Advanced Seminar in Public Policy

Public Policy: Theories, Traditions and Transitions

Core Course, Public Policy Track Doctoral Program in Political Science Fall/ Winter Term AY 2012-13

Lecturers: Andreas Goldthau (FT) and Diane Stone (WT)

Seminars: Fall Term: Tuesdays 03.30 – 05.10 pm; Winter Term: TBA

Course Objectives

The main objective of this course is to develop an advanced understanding of theoretical approaches to the study of public policy. The concern is to identify and analyse:

1. some scholarly currents and traditions of public policy 2. core concepts in policy analysis 3. enduring theoretical questions and new dynamics

Course Requirements

Each term, you will be required to • actively participate (20%) • give 1 presentation (20%) • produce 1 comment/ article review or similar (20%) • author 1 written paper (40%)

Assignments detail as follows:

1. Seminar participation You are expected to attend each seminar and regularly participate in discussions. Participation is grades as follows: attendance (but no participation) will merit a C+; good faith efforts at participation will get you into the B/B+ range; valuable contributions will get you into the B+/A range. We expect attendance at seminar discussions throughout the semester. An absence must be reported in advance.

Each week you are required to come prepared with a critical understanding of the mandatory reading. We have kept reading to a minimum in order to have an in-depth discussion of the subject of a seminar. The ‘further reading' is an indication of useful literature for essays but you should go beyond and find additional relevant sources.

2. Presentation Presentations are intended to provide a short (i.e. no longer than 15 minutes) and distinct introductory input to a session. They are guided by the main questions provided in the syllabus. Presentations critically assess indicated readings and provide a clear added value to the audience, beyond the arguments/facts provided in the specified literature. Own 2 research on the topic is certainly encouraged. Presentations can be supported by presentation tools such as power point. They also include starting points for further discussion in class. Presentations are evaluated upon clarity and quality, and upon the presenters’ ability to master the topic.

3. Comment/ peer review You will be asked to review a scholarly article or comment on an ongoing debate in the public policy literature. Reviews or comments provide for substantiated critiques and take a position within a given debate or towards a scholarly contribution.

4. Term Paper The term paper is a scholarly piece on a subject of your choice. It embeds the research question in the larger academic context, defines a framework of analysis, is empirically rich and follows standard models of research design/ inquiry. You are strongly encouraged to pick one particular theory or model to inform your analysis. Term papers are 4.000 words of length. The term paper is due at the end of the Term.

Course Outline

FALL TERM (SEPT – DECEMBER 2012) ...... 5 1. Introduction and Organization ...... 5 2. Public Policy as a field of study ...... 5 3. (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From Weber to NPM ...... 5 4. (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From NPM to Governance ...... 6 5. Rational Choice and Agency ...... 6 6. Motivation and Agency ...... 7 7. Excursus: making sense of peer reviewing ...... 7 8. Welfare and public goods ...... 7 9. Market Failure and beyond ...... 8 10. Government Failure and Policy Fiascos ...... 8 11. Policy Cycle – Criticisms and Departures ...... 9 12. From Western (EU & US) policy studies to Post-Communist Transitions ...... 9 WINTER TERM (JANUARY – MARCH 2013) ...... 11 13. Incrementalism and ‘Muddling through’ in Policy ...... 11 14. Garbage Cans and Policy Streams ...... 11 15. Networked Governance ...... 12 16. Global Public Goods...... 13 17. Global Public Policy ...... 14 18. Policy Transfer and the International Diffusion of Models and Norms ...... 15 19. Monitoring, Evaluation and Termination ...... 15 20. ‘Speaking Truth to Power’? ...... 15 21. The Public Domain ...... 16 22. Policy Studies and the Profession ...... 17 23. Democracy, Public Opinion and Policy Making for Whom? ...... 18

