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Literature Review: the Rehabilitation of Victims of Trafficking in Group Residential Facilities in Foreign Countries

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Literature Review: the Rehabilitation of Victims of Trafficking in Group Residential Facilities in Foreign Countries LITERATURE REVIEW: THE REHABILITATION OF VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN GROUP RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES JANUARY 2007 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. LITERATURE REVIEW: THE REHABILITATION OF VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN GROUP RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES DISCLAIMER The authors views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... i Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 1 Context of Shelters................................................................................................ 1 Types of Facilities.................................................................................................. 1 Emergency Shelters .................................................................................. 2 Transit Shelters ......................................................................................... 2 Short-term Shelters ................................................................................... 3 Long-term Shelters .................................................................................... 3 Transition Houses.......................................................................... 4 Reintegration Centers.................................................................... 4 Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Reintegration ......................................................... 5 Education................................................................................................... 6 Economic Opportunities ............................................................................ 6 Sustainability ............................................................................................. 7 Reintegration ............................................................................................. 8 Psycho-social Support............................................................................... 9 Distinct Populations ................................................................................. 10 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 11 Annex: Annotated Bibliography....................................................................................... 13 ACRONYMS ARCPPT Asia Regional Cooperation to Prevent People Trafficking AT Anti-Trafficking AusAID Australian Agency for International Development ATTO Anti-Trafficking Task Order CAAHT Coordinated Action Against Human Trafficking CAII Creative Associates International Inc. CCHDO Cambodian Children and Handicap Development Organization CSO Civil Society Organization CPA Child Protection Act (Jamaica) CSW Clinical Social Worker CVC Community Volunteer Counselor DCOF USAID’s Displaced Children and Orphans Fund DAI Development Alternatives, Inc. DDR Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration DfID British Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo ECPAT End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes FAP Formerly Abducted Person GAATW Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women GBV Gender-Based Violence GON Government of Nigeria GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (Germany) IDP Internally Displaced Person IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee IJM International Justice Mission ILO International Labor Organization ILO-IPEC ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour IOM International Organization for Migration IOs International Organizations IRIN Integrated Regional Information Networks IT Information Technology Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) LRA Lord’s Resistance Army (Uganda) M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoSAVY Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans, and Youth Rehabilitation (Cambodia) MOU Memorandum of Understanding NAPTIP National Agency for Prohibition of Traffic in Persons and other Related Matters (Nigeria) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPA National Plan of Action NRM National Referral Mechanism i OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance OHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PACT People’s Action for Community Transformation (Jamaica) RDRC Rwanda Demobilization and Reintegration Commission RO Reaching Out (Romania) SARI/Equity South Asia Regional Initiative/Equity Support Program SIDA Swedish International Development Agency STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases TACT Transnational Action against Child Trafficking TIP Trafficking in Persons TVPA Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDPKO United National Department of Peacekeeping Operations UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women UPDF Ugandan People’s Defence Forces USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government WID Office for Women in Development WLR Women’s Legal Rights Initiative ii REHABILITATION OF VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING LITERATURE REVIEW CONTEXT OF SHELTERS Over the course of the past decade, awareness of trafficking in persons among governments, international agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the general public has increased dramatically. Much concern has focused on assessing the mechanisms by which countries identify victims of trafficking and provide them with shelter, recovery, and reintegration services. Trafficked persons have varied backgrounds: they are women and girls as well as men and boys of all different ages; they come from many different countries, and are of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. They have been trafficked for different purposes—marriage, agricultural labor, work in informal sector industries, domestic labor, participation in dangerous sports such as camel racing, armed conflict, prostitution, child pornography—and they have drawn on various resources to overcome cruelty and maltreatment. Although they have all been subject to severe abuses of their human rights, their needs vary in terms of recovery, return, and reintegration. Although trafficking is a widespread and global problem, there are different country-specific and regional trends. In Asia, trafficking in persons has been recognized as a serious problem for years, primarily in exploitation of women and children in the commercial sex industry. More attention has been paid to the rampant exploitation of children through war and forced labor in Africa, while trafficking for prostitution is primarily seen through the lens of violence against women. In Latin America, trafficking has been viewed more commonly as a secondary issue to prostitution and illegal migration. Finally, the diversity of anti-trafficking activities in Eastern Europe, ranging from prevention initiatives to recovery programs for survivors of trafficking, is indicative of the extent to which the pandemic has been recognized throughout the region. The majority of the literature reviewed here takes a comprehensive approach to understanding the processes of recovery and rehabilitation. Publications focus on the types of shelter, protection, and support services provided by group residential rehabilitative facilities. These facilities protect trafficked persons’ rights, prevent further violations, and enable those traumatized by trafficking to recover. TYPES OF FACILITIES Types of shelters vary according to the trafficking patterns within a country or region and their geographical location. For example, shelters located in border areas may be equipped to provide short-term services to recently rescued victims, but may not be an appropriate site for mounting a rehabilitative care program that depends on access to established social and vocational care networks. This literature reviewed shelters serving victims’ needs at different points in the rehabilitation process. The shelters can be categorized as: emergency shelters, transit centers, short-term shelters, and long-term shelters, including transition and reintegration 1 centers. Some serve only adult victims of trafficking, while others serve only child victims. Some serve both women and child victims of trafficking, and others support victims of other forms of abuse. In general, the longest running and most established shelter programs for trafficking victims are found in South Asia, South East Asia, and Eastern Europe, although there is a growing recognition of the need for such services in the Latin America and Caribbean region, Africa, and the Middle East. Emergency Shelters Emergency centers—also known as confidential shelters, crisis centers, rescue homes, and drop-in centers—provide temporary trafficking victims with shelter from a few nights to a month. Emergency shelters are primarily designed to meet the temporary needs of victims of trafficking directly after rescue, escape, or referral by the police. Their most important service is immediate provision of physical and medical security for the victims. As these shelters cater to both local and
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