Saya merencanakan dengan kesadaran saya environmental problems. Sustainable development is sendiri untuk melakukan perubahan dari praktek pertanian characterized by the conventional paradigm of economic konvensional ke pertanian organik‖. (LF) "I planned with my development in the pursuit of economic growth. Therefore, own consciousness to make a change from conventional the development of environmentally sustainable becomes farming practices to organic farming". (LF, Personal important to be studied (www.academia.edu). Universal communication,10/20/2013) According to Soetomo (2012), principles of sustainable development should be the change is an expected direction towards a more mature principle of balanced development, which is included in the was, which increasingly has the capability to respond to the following concepts: Environmental Protection ever-increasing demands, responding to the opportunities (Environmental Protection), in decision making and that open and respond to the potential that exists, besides implementation of activities related to public interests, no less important to anticipate challenges and problems especially the interests of the poor, should be encouraged that arise in line with the ongoing process of change. Seen to decision and implementation of the activities oriented from the planned change process to build aspects of human towards the protection / preservation of the environment action include interactions in society, instead of building both natural and artificial environments; Community objects. Therefore, it is not wrong if it is contained in the Development (Social Development); each step should meaning of community capacity building of human capacity always be oriented activities in an effort to build social development as the actors that make up the community, solidarity and self-reliance of society so as to create an (Soetomo, 2012). In its formulation, process development, effective community socially as a solid foundation in the sustainable agriculture (organic farming), human capacity effort to reduce poverty and sustained independently. development may include the development of insight and Community development also means an attempt to knowledge level, an increased ability to respond to the enhance the potential of all elements of society, especially dynamics of the environment, improvement of skills, vulnerable and marginal groups that have not had the increased access to information, improving access to the opportunity / access to programs / local activities; decision-making process relating to the development Development Economic; welfare is an effort to harmonize sustainable agriculture (organic farming). As changes are the material, then the efforts towards improving the capacity planned, who planned is how to provide stimulation and and skills of the poor and unemployed to get a portion or encouragement so that people wake up and growing specifically, including efforts to develop business capacity. Participants of the NGO said: ―Perlu dibangun opportunities and access to key resources for income sebuah sistem atau wadah untuk pengembangkan generation, with due regard to the impact of the physical kapasitas para petani organik, misalnya melalui kelompok environment and social; Universal principles of sustainable tani organik‖. (NGO) "Necessary to build a system for development is essentially an integrated through capacity development of organic farmers, for example empowerment. Empowerment of the whole man to be able through organic farmer groups". (NGO, Personal to generate power that has been integrated. These are the communication, 10/20/2013 ) Given that changes in society construction of the power to create a society that is can also bring up a new social issue then the social concerned with the development -oriented environmental systems needs a system that can deal with social problems, sustainability; social power that create effective community both old and new which are attached to a mechanism within social; and economic power to create economically the system itself. According to Jacob (2003) that the system productive society. Sustainable development is universal has the capacity as it is a social system that is able to principles that can be applied also in agricultural process feedback. Thus, if the product is not expected development. In the development of modern agriculture in system conditions should be independently seen as a the so-called "green revolution" has been proven to have a feedback that can be used to discriminate improvements negative impact on the sustainability of life. The green and changes are attached. Attention to variety of the above revolution is not only threatening because of the description, it can be said that the process of change and environmental damage arising directly, but also because of development of the society is determined by various the damage to the social and economic aspects. As the factors. All of these factors synergistically affect the green revolution developes sustainable agricultural intensity and speed of the changes, the factors become development showed also organic farming. This segment of determinants to community development through social the study, answered the question: ―What model can be learning process are. These are aspirations of the people,

208 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 social energy, institutionalized collective action, science and policies and good governance". (NGO, LF, Personal technology, as well as external stimulation (Soetomo, Communication, 10/20/2013). Therefore, in the context of 2012). For the sustainability of organic farming, the factors sustainable agricultural development, the government is become determinate proficiency level should be obliged to: strengthened. 1. Realize, grow, develop and improve the awareness and responsibility of decision makers in sustainable Role of Government agricultural development. In the concept of sustainable development, the most 2. Realizing, grow, develop and raise awareness of the important thing is to give directives to the utilization of rights and responsibilities of people in sustainable natural resources which is done in a planned, rational, agriculture responsible and in accordance with the carrying capacity 3. development. function that prioritizes sustainability and environmental 4. Realizing, grow, develop and raise awareness balance. Participant from NGO and LF saying: ―Untuk among the community, business and government in menjamin pelaksanaan pembangunan pertanian the conservation of sustainable agricultural berkelanjutan, maka perlu didukung oleh kebijakan development. pemerintah dan tata kelola yang baik‖. (NGO) "To 5. Develop and implement a national policy of guarantee implementation of sustainable agricultural sustainable agricultural development. development, it needs to be supported by government