Schedule fall term

Session Date Topic 1 18.09.2012 Introduction and Organization 2 26.09.2012 Public Policy as a field of study 3 03.10.2012 (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From Weber to NPM 4 03.10.2012 (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From NPM to Governance 5 17.10.2012 Rational Choice and Agency 6 17.10.2012 Motivation and Agency 7 31.10.2012 Excursus: making sense of peer reviewing 8 31.10.2012 Welfare and public goods 04.11.2012 Written assignment 1 due (peer review) 9 14.11.2012 Market Failure and beyond 10 14.11.2012 Government Failure and Policy Fiascos 18.11.2012 Outline term paper due 11 28.11.2012 Policy Cycle – Criticisms and Departures 12 28.11.2012 From Western (EU & US) policy studies to Post-Communist Transitions 20 December Written assignment 2 due (term paper) 4

General Reading List Hugh Bochel and Sue Duncan, Making Policy In Theory and Practice, The Policy Press, 2007. T. A. Birkland, (2001). An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe. H. K. Colebatch, (2005) Policy, Open University Press. Dunleavy, P. (1991) Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf) Dye, T. R. (2008) Understanding Public Policy, Prenctice Hall K. Eliassen & N. Sitter, Understanding Public Management, Sage 2008, Maarten Hajer and Hendrik Wagenaar (2003) (eds) Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hood, C. (1998) The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric and Public Management (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [351.001 HOL] Kingdon, John. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Longman ,New York, 1995 Michael Moran, Martin Rein and Robert E Goodin. (2006) (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford University Press. O’Sullivan, Noel (2009) The Concept of the Public Realm, Routledge. Rein, Martin (1976) Social Science and Public Policy, Penguin Books. LeGrand, J. (2003) Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: Of Knights & Knaves, Pawns & Queens (Oxford: Oxford University Press). LeGrand, J. et al (2008) The Economics of Social Problems (London: Macmillan). [361.9 73 LEG] Lindblom, Charles (1980) The Policy Making Process, Prentice Hall NJ. 2nd Edition. Osborne, D. & T Gaebler (1991) Reinventing Government (New York: Addison-Wesley). Osbourne, Stephen P (2009) The New Public Governance: Critical perspectives and Future Directions, London, Routledge. Pierre, J. (2000) Debating Governance: Authority, Steering, and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Pollitt, C. & G. Bokhaert (2000) Public Management Reform (Oxford: Oxford University Press), second edition 2004. Radin, Beryl (2000) Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age, Georgetown University Press. Sabatier, Paul A.(1999) Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press. Stone, Deborah (1997) Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, W. W. Norton & Co. Weimer, David L., and Aidan R. Viding. 2005. Policy Analysis. Concepts and Practice. New Jersey.

FALL TERM (SEPT – DECEMBER 2012)

1. Introduction and Organization

• Organization of the course • Deadlines, assignments, Q&A

Recommended readings: • K. J. Meier, “Policy Theory, Policy Theory Everywhere: Ravings of a Deranged Policy Scholar”, Policy Studies Journal; 2009, 37:1, p 5-11.

2. Public Policy as a field of study

Key guiding questions: • What is public policy? • How do we study it? • What are the rationales and motivations for public policy?

Required readings: • P. DeLeon, ‘The Historical Roots of the Field’, in M. Moran, M. Rein and R. E Goodin (eds) Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, Oxford University Press, 2006. [320.6 MOR]

Recommended readings: • Weimer, David L., and Aidan R. Vining. 2005. Policy Analysis. Concepts and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, chapter 2. [320.6 WEI] • David Bobrow et al. 1977. ‘The Place of Policy Analysis in Political Science: Five Perspectives’ American Journal of Political Science 21 (2):415-33.

3. (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From Weber to NPM

Key guiding questions: • Driver or driven? Changing models of public administration and management • What role did various scholarly disciplines play in advancing PA to PM models? • What role did political events play in all this?

Required readings: • M. Weber, “Rational-legal authority and bureaucracy”, from Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, reprinted in M. Hill (ed) The Policy Process, Harvester Wheatsheaf 1993. 320.6 HIL • P. Dunleavy & C. Hood, “From Old Public Administration to New Public Management”, Public Money and Management, July-September (1994), 9-16.

