DOCSLIB.ORG

The Biology and Ecology of Valanga Nigricornis and Its Control in the Cover Plants Under Hevea Brasiliensis in Malaysia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Biology and Ecology of Valanga Nigricornis and Its Control in the Cover Plants Under Hevea Brasiliensis in Malaysia J. nat. Rubb. Res., 2(3), 191-199 The Biology and Ecology of Valanga nigricornis and Its Control in the Cover Plants under Hevea brasiliensis in Malaysia ABU BAKAR ATIM*, SINNAH GOPALAN* AND MOHD AKIB YUSOF* Biological and ecological investigations of the pest Valanga in leguminous cover plants under rubber were studied in the laboratory and field. Field studies were carried out by sampling the natural population of Valanga as well as its natural enemy, Tenodera aridifolia. Laboratory studies were based on field observations of the seasonal abundance of adults and nymphs predator-prey relationships to size and susceptibility ofnymphal instar and field application rates of selected insecticides in wooden cages, Pueraria phaseoloides was found to be not only an ideal trap-crop for the development of beneficial insects, but also Valanga. For the long-term control of Valanga, efforts should be made in controlling the nymphs before they became adults. Scouting for the presence of nymphs should be made as early as August, In the event of a population outbreak, chemical control should be exercised to kill adults as well as nymphs. For quick killing of Valanga nymphs which were less mobile, insecticides in descending order of effectiveness were acephate (Orthene 75 S), chlorpyritos (Lorsban 40 EC), methamidophos (Tamaron 50 EC) and dieldrin (Dieldrex 15). Entomophagous insects play an important role insecticides have been in use for a long time in regulating the population of insect pest producing undesirable residues on cover plants species and are an important component in pest and inducing resistance in pests. Therefore, management systems. Knowledge of predator there is an urgent need for safe and effective and prey relationships is vital for the develop- insecticides for use on cover plants. ment of programmes for conservation or augmentation of the insects in an agricultural The cultural practice of planting cover plants ecosystem. The future use of chemical control within rubber attracts insects especially Valanga should not only rely on safer chemicals, but and its natural enemies such as Tenodera should also be based on the biology and ecology aridifolia (mantis). Controlling the actively of the pest and its natural enemies. mobile Valanga adults has been difficult. Normally the covers are severely damaged Valanga nigricornis (grasshopper) is a well- before any control measures can be exercised known pest of cover plants and young rubber (Figure 1). in commercial plantations1'2. At present there are no satisfactory methods of control for field This investigation reports on the seasonal grasshoppers including Valanga3'6 other than abundance of Valanga, the predator-prey insecticides. Although dieldrin and malathion relationships within the cover plants and the have been recommended for grasshopper effective biological and chemical control of control, they have not been effective. These Valanga on a long-term basis. "Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, P.O. Box 10150, 50908 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 191 Journal of Natural Rubber Research, Volume 2, Number 3, September 1987 Figure 1. Damage caused by Valanga nigricornis on Pueraria and on rubber seedling. MATERIALS AND METHODS were not counted but their abundance with Valanga and Tenodera in the samples were Population Trends of Valanga and Tenodera recorded. Records of field temperature and in Leguminous Cover Plants relative humidity were obtained from a thermo- hygrograph and rainfall from a rain gauge The seasonal trends of Valanga and located near the Experiment Station. Tenodera in a leguminous cover field of Pueraria near the Rubber Research Institute Experiment Station were monitored during the Laboratory Studies on the Biology of Valanga years 1984 and 1985. Weekly, from September and Tenodera 1984 to December 1985, four samples, each Adults of Valanga were collected from the consisting of fifty sweeps were taken from each fields and reared on diets of Pueraria leaves and field using a standard sweep-net (40.6 cm in chicken feed. The adults held in 1 x 1 x 1 m3 diameter, 66.0 cm handle, and 63.5 cm deep wooden cages with fine wire netting were conical bag) swung in a 180° arc. The four sets provided with laying trays containing soil for of samples were taken at random from each oviposition. The eggs were collected and upon field by sweeping the leguminous cover plants hatching, the nymphs were held in 0.5 x 0.5 in the interrow of three-year-old rubber and the x 0.5 m3 wooden cages with wire netting and nymphs of Valanga and Tenodera were the life cycle was thus studied. counted. The adults of both insects were counted by visual observation during sweeping. Adults of Tenodera collected from Pueraria Valanga adults that flew from the interrow and covers were housed in cages similar to those of Tenodera adults, which were less mobile and Valanga. They were fed with crickets and sometimes caught in the sweep-net, were grasshopper nymphs. Upon oviposition and counted along with those observed on the hatching, the parents were transferred into the plants. Other entomophagous insects and pests wooden cages. The young mantis were reared 192 COPYRIGHT © MALAYSIAN RUBBER BOARD Abu Bakar Atim et al.: Biology and Ecology of Valanga nigricornis and Its Control on pests of leguminous cover such as smaller RESULTS nymphs of cricket and grasshoppers until adulthood. The life cycle, the generation The data showing the abundance of adults and interval of the nymphal instar and the size of nymphs of Valanga and Tenodera for 1984 and the predator (Tenodera) and prey (Valanga) 1985 are shown in Figure 2. Field and during the developmental