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Insights Into the Economy of Open Scholarship: a Collection of Interviews © Knowledge Exchange 2019 Acknowledgements

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Insights Into the Economy of Open Scholarship: a Collection of Interviews © Knowledge Exchange 2019 Acknowledgements Insights into the Economy of Open Scholarship: A Collection of Interviews © Knowledge Exchange 2019 Acknowledgements Title: Insights into the Economy of Open This report is the effort of many. Thanks to the Scholarship: A Collection of Interviews Knowledege Exchange Task and Finish group with experts from all six Knowledge Exchange Authored by: Gwen Franck countries Anne Sofie Fink Kjeldgaard, Herbert Gruttemeier, Jessica Parland von Essen, Contact: [email protected] Lambert Heller, Laurents Sesink, Leo Mack, Melanie Imming, Minna Ahokas, and Zaza Interviews dated between: May 2018 and Nadja Herbert-Hansen, to Juliane Kant and February 2019 Jean-François Nominé who coordinated the Task and Finish group and to the KE Office DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2840171 Bas Cordewener and Sarah James. All have fruitfully contributed to this report, although This report is available under a CC BY 4.0 any mistakes and misreportings are the licence creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 responsibility of the author. Contents Preface 5 Interview with Jouni Tuomisto 38 References and relevant links 43 Introduction 6 About Jouni Tuomisto 44 Shared challenges 7 A look into ASAPbio 46 1. HR: researchers ‘in business’ 7 About ASAPbio 47 2. Commercial versus non-profit: walking the line 8 ASAPbio: Business model 48 3. Infrastructure: make or buy? 8 An interview with Jessica Polka 49 4. Licensing: pragmatism 9 Creative Commons and PLOS 51 5. Sustainability and scalability 9 References and relevant links 53 6. Marketing: build it and they will come? 10 About Jessica Polka 54 7. Influence on workflows and the research landscape 10 A look into ScienceOpen 56 A look into the Open Library of Humanities 11 About ScienceOpen 57 About Open Library of Humanities 12 ScienceOpen: Business model 58 OLH: Business model 13 Interview with Stephanie Dawson 59 Interview with Martin Paul Eve 14 References and relevant links 65 References and relevant links 20 About Stephanie Dawson 66 About Martin Paul Eve 21 A look into HR AK 68 Č A look into OpenEdition 23 About HRČAK 69 About OpenEdition 24 HRČAK: Business model 70 OpenEdition: Business model 25 An interview with Jadranka Stojanovski 71 Interview with Pierre Mounier 26 References and relevant links 76 References and relevant links 32 About Jadranka Stojanovski 77 About Pierre Mounier 33 A look into Helsinki University Press 79 A look into Opasnet 35 About Helsinki University Press (HUP) 80 About Opasnet 36 HUP: Business model 81 Opasnet: Business model 37 Interview with Leena Kaakinen 82 Contents continued References and relevant links 86 Appendix 1: methodology 126 About Leena Kaakinen 87 Participants 126 Interview questions 126 A look into Impactstory 89 Procedure 127 About Impactstory 90 Impactstory: Business model 91 Appendix 2: glossary 128 Interview with Heather Piwowar 92 References and relevant links 96 About Heather Piwowar 97 A look into Figshare 99 About Figshare 100 Figshare: Business model 101 Interview with Mark Hahnel 102 References and relevant links 107 About Mark Hahnel 108 A look into Zenodo 110 About Zenodo 111 Zenodo: Business model 112 Interview with Tim Smith 113 References and relevant links 119 About Tim Smith 120 Current state and approaches for further exploration 122 1. Approaches to reach a critical mass 122 2. Approaches to change the licensing culture 123 3. Approaches to avoid data and vendor lock-in 124 4. Approaches for incentivising innovation 124 Insights into the Economy of Open Scholarship A collection of interviews 5 Preface Knowledge Exchange (KE) is a collaboration between ` Level of granularity (scale) payment structures that facilitate Open Scholarship six key national organisations within Europe tasked › macro, covering the population and support it to achieve its full potential. Interviews with developing infrastructure and services to › meso, covering communities/organisations have been conducted with ten selected initiatives enable the use of digital technologies to improve › micro, covering individuals (for more information on the methodology and the higher education and research: CSC (csc.fi) in interview questions see appendix 1). The result is Finland, CNRS (cnrs.fr/en) in France, DAFSHE (bit. ` Research phase this collection of interviews that demonstrate ly/2L488i0) in Denmark, DFG (dfg.de/en) in › discovery successes and challenges to inform and inspire the Germany, Jisc (jisc.ac.uk) in the UK and SURF › planning transition to Open Scholarship. (surf.nl/en) in the Netherlands. The six partners › project share a clear vision that scholarship should be › dissemination The report is divided into an