Durham E-Theses Population and industrial change: a geographical approach Rossendale and Haut Beaujolais 1700 - 1880 Raw, Michael D. How to cite: Raw, Michael D. (1973) Population and industrial change: a geographical approach Rossendale and Haut Beaujolais 1700 - 1880, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9579/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 (i) POPULATION AND INDUSTRIAL CHANGE: A GEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH ROSSENDALE AND HAUT BEAUJOLAIS 1700-1880. Michael D.Raw B.A. (Dunelm). Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the University of Durham. 1973. (ii) CONTENTS Chapter Page Introduction 1 1 Physical Geography 6 2 The Domestic Textile System 15 3 Population Change and the Domestic Textile System in the Pre-Censal Period 56 4 Population Change and the Domestic Textile System in the Early Censal Period 87 5 Geographic and Demographic Patterns of the Domestic Textile System in the Early Censal Period" 114 6 The Factory System 152 7 Population Change. Age-Sex Structure, Fertility etc. in the Later Censal Period 169 8 Population Density, Distribution Migration and Settlement in the Later Censal Period 199 Conclusion 219 Appendix 223 Notes on Maps and Diagrams 232 Select Bibliography 236 (iit) Acknowledgements The preparation and completion of this study has only been possible through the help of several people. In particular I should like to record my debt and thanks to my supervisor, Professor W.B.Fisher for the invaluable advice and help he has given throughout, and for the opportunity to study as a post• graduate in the Department of Geography, University of Durham. Dr D.A.Bythell of the Department of Economic History, University of Durham deserves special thanks for his suggestions and advice, both as friend and scholar. I am also deeply indebted to Mr H. Clout of the Department of Geography, University College, London; to Dr B.K.Roberts of the Department of Geography, University of Durham; and to Messrs C.A.Palmer B.A. and D.Bennison M.A., research colleagues at Durham 1970-72. Considerable thanks are due to the three principal sources of documents used in this study - the Lancashire Record Office, Preston, the Public Record Office, and Les Archives Departementales du RhSne - and to the staff who laboured on my behalf. I should also like to gratefully acknow• ledge the financial support of the Social Science Research Council who awarded the a studentship for the academic years 1970-71/71-72 as well as an additional bursary for field studies in France. Finally my thanks to Mr G.N.G.Smith, Vice-Principal of Bede College, Durham for his constant support and encouragement, and above all to my wife, Ingela, as a source of inspiration and for never complaining during the many hours spent producing the final manuscript and typescript copies. Solihull June 1973. (iv) List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Lancastria. Fig. 1.2 South-East France. Fig. 1,3a Administrative Units: Kaut Beaujolais. Fig. 1.3b Administrative Units: Rossendale. Fig. 1.4a Relief and Drainage: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 1.4b Geology: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 1. 5a Geology: Rossendale. Fig. 1.5b Relief and Drainage: Rossendale. Fig. 1.6 Mean Annual Precipitation: Departement du Rhone. Fig. 2.1a Distribution of Tarare Muslin Industry 1819. Fig. 2.1b Occupational Structure of some Lancashire Parishes c 1720. Fig. 2.2 Distribution of Domestic Textile Industry 1862: Beaujolais. Fig. 2.3a Manchester's Textile Hinterland 1813, Fig. 2.3b Manchester's Textile Hinterland 1788. Fig. 2.4 Structure of the Textile Industry: Haut Beaujolais 1880. Fig. 3.1 18th Century Population Change I: Beaujolais. Fig. 3.2 18th Century Population Change II: Beaujolais. Fig. 3.3 Population Change 1792-1825: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 3.4 18th Century Population Change: Rossendale. Fig. 3.5 18th Century Population Change: Lancastria. Fig. 3.6 Population Growth Models. Fig. 3.7 The Demographic System. Fig. 4.1 Population Change 1801-41: Beaujolais (arrd Villef ranche). Fig. 4.2 Central Lancashire - Population Change 1801-31. Fig. 4.3 Rural Population Change 1801-51: East Lancastria. Fig. 5.1a Age-Sex Structure 1821: Rossendale. Fig. 5.1b Distribution of Population: Rossendale 1810. Fig. 5.2 Age-Sex Structure 1836: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 5.3 Population Density: Central Lancashire 1801. (v) Fig. 5.4 Population Density: Beaujolais (arrd. Villefranche) 1801. Fig. 5.5a Harwood Fold, Eccleshill. Fig. 5.5b Lorenz Curves of Population Distribution. Fig. 5.6 Distribution of Settlement: Haut Beaujolais 1812. Fig. 5.7 Distribution of Settlement: Rossendale 1794. Fig. 5.8a Population Density: Haslingden 1683-93. Fig.. 5.8b Population Density: Haslingden 1770-74. Fig. 5,.9a Population Density: Rossendale 1662. Fig. 5.9b Population Density:, Rossendale 1810. Fig.. 5:.9c Population Density: East Rossendale 1696-1722. Fig. 5.10 Rural Settlements: Haut Beaujolais 1812, Fig. 5.11 'Bourgs1 of Haut Beaujolais 1812. Fig. 5.12 EcciesfiilllFold 1843. Fig. 5.13 Rural Settlements in Rossendale 1839 and 1851. Fig. 5;.14 Oswaldtwistle Moor 1776. Fig. 5.15 Oswaldtwistle Moor 1845. Fig. 5.16a Lower Darwen Moor 1848. Fig. 5.. 