Recommended readings: • K. Eliassen & N. Sitter, Understanding Public Management, Sage 2008, chapter 5, pp. 93 - 104. • C. Hood, “A Public Management for All Seasons?”, Public Administration, 69 (1991), 3-19. 6

• P. Aucoin, “Administrative Reform in Public Management: Paradigms, Principles, Paradoxes and Pendulums”, Governance 3:2 (1990), pp. 115-137. • J. E. Lane, New Public Management (Routledge 2000) especially chapter 2 on practical relevance [350 LAN]

4. (Whose) History of Policy Studies I: From NPM to Governance

Key guiding questions: • What factors led to further advancing models of public administration and management? • What does ‘governance’ bring to the study of public service/ public goods provision? • What role did political events play in all this?

Required readings: • K. Eliassen & N. Sitter, Understanding Public Management, Sage 2008, chapter 5, pp. 104 - 112. • Hood, Christopher and Peters, Guy (2004) „The Middle Aging of New Public Management: Into the Age of Paradox” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14, 3, pp. 267-82.

Recommended readings: • Dunleavy, Patrick; Margetts, Helen; Bastow, Simon and Tinkler, Jane (2005) „New Public Management is Dead – Long Live Digital-Era Governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 2005. • Alford, John and Hughes, Owen E. (2008) „Public value pragmatism as the next phase of public management, American Review of Public Administration, 38:2, 130-148. • R. A. W. Rhodes, “The New Governance: Governing without Government”, Political Studies, 44 (1996) 652-667

5. Rational Choice and Agency

Key guiding questions: • What insights does Rational Choice add to public policy analysis? • What insights does Public Choice add to public policy analysis? • What are its limits?

Required readings: • G. J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 6:2 (1971), 3-21. • W. Niskanen, Bureaucracy: Servant or Master?, London: IEA, 1973, chapter 2: “An Economic Model of Bureaucracy”

Recommended readings: • Miller, G.J. and Moe, T. (1983) “Bureaucrats, Legislators, and the Size of Government”, American Political Science Review 77: 297-322. • Hay, Colin, “Theory, Stylized Heuristic, or Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Status of Rational Choice” Public Administration. 82: 1 (2004), 39–62. 7

• Neiman, Max, and Stephen J. Stambough, “Rational Choice Theory and the Evaluation of Public Policy”, Policy Studies Journal, 26:3 (2005), 449 – 465.

6. Motivation and Agency

Key guiding questions: • What insights does an institutionalist perspective add to public policy analysis? • What insights do egocentric and altruistic motivations add to public policy analysis?

Required readings: • J. LeGrand, ‘Motivation, Agency and Public Policy’, in J. LeGrand Motivation, Agency and Public Policy: Of Knights and Knaves, Pawns and Queens’ Oxford University Press 2003, chapter 4 [361.6/109/41 LEG]. • J. March & G. Olsen, The Logic of Appropriateness, Arena Working Paper 4/09 http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp04_9.pdf

Further Reading: 10

• Christopher Reichard and Walter Kickert, ‘Phd Education in Public Administration and Management in Europe’, in György Jenei and Károly Mike, Public Administration and Public Policy in Europe: The Road from Bologna, 2008 • Raymond Struyk, Reconstructive Critics: Think Tanks in Post-Soviet Bloc Democracies, Urban Institute Press, 2003. • A.J.G. Verheijen, “Public Admininstration in Post-Communist States,” in Handbook of Public Administration, Sage Publications, 2007: 489-497.

Note: written assignment 2 (term paper) due 11

WINTER TERM (JANUARY – MARCH 2013)

The same apportionment of assessment applies in Semester 2 as was the case in Semester 1. Further details will be provided at the beginning Semester 2

In most cases, two readings have been listed for pre-seminar reading each week. Choose one additional reading from the list provided to read prior to the seminar. That is, you are expected to read a minimum of three items for seminars.

13. Incrementalism and ‘Muddling through’ in Policy

Key guiding questions: • What is the rational-comprehensive method of policy and its difference to ‘satisficing’? • Is policy simply a process of ‘muddling through’? • How do we determine when policy change is non-incremental?

Required readings: • Charles Lindblom. “The Science of Muddling Through”, Public Administration Review, Volume 19, No. 2 (Spring, 1959), pp. 79-88. • James L. True, Bryan D Jones and Frank R Baumgartner, ‘Punctuated Equilibrium Theory’, in Sabatier, Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, 2007.

