An Analysis of Income and Food Poverty in Nigeria’S States of Osun and Jigawa

PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE UNITED NATIONS’ FIRST MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL: AN ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND FOOD POVERTY IN NIGERIA’S STATES OF OSUN AND JIGAWA PONNLE SOLOMON LAWSON MPHIL THESIS 2015 PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE UNITED NATIONS’ FIRST MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL: AN ANALYSIS OF INCOME AND FOOD POVERTY IN NIGERIA’S STATES OF OSUN AND JIGAWA Ponnle Solomon Lawson A Thesis in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy Nottingham Trent University School of Arts and Humanities 2015 ii ABSTRACT This study investigates the levels and determinants of income and food poverty in Nigeria’s States of Osun and Jigawa to assess the progress towards attaining the United Nations Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) targets on poverty reduction in these states in order to verify claims of previous studies and analyses regarding these. The study uses both the individual and the family household in both Osun and Jigawa States of Nigeria as its units of analysis and employs the mixed-method research, comprising both the quantitative and qualitative methods. It collects its quantitative data relying on administration of questionnaires and collects its qualitative data relying on organization of Focus Group Discussions. Six hypotheses are tested by the study to investigate the likely association between the gender, age, educational attainment, and employment status of the family household head, family household size and family household geographical location (independent variables) and income and food poverty (dependent variables). The study analyzes its quantitative data using the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) Poverty Headcount Ratio and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and it analyzes its qualitative data using tape-based and note-based analyses. Findings of the qualitative element of this research hugely reveal that in general, the levels of income and food poverty in the study areas are high. These findings are confirmed by the findings of the quantitative elements of the research which reveal that at the individual level, Osun and Jigawa States have income poverty rates of 62.6% and 70% respectively based on the international market exchange rate; and that based on the PPP exchange rate, Osun and Jigawa States have income poverty rates of 37.7% and 42% respectively. These findings reveal that the levels of income and food poverty in the two states are both high and moderate based on the exchange rates used as yardsticks for measurement of income and food poverty in the states, thereby suggesting that the progress towards achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) targets on poverty reduction is both positive and negative. iii CONTENTS Title Page i Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Abbreviations vii List of Tables x List of Figures xi Declaration xii Statement of Copyright xiii Acknowledgement xiv Dedication xvi CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction/Background to Research 1 1.2 Statement of Problem 3 1.3 Research Objectives 5 1.4 Research Questions and Research Hypotheses 6 1.4.1 Research Questions 6 1.4.2 Hypotheses 6 1.5 Focus, Coverage and Units of the Research 7 1.6 Brief Profiles of the Study Areas of the Research 8 1.6.1 Jigawa State 8 1.6.2 Osun State 9 1.7 Justification of the Research 11 1.8 Structure of the Thesis 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Poverty 13 2.2.1 Brief Description of Poverty and the Poor 13 2.2.2 Approaches to Poverty 15 2.2.2.1 Income Approach 15 2.2.2.2 Basic Needs Approach 20 2.2.2.3 Capability Approach 22 2.2.2.4 Participatory Approach to Poverty 29 2.3 Major Causes of Global Poverty 33 2.4 Theoretical Explanations of the Causes of Poverty 48 iv 2.5 Major Consequences of Global Poverty 55 2.6 Poverty in Nigeria 66 2.6.1 A Brief Description of Poverty in Nigeria 66 2.6.2 Percentages of the Income Poor, Food Poor and Population Living in Poverty in Nigeria 70 2.6.3 Major Determinants of Poverty in Nigeria 73 2.6.4 Poverty Reduction Strategies in Nigeria 89 2.7 Framework for the Research 96 2.8 Chapter Summary 98 CHAPTER THREE: DEVELOPMENT AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 99 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 The Idea of Development 99 3.3 Perspectives of Development over Time 106 3.3.1 Perspective of Development in the 1950s 106 3.3.2 Perspective of Development in the 1960s 110 3.3.3 Perspectives of Development in the 1970s 115 3.3.4 Perspectives of Development in the 1980s 133 3.3.4 Perspectives of Development in the 1990s 123 3.4 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 136 3.4.1 A Brief Description of the MDGs 136 3.5 The Links between Perspectives of Development and the MDGs 142 3.6 Progress of the MDGs’ Targets on Global Poverty Reduction 145 