Figure 11: Social Development Model of Sustainable Organic Farmin

Conceptual Framework a result of the green revolution should be terminated Organic farming is a form of social change movements because of the harm to the sustainability of human life on concerned with the sustainability of agriculture. As a the present and the future. To retire this issue then movement for change, naturally undergo several stages. To agricultural business activities should be put on a support this change movement, it first requires a change in sustainable development prinsif and sustainable consciousness will change itself and the construction of consumption and production, the solution is an knowledge societies through social development. Social environmentally friendly agriculture and securely create development is basically done to improve human life human health i.e. Organic Agriculture (Organic Farming). through efforts to lift mankind from under development Organic farming brings many benefits to sustainability on toward prosperity. Social development aims to increase the planet Earth because of pollution-free, good health for the capacity of individuals and their institutions, mobilize and health of the farmers (producers) as well as for the manage resources in order to generate sustained and consumer because it does not use artificial chemicals for equitable improvement in the quality of life in accordance fertilizer plants and did not use pesticides to kill plant pests with their own aspirations in order to achieve better results (Gunawan, 2007) Organic farming today has evolved and achieve social justice. In human life, there are several extensively, both in the cultivation, means of production, dimensions, which are dimensions of the needs. The needs type of product, marketing, consumer knowledge and of human life compiled from the start of the most basic organization/institution community interest (concern) in needs are physiological needs to the needs of the most organic farming. These developments are not organized high is self-actualization. One of the needs of human and efficiently run. However when it was noted there is physiology is the need of food. The problems that occur as commonality purpose to be achieved by the principals of 209 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616 organic farming, namely: providing products that are b. Develop a strategic partnership with the Government, healthy, safe and friendly environment to promote organic entrepreneurs and organic, non-governmental farming, needed a good planning and implementation organizations for the sustainability of organic farming. simultaneously. Planning and implementation are also c. Follow organic exhibitions of local, regional, and carried out jointly between the civil society, government, international. and businessmen. Social change involves targets of d. Revive local cultural wisdom about engineering change, change agents, and change goals. Changes can techniques which have been known to farm the farmer occur on various levels of social organization-individual, hereditary which essentially are components of small groups, organizational, or societal (Palispis, 2007). organic farming. Examples of engineering techniques The process of changing the culture of an organic are commonly executed farmers are:the main waste agriculture to organic farming culture can be started from recycling, the utilization of , use of a small groups in the community. The process of social combination of manure and green manure, and change is indispensable in advancing organic agriculture compost. because it required the existence of a new paradigm shift in e. In areas which are central to beef or chicken farms, agriculture in the midst of the community. Public awareness the use of manure can be combined with a regular of the dangers posed by the way – the way modern farming fertilization program is done. (inorganic farming) should continue to be built. Currently in f. In an area close to the Centre of agro-industries like the midst of society has grown awarnes of about go sugar cane factory, the factory know, alcohol factory, organic; this is a driving factor towards the development of factory seasoning Cook, then reports can be used as organic farming (Suwantoro, 2008). This momentum must a source of organic fertilizer. continue to be maintained and developmentin a process of g. Environmental hygiene Program can be combined social change. This case study will focus on all involved in with the composting program that comes from the activities on the organic farmers of Paguyuban residential and urban waste. Pasundan of Cianjur Regency of West Java of The Republic Indonesia. On Business Results of the study may provide additional information for CONCLUSIONS the corporate world that expands on the results of organic Pasundan's Organic Farming associations Cianjur as farming: associated organic farmers. They have got a spirit that was a) Domestic product marketing opportunities for organic drawn from the vision, mission, goals, and programs, as crop includes vegetables, fruits, and estates need to well as its activities.The challenges faced by the organic be identified. farming movement in general, namely: (a) from harmony a. b. Established interaction and mutually beneficial into commercialization, (b) from opposition of government working network between consumers and producers into mainstream of govenrnment, (c) from of production to ensure the marketing of organic products on an industrialization conventional into organic production facility ongoing basis. industrialization, (d) competition era of globalization, (e) b. Avoid the commercialization of the trade of organic from assurance into certification business. with the above products, prioritizing their harmonious relationships challenges new concerns have been exploited in organic between producers, consumers, and businesses. farming. The benefits of organic farming for supporting of c. follow the exhibitions international and local organic environment health, namely: (a) for quality of soil, (b) for produce. quality of water, (c) quality of air, (d) for quality of foods, and (e ) for waste management. Stakeholder’s interviews On Government gave an overview of the construction of a model for The Program "Go Organic 2010" must be forwarded with sustainable organic farming. There are several factors as the program "Go Organic 2020" where the formulation of determinant of sustainable organic farming should be the vision, mission, and activities that will be undertaken are conducted prior to the transformation efforts of all arranged with a broader circle of involved, including organic stakeholders, which is about the concept of social farmers, organic entrepreneurs, non-governmental development, concept of sustainable development, organizations, as well as colleges that are entirely sustainable agriculture concept, good government, concept commanded by the government to fulfill the people's of organic farming and sustainability. mandate ensures the sustainability of the livelihood of the people. RECOMMENDATION On Civil Society (NGO’s) On Pasundan's associations were Organic Farmers The results of this study are expected to encourage NGO's Cianjur to do the mentoring activities at the farmers in developing The results of this study are expected to provide additional organic farming: information and knowledge relevant to the organic farmers a) Perform accompaniment on the organic farmers in are useful for developing organic farming activity: enriching insights about the organic activity a. Tighten the existence of the Organization, in order to b) Provide consulting services to organic farmers in the be a force in defining the standards and certification face of legal and advocacy issues related to their system of organic agricultural products and the activities as organic farmers, development of organic farming which ensures the c) A bridge connector between organic farmers, traders, sustainability of livelihoods. government and other stakeholders in an effort to 210 IJSTR©2015 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 05, MAY 2015 ISSN 2277-8616

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