Further Reading: • Jonathan Bendor, "A Model of Muddling Through" American Political Science Review Vol. 89, No. 4 (December, 1995) pp. 819-840. • M.A.H. Dempster and Aaron Wildavsky, ‘On Change: Or, There is No Magic Size for an Increment”, Political Studies, 27(3) 1979: 371-89 • Amitai Etzioni,. “Mixed Scanning: A ‘Third’ Approach to Decision-Making.” Public Administration Review, Vol. 27, No. 5. (Dec., 1967), pp. 385-392. • William T. Gormley and Steven T Balla, Bureaucracy and Democracy: Accountability and Performance, CQ press, Washington DC., 2008: chapter 3. • Charles E. Lindblom, (1979) ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, Public Administration Review, November/December: 517-26. • Scott E. Robinson, Floun’say Caver, Kenneth J. Meier & Laurence J. O’Toole, Jr., ‘Explaining Policy Punctuations: Bureaucratization and Budget Change’, American Journal of Political Science, 51 (1), 2006: 140-150.

14. Garbage Cans and Policy Streams

Key guiding questions: • What are the insights from the garbage can decision making model concerning organisational change? • What are ‘policy entrepreneurs’ and how can they manipulate ‘windows of opportunity’

Required readings: • Nikolaos Zahariadis, “Ambiguity, Time and Multiples Streams”, in Paul Sabatier (ed.) Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, 2007. • John Kingdon. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd edition Harper Collins, New York, 1995.

Further Reading: • Christopher Ansell, "Garbage Can Model of Behavior," in Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Bates (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 9 (Oxford: Elsevier Press, 2001), 5883-5886. • Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, Johan P. Olsen. “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1. Mar) 1972: 1-25. • Peter John, ‘Is There Life after Policy Streams, Advocacy Coalitions, and Punctuations: Using Evolutionary Theory to Explain Policy Change?, Policy Studies Journal, 31, 2003. • Michael Lipson, ‘A Garbage Can Model of UN Peace Keeping’, Global Governance, 13(1) 2007: 79-97. • Gary Mucciaroni, ‘The Garbage Can Model and the Study of Policy Making: A Critique’, Polity 24(3) 1992, 459-82. • B. Guy Peters, Governance: A Garbage Can Perspective, 84 Reihe Politikwissenschaft Political Science Series, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, December 2002. • Nikolaos Zahariadis, 'Ambiguity and choice in European public policy', Journal of European Public Policy,15:4, 2008: 514 — 530

15. Networked Governance

Key guiding questions: • What is ‘governance’? • Is network governance a form of policy coordination or policy fragmentation? • How can we conceptualise and categorise network ideas? Consider: • Classic concepts: Iron triangles, issue networks and policy communities • Contemporary concepts: advocacy coalitions, epistemic communities, etc

Required readings: • Tanja A. Börzel and Dr. Karen Heard-Lauréote, ‘Networks in EU Multi-level Governance: Concepts and Contributions’, Journal of Public Policy (29), 2009:135-151. • Jörg Raab and Patrick Kenis, ‘Taking Stock of Policy Networks: Do they Matter?’ in Frank Fischer, Gerald J Miller and Mara S Sidney, Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics and Methods, CRC Press, 2007.

Further Reading • Peter Bogason, ‘Networks and Bargaining in Policy Analysis’, In B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre, eds. Handbook of Public Policy. London/Thousand Oaks/New Dehli: SAGE Publications, 2006. • Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford, Blackwells, 1996. 13

• Keith Dowding, ‘Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of Policy Network Approach’ in Patrick Dunleavy, P. J. Kelly and Mick Moran (eds) British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies, Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2000. • Hugh Heclo, ‘Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment’, in Anthony King (ed.) The New American Political System, Washington DC, American Enterprise Institute, 1978. • David Marsh, Comparing Policy Networks, Open University Press. 1998. • Grant Jordan, ‘Iron Triangles, Woolly Corporatism and Elastic Nets: Images of the Policy Process’, Journal of Public Policy (1981), 1:95-123. • Miles Kahler, (ed) Networked Politics: Agency, Power and Governance, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 2009. • Kickert, Walter J. M., Klijn, Erik-Hans & Koppenjan, Joop F. M. Managing Complex Networks: Strategies for the Public Sector, London, Sage, 1997. • Thompson, Graeme. Between Hierarchies and Markets: The Logic and Limits of Network Forms of Organization, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.