introduction explaining open. The partners work together to support the the background of this activity, followed by shared development of digital infrastructures to enable ` Arena challenges that the interviewees were facing and Open Scholarship. › political the ten interviews. It concludes with the current › economic state and approaches for further exploration. In 2017 KE developed the KE Open Scholarship › social Moreover, there are some details about the framework (see page 7 in the report ‘Moving from › technical methodology in appendix 1 and a glossary in ambition to reality: An account of the Knowledge appendix 2. Exchange workshop on Open Scholarship, Paris The activity underlying this report targeted the 2017, & a menu for possible actions for 2018’ economic arena of the KE Open Scholarship (bit.ly/2BR00h2)) to characterise or categorise framework. It aimed to collect, describe and learn activities, discussion topics, proposals, initiatives from examples and initiatives that pioneered change and more. The framework consists of three dimensions: towards new or alternative business models and Insights into the Economy of Open Scholarship A collection of interviews 6 Introduction In the online age, openness and sharing have become, how to establish and maintain relationships with end Model Canvas as created by Strategyzer if not the standard, at least household practices in users, and how to generate sufficient revenue (strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model- research dissemination. The internet has made it streams for the organisation to remain ‘in business’ canvas). Its model is a very useful way to describe possible to communicate, duplicate, disseminate – these are the challenges that all of the interviewed any organisation type because of its flexibility to and reuse scientific digital research outputs using organisations and businesses are dealing with. focus on elements other than profit generation. In relatively simple means and at little to no extra cost. this collection of interviews, it has certainly helped But the most dominant business models in research Commercial activity in the field of Open Scholarship to analyse the initiatives involved. dissemination are still only a literal transposition of is a sensitive topic and so it is not surprising that traditional, printing press-based models and some of the interviewees objected to describe their These include: workflows into an online environment. While the value organisation as a business or even to framing their proposition in these traditional models is based on activities in a ‘business model’. The concept of a 1. Open Library of Humanities (OLH) (UK): selling or regulating access to resources, this business model has been used to describe the Martin Paul Eve collection of interviews collects a number of examples initiative’s value proposition, the customer relations, 2. OpenEdition (FR): Pierre Mounier of organisations and businesses that work along marketing activities and revenue streams – regardless 3. Opasnet (FI): Jouni Tuomisto different patterns, with business models based on of whether the initiatives have a not-for-profit or a 4. ASAPBio (US): Jessica Polka different value propositions. Every initiative, whether commercial nature. Within the scope of this report, 5. ScienceOpen (GER): Stephanie Dawson non-profit or commercial, has been selected because ‘business’ also encompasses the rationale behind 6. HR AK (HR): Jadranka Stojanovski Č they identified a gap in the Open Scholarship certain decisions about activity range and 7. Helsinki University Press (HUP) (FI): Leena landscape and managed to create value by offering partnerships but also about intellectual property, Kaakinen a service or product that can help to bridge this gap collaboration with partners and marketing decisions. 8. Impactstory (US): Heather Piwowar (for more information on the methodology see As one interviewee puts it: “In the end, whether you 9. Figshare (UK): Mark Hahnel appendix 1). They all pioneered a shift towards new call it a business model or something else, it is still 10. Zenodo (CH): Tim Smith or alternative business models and structures that an essential part of running your organisation, even facilitate and support Open Scholarship at its full if you are a charity”. Every interview includes an potential. How to deliver value to the ‘customers’, infographic that is partially based on the Business Insights into the Economy of Open Scholarship A collection of interviews 7 Shared challenges Although not everything mentioned below is applicable start-ups face when the founder(s) must switch to all organisations, a number of shared challenges from being the universal fixer(s) to letting other (new) and issues faced by most interviewees can be staff members handle certain aspects of the identified. These are related to: organisation. These one or two person organisations are very much associated with the
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