16b Lower Darwen Moor 1779. Fig. 5.17a Edgeworth Moor 1794. Fig; 5.17b Edgeworth Moor 1848. Fig. 5.18 Population and Economic Change. Fig. 7,.l Population Change: Beaujolais (Villefranche) 1841-72. Fig. 7.2 Population Change: Central Lancashire 1831-51. Fig. 7.3 Age-Sex Structure: Haut Beaujolais 1836-51. Fig. 7... 4 Population Pyramids I: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 7.5 Population Pyramids II: Haut Beaujolais. Fig. 7.6 Population Pyramids: East Lancashire 1851. Fig. 7.7 Population Density: Beaujolais (Villefranche) 1840. Fig. 7.8 Population Density: Central Lancashire 1831. Fig. 8..1 Population Distribution: Haut Beaujolais 1844. Fig. 8.2 Population Distribution: Haut Beaujolais 1880. Fig. 8.3 Population Distribution: Rossendale 1815. (vi) Abstract Rossendale and Haut Beaujolais in the pre-industrial period, were part of the domestic outwork system. This system based on hand spinning and weaving, provided a broad economic base in regions of limited agricultural potential, and produced distinctive geographic and demographic patterns. To some extent these patterns were modified by the introduction of the factory system and the large-scale expansion of industry, though there remained clear strands of continuity between the pre-industrial and industrial periods. Economic continuity is seen as largely inevitable in the early water power phase of industrialization. Later, with the development of steam power, the continuous growth of the textile industry in Haut Beaujolais, stretching back some two centuries or more, was severely disrupted. In contrast, Rossendale, with local deposits of coal, was able to accommodate technological change and retain its prosperity throughout the 19th century. 1 Introduction. Localized groups engaged in industrial occupations in a rural setting have never attracted the same degree of attention as their urban counterparts or agrarian contemporaries. The literature relating to rural industries is sparse in the extreme. Not only is there a lack of detailed regional studies but a virtual absence of the models and theories found for example in modern urban and industrial studies. Texts dealing with the historical geography of Western Europe from the 15th century onwards contain few references and coverage, when compared with that relating to agricultural matters is almost always inadequate. From the geographers point of view this situation can perhaps be attributed to two factors: first the influence of rural industry on the landscape has been far less important and far less apparent than that of previous agricultural systems; and second, very few documents relevant to this form of economic organization have survived for the period prior to industrialization, and indeed it is doubtful in most cases whether such documents existed at all. In spite of this, rural industry was an important sector of the economy of pre- industrial Europe and its geographical implications were far from inconsiderable. Periods of change and discontinuity in human history have always attracted the attention of scholars and the industrial revolution is no exception. Yet though the literature of economic, social and demographic history relating to this period is vast there are few studies concerned with the origins and geographical implications of industrialization at a regional scale. In a sense this is surprising because the industrial revolution in Western Europe was very much a regional phenomenon - though its implications were national and its effects world-wide, industrialization actually originated in a handful of small, widely scattered regions which previously had often been 2 economically backward and remote from the main centres of national wealth. It would seem therefore that to understand fully the industrial revolution it is necessary to appreciate the relevant regional situation. The present study can be seen as a small contribution to this end. Its purpose is to look at industrialization in two of the oldest industrial regions in Western Europe - Rossendale in Lancashire and Haut Beaujolais in south-east France. The basic method employed in the treatment of this subject is that of comparison.