16. Global Public Goods

Key guiding questions: • What is the global commons? • If public goods are to be global, or inter-generational, what criteria must they meet? • What are the impediments to the delivery and/or financing of GPGs?

Required readings: • Inge Kaul and Ronald Medoza, ‘Advancing the Concept of Public Goods’ in Inge Kaul et al (eds) Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. (Either this piece or the next one below) • Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceic¸a˜o, Katell Le Goulven, and Ronald U. Mendoza,’ Why Do Global Public Goods Matter Today?’, Available at: http://www.cic.nyu.edu/internationalsecurity/docs/Global%20Challenges%20SUM MARY%20OCT%2010%2006%20English%5B1%5D.pdf • David Long and Frances Woolley, ‘Global Public Goods: A Critique of A UN Discourse’, Global Governance, 15(1) 2009: 107-122.

Further Reading: • Maurizio Carbone, “Supporting or Resisting Global Public Goods? The Policy Dimension of a Contested Concept”, Global Governance, 13(1) 2007. • Jean Coussy, ‘The adventures of a concept: is neo-classical theory suitable for defining global public goods?’ Review of International Political Economy, 12(1) 2005: 177- 194 • Peter Drahos, 'The Regulation of Public Goods', in Keith Maskus and Jerome Reichman (eds.), International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology under a Globalized Intellectual Property Regime Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. • Inge Kaul et al, Global Public Goods, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. • Zedillo, Ernesto., et al (2005) Meeting Global Challenges: International Cooperation in the National Interest, International Taskforce on Global Public Goods,

Related Websites: 14

Global public goods Network (gpgNet):http://www.gpgNet.net International Taskforce on global public goods: http://www.gpgtaskforce.org/bazment.aspx UNIDO Project on International Public Goods for Economic Development: http://www.unido.org/en/doc/40778

17. Global Public Policy

Key guiding questions: • Is there a global ‘public sphere’ in which policy is made? • What are the challenges to state sovereignty that come with notions of ‘transnational administration’ or global governance? • How do states re-configure sovereignty over policy?

Required readings: • Simon Chesterman, ‘Globalization Rules: Accountability, Power, and the Prospects for Global Administrative Law’, Global Governance 14 (2008), 39–52 • M Schaferhoff, S Campe & C Kaan, ‘Transnational Public-Private Partnerships in International Relations: Making Sense of Concepts, Research Frameworks, and Results’, International Studies Review, 11(3) 2009 • Diane Stone, ‘Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks,’ Journal of Policy Sciences, 2008: 36 (10): 19-38.

Further Reading: • Albert M.and Kopp-Malek T. (2002) The Pragmatism of Global and European Governance: Emerging Forms of the Political 'Beyond Westphalia', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31(3): 453-47. • Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhüner, Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, MIT Press, 2009. • Bob Deacon, Global Social Policy and Governance, Sage, 2006 • Sylvia I. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen and Antto Vihma (2009) ‘Comparing the legitimacy and effectiveness of global hard and soft law: An analytical framework”, Regulation & Governance, 3 (4): 400 – 420. • Nico Krisch and Benedict Kingsbury, ‘Introduction: Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order’, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 17 no.1 2006 • John Mathieson, ‘What Kind of International Public Service Do We Need for the Twenty-first Century?’ Global Governance, 14 (2) 2008: 127-33. • Wolfgang Reinicke, Global Public Policy: Governing Without Government, Washington DC., Brookings Institution, 1998 • Anne Marie Slaughter, A New World Order, Princeton, Princeton University Press., 2004 • Nicola Yeates (ed.) Understanding Global Social Policy, Policy Press, 2008.

Related Web-sites: Global Public Policy Institute: http://www.gppi.net/

18. Policy Transfer and the International Diffusion of Models and Norms

Key guiding questions: • What are the core differences between ‘Policy Transfer’ and ‘Diffusion’? • How, When and Why are Ideas, Norms and Values as well as ‘best practice(s’ and international standards spread?

