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Culture, Society and Sexuality There has been rapid development within the field of sexuality research in recent years – both conceptually and methodologically. Advance has sometimes occurred in relatively unsys- tematic ways, however, and academic research often seems distant from the immediate concerns of day-to-day life. This second edition of Culture, Society and Sexuality consolidates the literature on the construction of sexual life and sexual rights – often published in relatively obscure places – and makes it accessible, not only to students, but also to those working on the front lines of activism. Topics discussed include: • the historical construction of sexual meanings – desires and practices across different periods of history • the ways in which social theory and research have approached the investigation of things sexual – ‘cultural influence’ versus ‘social constructionism’ • the ‘gender hierarchy’ and the ‘sex hierarchy’ as central to the construction of a politics not only of gender oppression but also of sexual oppression • the dominance of heterosexuality, and the frequent exclusion or neglect of lesbians within the women’s movement • social, cultural and economic globalization – the ways in which gay identities and communities have helped to shape the contemporary world • violence, sexuality, and gender and public health – sexual pleasure, the control of fertility, and risk for sexually transmitted diseases. This volume builds on the importance of insights into the social, cultural, political and economic dimensions of sexuality and relationships, and emerging discourses around sexual and reproductive rights. It provides essential reading for researchers, activists, health workers and service providers, who daily confront practical and policy issues related to sexuality, sexual health and sexual rights. Richard Parker is Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociomedical Sciences and Director of the Center for Gender, Sexuality and Health in the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, and Director and President of the Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association (ABIA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Peter Aggleton is Professor in Education at the Institute of Education, University of London, the editor of the journal Culture, Health and Sexuality and senior advisor on HIV and sexu- ality to a wide range of international organizations and agencies. Sexuality, Culture and Health Series editors Peter Aggleton, Institute of Education, University of London, UK Richard Parker, Columbia University, New York, USA Sonia Corrêa, ABIA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Gary Dowsett, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia Shirley Lindenbaum, City University of New York, USA This new series of books offers cutting-edge analysis, current theoretical perspectives and up-to-the-minute ideas concerning the interface between sexuality, public health, human rights, culture and social development. It adopts a global and interdisciplinary perspective in which the needs of poorer countries are given equal status to those of richer nations. The books are written with a broad range of readers in mind, and will be invaluable to students, academics and those working in policy and practice. The series also aims to serve as a spur to practical action in an increasingly globalised world. Also available in the series: Dying to be Men Youth masculinity and social exclusion Gary T. Barker Sex, Drugs and Young People International perspectives Edited by Peter Aggleton, Andrew Ball and Purnima Mane Promoting Young People’s Sexual Health International perspectives Edited by Roger Ingham and Peter Aggleton Culture, Society and Sexuality A reader Second edition Edited by Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton First published 1999 by UCL press Reprinted 2003 by Routledge This edition published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1999, 2007 selection and editorial matter, Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton; individual chapters, the contributors This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Culture, society and sexuality: a reader/edited by Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton.–2nd ed. p. cm.–(Sexuality, culture and health series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sex. 2. Sex customs. 3. Heterosexuality. 4. Homosexuality. 5. Sexology. 6. AIDS (Disease) I. Parker, Richard G. (Richard Guy), 1956– II. Aggleton, Peter. HQ21.C846 2007 306.7–dc22 2006021517 ISBN 0-203-96610-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-40455-X (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-40456-8 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-96610-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40455-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40456-3 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-96610-5 (ebk) For Vavá and Preecha Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xi Editors’ Note xii Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 RICHARD PARKER AND PETER AGGLETON SECTION I Culture, society and sexuality 13 PART 1 Conceptual frameworks 15 2 Sexual matters: On conceptualizing sexuality in history 17 ROBERT A. PADGUG 3 Sexual scripts 31 WILLIAM SIMON AND JOHN H. GAGNON 4 Anthropology rediscovers sexuality: A theoretical comment 41 CAROLE S. VANCE PART 2 Gender and power 59 5 Gender as a useful category of historical analysis 61 JOAN WALLACH SCOTT 6 ‘Gender’ for a Marxist dictionary: The sexual politics of a word 82 DONNA J. HARAWAY 7 ‘That we should all turn queer?’: Homosexual stigma in the making of manhood and the breaking of a revolution in Nicaragua 104 ROGER N. LANCASTER viii Contents PART 3 From gender to sexuality 123 8 Discourse, desire and sexual deviance: Some problems in a history of homosexuality 125 JEFFREY WEEKS 9 Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality 150 GAYLE S. RUBIN 10 ‘The unclean motion of the generative parts’: Frameworks in Western thought on sexuality 188 R. W. CONNELL AND GARY W. DOWSETT PART 4 Sexual identities/sexual communities 207 11 Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence 209 ADRIENNE RICH 12 The hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role 237 SERENA NANDA 13 Capitalism and gay identity 250 JOHN D’EMILIO SECTION II Sexual meanings, health and rights 259 PART 5 Gender, power and rights 261 14 Masculinities and globalization 263 R.W. CONNELL 15 Violence, sexuality, and women’s lives 275 LORI L. HEISE 16 Reproductive and sexual rights: A feminist perspective 298 SONIA CORRÊA AND ROSALIND PETCHESKY Contents ix PART 6 Sexual categories and classifications 317 17 HIV, heroin and heterosexual relations 319 STEPHANIE KANE 18 An explosion of Thai identities: Global queering and re-imagining queer theory 341 PETER A. JACKSON 19 Bhai-behen, true love, time pass: Friendships and sexual partnerships among youth in an Indian metropolis 358 LEENA ABRAHAM PART 7 Sexual negotiations and transactions 373 20 Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship, romantic, and sexual interactions with women 375 DAVID WYATT SEAL AND ANKE A. EHRHARDT 21 Some traditional methods are more modern than others: Rhythm, withdrawal and the changing meanings of sexual initimacy in Mexican companionate marriage 397 JENNIFER HIRSCH AND CONSTANCE NATHANSON 22 Mobility, sexual networks and exchange among bodabodamen in Southwest Uganda 411 STELLA NYANZI, BARBARA NYANZI, BESSIE KALINA AND ROBERT POOL PART 8 Contemporary and future challenges 425 23 Gendered scripts and the sexual scene: Promoting sexual subjects among Brazilian teenagers 427 VERA PAIVA 24 HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action 443 RICHARD PARKER AND PETER AGGLETON 25 Bracketing sexuality: Human rights and sexual orientation – A decade of development and denial at the UN 459 IGNACIO SAIZ Subject Index 481 Name Index 488 Figures 9.1 The sex hierarchy: the charmed circle vs. the outer limits 160 9.2 The sex hierarchy: the struggle over where to draw the line 161 17.1 Social categories of heterosexual sample in respect to drug use 329 18.1 Hypothesized transitions in phet categories 347 23.1 Schematic example of the use of the ‘sexual scene’ 437 Tables 15.1 Sex research paradigms 276 15.2 Prevalence of wife abuse, selected countries 279 15.3 Prevalence of rape among college-aged women 281 15.4 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 who were married before the age of fifteen, selected countries 282 15.5 Correlates of gender violence based on cross-cultural studies 292 17.1 Demographics of heterosexual sex partner sample 325 17.2 Non-intravenous drug use in a small heterosexual sample 326 17.3 Sex practices in a small heterosexual sample 326 17.4 Age and sexual relationships of a small heterosexual sample 327 19.1 Profile of students (survey data) 361 20.1 Sample characteristics (n = 100) 378 21.1 Current method use among life-history
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