3.7 Progress of the MDGs’ Targets on Poverty Reduction in Nigeria 151 3.9 Summary of Chapter 159 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 161 4.1 Introduction 161 4.2 Paradigm, Ontology, Epistemology and Methods of the Study 161 4.3 Rationale for the Choice of Osun and Jigawa States of Nigeria 164 4.4 Data Collection 165 4.4.1 Primary Data Collection: Non-Survey Method - Focus Group Discussions 165 4.4.1.1 Focus Group Discussions’ Sampling Strategy and Recruitment 167 4.4.1.2 Focus Group Discussions’ Strategy 168 4.4.1.3 Brief Discussion on the Cultural Context with Respect to the FGDs 170 v 4.4.2 Primary Data Collection: Survey Method - Household Questionnaire Administration 172 4.4.3 Secondary Data Collection 182 4.5 Data Analysis Techniques 183 4.5.1 Analysis of the qualitative data - Focus Group Discussions 183 4.5.2 Analysis of the quantitative data – Household Questionnaires Administration 184 4.6 Adoptions and Assumptions the for Purpose of the Research 187 4.7 Limitations to the Research 189 CHAPTER FIVE: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 190 5.1 Introduction 190 5. 2 Analysis of the Qualitative Element of the Research 190 5.2.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Analysis 190 5.2.1.1 Theme 1: The Meaning of Poverty 191 5.2.1.2 Theme 2: Levels of Income and Food Poverty 193 5.2.1.3 Theme 3: Factors Associated with Income and Food Poverty 194 5.2.1.4 Theme 4: Progress towards Attaining the MDGs’ Targets on Poverty Reduction 197 5. 3 Analysis of the Quantitative Elements of the Research Based on Administered Questionnaires 199 5.3.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Family Households in the Research Study Areas 199 5.3.1.1 Gender of the Family Household Head 199 5.3.1.2 Age of the Family Household Head 200 5.3.1.3 Educational Attainment of the Family Household Head 201 5.3.1.4 Employment Status of the Family Household Head 202 5.3.1.5 Family Household Head Monthly Income 203 5.3.1.6 Family Household Size 204 5.3.2 Levels of Income and Food Poverty: Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) Headcount Calculations Based on the International Market Exchange Rate 205 5.3.2.1 Osun State: FGT Calculation of the Proportion of People in Income Poverty 205 5.3.2.2 Jigawa State: FGT Calculation of the Proportion of People in Income Poverty 206 5.3.3 Levels of Income and Food Poverty: Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) vi Headcount Calculations Based on the Purchasing-Power-Parity Exchange Rate 207 5.3.3.1 Osun State: FGT Calculation of the Proportion of People in Income Poverty 207 5.3.3.2 Jigawa State: FGT Calculation of the Proportion of People in Income Poverty 207 5.3.4 Test of Research Hypotheses Based on the International Market and the Purchasing-Power- Parity Exchange Rates 208 5.4 Discussion of Research Findings 210 5.4.1 Levels of Income and Food Poverty in the Study Areas 210 5.4.2 Probable Determinants of Poverty in the Study Aras 211 5.4.3 Progress towards Attaining MDGs’ Targets on Poverty Reduction 215 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND AGENDA FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Summary and Conclusion 219 6.3 Agenda for Further Research 224 Appendices 226 Bibliography 237 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB - African Development Bank AEDEDC - Academy for Educational Development and Education Development Centre AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMR - Adult Mortality Rate AU - African Union BLD/FSP - Better Life/Family Support Programme CB - Community Banks CBD - Community Based Development CCTs - Conditional Cash Transfers CEE - Central and Eastern Europe CGS - Conditional Grant Scheme CIA - Central Intelligence Agency CNRE - College of Natural Resources and Environment CPI -Consumer Price Index DAC - Development Assistance Committee DCPP - Disease Control Priorities Project DfID - Department for International Development DFRRI - National Directorate of Foods, Roads and Rural Infrastructure DPW - Department for Work and Pensions DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo ECA - Economic Commission for Africa ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States EFCC -Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ERD - European Report on Development ETF - Education Tax Fund EU - European Union FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization FCT - Federal Capital Territory FEANTSA - Fédération Européenne d'Associations Nationales Travaillant avec les Sans-Abri FEAP - Federal Economic Advancement Programme FEI - Food Energy Intake FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FGT - Foster, Greer and Thorbecke FOS - Federal Office of Statistics FRN - Federal Republic of Nigeria FUMTA - Federal Urban Mass Transit Agency GDP - GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI - Gross National Income GNP - Gross National Product HDI - Human Development Index HDR - Human Development Report HICs - High-Income

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