Required readings: • Evans Mark. ‘Policy transfer in critical perspective’, Policy Studies, 30(3), 2009. • Meseguer, Covadonga and Gilardi, Fabrizio, 'What is new in the study of policy diffusion?', Review of International Political Economy, 16:3, (2009): 527 — 543

Further Reading • Frances Stokes Berry & William D. Berry, ‘Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research’, in Sabatier, Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press, 2007. • Dolowitz, David P. and David Marsh, “Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making,” Governance, 13 (2000), 5-24. • Christopher Knill, ‘Introduction: Cross-national policy convergence: concepts, approaches and explanatory factors’, Journal of European Public Policy, 2005. • Covadonga Meseguer , Learning, Policy Making, and Market Reforms, Cambridge University Press, 2009. • Richard Rose, Lesson Drawing in Public Policy: A Guide to Learning Across Time and Space, Chatham, N.J., Chatham House, 1993. • Beth Simmons and Z. Elkins The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy, American Political Science Review, 98(1): 2004. • Diane Stone “Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the ‘Transnationalization’ of Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 11: 3 (2004): 545-66. • Kurt Gerhard Weyland, Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform, World Politics, Vol. 57, No. 2. (Jan., 2005), pp. 262-295.

19. Monitoring, Evaluation and Termination

[To be developed]

• Pritchett. Lant. “It Pays to be Ignorant: a Simple Political Economy of Rigourous Program Evaluation” Journal of Policy Reform 5(4) 2002:251-69.

20. ‘Speaking Truth to Power’?

Key guiding questions: • How are the results/recommendations of policy analyses used? • What constitutes evidence? Is ‘evidence-based policymaking’ a return to rationality? • What are the constraints on ‘knowledge utilization’?

Required readings: 16

• Thomas E. James, Paul D. Jorgensen, ‘Policy Knowledge, Policy Formulation, and Change: Revisiting a Foundational Question’, Policy Studies Journal 37 (1), 2009. • Robert Hoppe, Rethinking the science-policy nexus: from knowledge utilization and science technology studies to types of boundary arrangements’, Poiesis Prax (2005) 3: 199–215

Further Reading • Julius Court and Simon Maxwell, Policy Entrepreneurship for Poverty Reduction: Bridging Research and Policy in International Development, John Wiley & Sons, 2006. • Frank Fischer, Democracy and Expertise: Reorienting Policy Inquiry, Oxford University Press, 2009 • Bent Flyvbjerg, Making Social Science Matter, Cambridge University Press, 2001. • P.M. Haas, ‘When Does Power Listen to Truth? A Constructivist Approach to the Policy Process’, Journal of European Public Policy, 1(4) 2004:,569 — 592 • Sheila Jasanoff, The Fifth Branch: Science Advisers as Policymakers, Harvard University Press, 1994. • Carol Weiss, Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Governments Think, Sage 1992 • Carol Weiss, ‘Policy Research as Advocacy: Pro and Con’, in Knowledge and Policy: The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer, 4(1 & 2) 1991: 37-55. • Aaron Widalvsky, Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis, Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1979, pps 1-19. • Samuel Workman, Bryan D. Jones, Ashley E. Jochim, ‘Information Processing and Policy Dynamics’, Policy Studies Journal Volume37, Issue1, 2009.

Related Web-sites • The Evidence Network: http://www.evidencenetwork.org • RAPID – Research and Policy in Development: www.odi.org.uk/rapid

21. The Public Domain

Key guiding questions: • How is the idea of ‘the public’ to be understood and conceptualised? • What are the distinctions between, and commonalities, in terms such as public domain, public opinion, the public interest, public-private partnership and the public- private continuum • How are the boundaries between the public and the private negotiated, defined and administered?

Required readings: • Nicolas Blomley, ‘Flowers in the bathtub: boundary crossings at the public–private divide’, Geoforum, 36(3) 2005: 281-296. • Alastair Hannay, On The Public, London, Routledge 2005. • Gurpreet Mahajan ‘Reconsidering the private-public distinction’, in Noel O’Sullivan (ed) The Concept of the Public Realm, Routledge, 2010.