period were studied. laboratory studies of Valanga showed that adults started laying eggs in the soil during Predator-prey Relationships between Valanga August. These eggs remained dormant for more and Tenodera than two months, then hatched at the onset of the rainy season. Nymphal population began Nymphal populations of Valanga and to build up in high numbers through June and Tenodera were cultured in large numbers in the once adulthood was reached they were laboratory. Due to the abundance of nymphal long-lived. populations of another grasshopper, Steno- In Pueraria three peaks of population occurred catantops sp. with Valanga during sampling, around September 1984, April 1985 and the former nymphs were also reared in large September 1985. The population of adults in numbers in the laboratory for the feeding trials. April 1985 was as high as in September 1985. Selected life stages of the third, the sixth and However oviposition in the soil occurred only the adult stage of praying mantis were given the around September in that year. In April, most choice of feeding on Valanga or Stenocatantops of the egg cases were found openly laid on cover nymphs of the second and the fourth instar plants instead of the soil. This coincided with respectively. Each selected life stage of the the wet season experienced at the Station. praying manis was offered twenty prey of each species (preliminary test indicated that laying Field and laboratory studies indicated that female mantis could consume at maximum ten Tenodera lay eggs upon reaching adulthood. second instar Valanga per day). The number Nymphal population was generally lower in of prey was maintained to twenty daily for August, then peaked at the highest around three days. An assessment was carried out on May. By that time most Valanga had become the potential voracity of the two prey items adults. commonly found in covers. Laboratory Studies on the Biology of Valanga Laboratory Control Studies of Valanga and Tenodera The less mobile stage of the second instar The developmental period of the life stages Valanga (presumed to be vulnerable to insecti- of Valanga as well as Tenodera under varying cides) was reared in sufficient numbers by the weather conditions in the cages of an open method described earlier for studies on the glasshouse at the Experiment Station is shown toxicity of selected insecticides. The insecticides in Table 1. selected were methamidophos (Tamaron 50 EC), acephate (Orthene 75 S), chlorpyritos In general, the developmental period of the (Lorsban 40 EC) and dieldrin (Dieldrex 15). nymphal stages of Valanga was much shorter They were selected for their capability in killing than Tenodera. However, the incubation period the adults and nymphs quickly while providing of the egg stage of Valanga was twice as long long-term activity. Two methods of exposure as Tenodera. Valanga eggs took about two to insecticides were used to evaluate the potency. months to hatch. The day interval of each In the first method, Valanga nymphs were instar from the first through the seventh into immediately introduced after leguminous cover adulthood was about one week. Relative to of Pueraria was sprayed; in the second, the size, Tenodera in general is longer than Valanga nymphs were introduced 2 h after the spraying in length throughout the nymphal stages and of chemical. In both methods, assessment of through adulthood except for the first instar. the mortality of Valanga was carried out at 24 h Nymphal predation by Tenodera occurred with and 48 h after introduction. the younger stages of Valanga especially the 193 30 •———• Valanga (adults) O-——O Valanga (nymphs) 25 •———• Tenodera (adults) ——a Tenodera (nymphs) 20 O O (N 15 cO 15 10 o E- Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. *—————1984 —————> <————————————————————— 1985 —————————————————————————> Figure 2. Monthly total
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arboreal Arthropod Assemblages in Chili Pepper with Different Mulches and Pest Managements in Freshwater Swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 22, Number 6, June 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 3065-3074 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220608 Arboreal arthropod assemblages in chili pepper with different mulches and pest managements in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia SITI HERLINDA1,2,3,♥, TITI TRICAHYATI2, CHANDRA IRSAN1,2,3, TILI KARENINA4, HASBI3,5, SUPARMAN1, BENYAMIN LAKITAN3,6, ERISE ANGGRAINI1,3, ARSI1,3 1Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Raya Palembang-Prabumulih Km 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-711-580663, Fax.: +62-711-580276, ♥email: [email protected] 2Crop Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Padang Selasa No. 524, Bukit Besar, Palembang 30139, South Sumatra, Indonesia 3Research Center for Sub-optimal Lands, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Padang Selasa No. 524, Bukit Besar, Palembang 30139, South Sumatra, Indonesia 4Research and Development Agency of South Sumatera Province. Jl. Demang Lebar Daun No. 4864, Pakjo, Palembang 30137, South Sumatra, Indonesia 5Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Raya Palembang-Prabumulih Km 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia 6Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya. Jl. Raya Palembang-Prabumulih Km 32, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir 30662, South Sumatra, Indonesia Manuscript received: 13 April 2021. Revision accepted: 7 May 2021. Abstract. Herlinda S, Tricahyati T, Irsan C, Karenina T, Hasbi, Suparman, Lakitan B, Anggraini E, Arsi. 2021. Arboreal arthropod assemblages in chili pepper with different mulches and pest managements in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3065-3074. In the center of freshwater swamps in South Sumatra, three different chili cultivation practices are generally found, namely differences in mulch and pest management that can affect arthropod assemblages.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Encyclopedia Boyong Sleman Insekta River As Alternative Learning Resources
    PROC. INTERNAT. CONF. SCI. ENGIN. ISSN 2597-5250 Volume 3, April 2020 | Pages: 629-634 E-ISSN 2598-232X Development of Encyclopedia Boyong Sleman Insekta River as Alternative Learning Resources Rini Dita Fitriani*, Sulistiyawati Biological Education Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Jl. Marsda Adisucipto Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email*: [email protected] Abstract. This study aims to determine the types of insects Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera in the Boyong River, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, to develop the Encyclopedia of the Boyong River Insect and to determine the quality of the encyclopedia developed. The method used in the research inventory of the types of insects Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera insects in the Boyong River survey method with the results of the study found 46 species of insects consisting of 2 Coleoptera Orders, 2 Hemiptera Orders, 18 orders of Lepidoptera in Boyong River survey method with the results of the research found 46 species of insects consisting of 2 Coleoptera Orders, 2 Hemiptera Orders, 18 orders of Lepidoptera in Boyong River survey method. odonata, 4 Orthopterous Orders and 20 Lepidopterous Orders from 15 families. The encyclopedia that was developed was created using the Adobe Indesig application which was developed in printed form. Testing the quality of the encyclopedia uses a checklist questionnaire and the results of the percentage of ideals from material experts are 91.1% with very good categories, 91.7% of media experts with very good categories, peer reviewers 92.27% with very good categories, biology teachers 88, 53% with a very good category and students 89.8% with a very good category.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS INDONESIA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/19E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department Overview of forest pests - Indonesia DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Indonesia. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). ii Overview of forest pests - Indonesia TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean D.J
    RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 34 055–114 (2019) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.34(2).2019.055-114 Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean D.J. James1, P.T. Green2, W.F. Humphreys3,4 and J.C.Z. Woinarski5 1 73 Pozieres Ave, Milperra, New South Wales 2214, Australia. 2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia. 3 Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia. 4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. 5 NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0909, Australia, Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT – Many oceanic islands have high levels of endemism, but also high rates of extinction, such that island species constitute a markedly disproportionate share of the world’s extinctions. One important foundation for the conservation of biodiversity on islands is an inventory of endemic species. In the absence of a comprehensive inventory, conservation effort often defaults to a focus on the better-known and more conspicuous species (typically mammals and birds). Although this component of island biota often needs such conservation attention, such focus may mean that less conspicuous endemic species (especially invertebrates) are neglected and suffer high rates of loss. In this paper, we review the available literature and online resources to compile a list of endemic species that is as comprehensive as possible for the 137 km2 oceanic Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • F for Market Access on Pineapple
    MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY MALAYSIA KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA FFFOOORRR MMMAAARRRKKKEEETTT AAACCCCCCEEESSSSSS OOONNN PPPIIINNNEEEAAAPPPPPPLLLEEE (((AAAnnnaaannnaaasss cccooommmooosssuuusss))) CROP PROTECTION AND PLANT QUARANTINE SERVICES DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR MALAYSIA T e c h n i c a l D o 2 c 0 u 0 m 4 e nt For Market Access On Pineapple i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ms. Asna Booty Othman, Director, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia, wishes to extend her appreciation and gratitude to the following for their contribution, assistance and cooperation in the preparation of this Technical Document For Market Access on Pineapple:- Mr. Muhamad Hj. Omar, Assistant Director, Phytosanitary and Export Control Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Ms. Nuraizah Hashim, Agriculture Officer, Phytosanitary and Export Control Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Mr. Yusof Othman, Agriculture Officer, Insects Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Ms. Nurazarina Dato’ Abu Bakar, Agriculture Officer, Disease Section, Crop Protection and Plant Quarantine Services Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Ms. Norma Othman, Assistant Director, Fruit Division, Department of Agriculture Malaysia; Appreciation is also extended to Y. Bhg. Dato’ Ismail Ibrahim, Director-General of Agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas
    Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas Neal L. Evenhuis, Lucius G. Eldredge, Keith T. Arakaki, Darcy Oishi, Janis N. Garcia & William P. Haines Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 Final Report November 2010 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish & Wildlife Office Honolulu, Hawaii Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 2 BISHOP MUSEUM The State Museum of Natural and Cultural History 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96817–2704, USA Copyright© 2010 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Contribution No. 2010-015 to the Pacific Biological Survey Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 5 Background ..................................................................................................................... 7 General History .............................................................................................................. 10 Previous Expeditions to Pagan Surveying Terrestrial Arthropods ................................ 12 Current Survey and List of Collecting Sites .................................................................. 18 Sampling Methods ......................................................................................................... 25 Survey Results ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia
    Micronesica 30(1): 127-168, 1997 Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia D. KEITH McE. KEvAN, VERNON R. VICKERY 1 AND MARY-LYNN ENGLISH Lyman Entomological Museum and Department of Entomology, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada, H9X 3V9. Abstract-The species of grasshoppers of the superfamilies Acridoidea, Tetrigoidea, and Tridactyloidea of Micronesia are discussed with com­ plete data on Micronesian distribution. Two new species of Tetrigidae, Carolinotettix palauensis and Hydrotettix carolinensis, are described. Introduction Preliminary studies towards this contribution to our knowledge of the or­ thopteroid fauna of Micronesia are in an unpublished thesis by the third author (English 1978). Over the years, a considerable amount of additional information has been accumulated and two relevant papers published by the first author. In ad­ dition, there is a paper by the first author, in press, that deals with non-saltatorial orthopteroids. The first of the above publications (Kevan 1987) gives a preliminary survey of virtually all of the saltatorial orthopteroids (grigs) known to occur in Micronesia, as well as defining the limits of the region and giving a brief review of the relevant literature on the insects concerned. It also discusses some important points relating to the nomenclature of some of them. The second publication (Kevan 1990) is concerned with the same groups of insects, but confines its attention, more or less, to known or suspected introduced species (including Acridoidea) and their probable origins. A few non-saltatorial or­ thopteroids are also mentioned in passing. 2 Another paper (Kevan unpublished ) deals very fully with all groups of or­ thopteroids other than members of the saltatorial orders (termites and earwigs in­ cluded), mainly as recorded in the literature, which is extensively reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Song Dissertation
    SYSTEMATICS OF CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) WITH A FOCUS ON THE GENUS SCHISTOCERCA STÅL 1873: EVOLUTION OF LOCUST PHASE POLYPHENISM AND STUDY OF INSECT GENITALIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hojun Song, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. John W. Wenzel, Advisor Dr. Norman F. Johnson ______________________________ Dr. Johannes S. H. Klompen Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology Copyright by Hojun Song 2006 ABSTRACT The systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is investigated to study the evolution of locust phase polyphenism, biogeography, and the evolution of male genitalia. In Chapter Two, I present a comprehensive taxonomic synopsis of the genus Schistocerca Stål. I review the taxonomic history, include an identification key to species, revise the species concepts of six species and describe a new species. In Chapter Three, I present a morphological phylogeny of Schistocerca, focusing on the biogeography. The phylogeny places the desert locust S. gregaria deep within the New World clade, suggesting that the desert locust originated from the New World. In Chapter Four, I review the systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae and present a phylogeny based on morphology. Evolution of taxonomically important characters is investigated using a character optimization analysis. The biogeography of the subfamily is also addressed. In Chapter Five, I present a comprehensive review the recent advances in the study of locust phase polyphenism from various disciplines. The review reveals that locust phase polyphenism is a complex phenomenon consisting of numerous density-dependent phenotypically plastic traits.
    [Show full text]
  • NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS of SIX EDIBLE INSECTS in JAVA Kuntadi*, Yelin Adalina and Kun E
    Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research Vol. 5, No. 1, April 2018, 57-68 ISSN: 2355-7079/E-ISSN: 2406-8195 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF SIX EDIBLE INSECTS IN JAVA Kuntadi*, Yelin Adalina and Kun E. Maharani Forest Research and Development Center, Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16110, West Java, Indonesia Received: 27 July 2017, Revised: 24 April 2018, Accepted: 26 April 2018 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF SIX EDIBLE INSECTS IN JAVA. Nutritional deficiency is still a problem faced by many families in Indonesia. One of the important issues is the level of protein consumption that is still below the minimum required standard. Edible insects could be one alternative of protein sources since their availability in the nature is quite abundant. This paper analyses six edible species of both cultivated and wild insects for its proximate compositions to measure their nutritional value. The cultivated insects consist of cricket (Gryllus sp.), giant mealworm (Zophobas morio F.), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.), and silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), and the wild insects consist of javanese grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis Burm.) and paddy locust (Nomadacris succincta L.). Results shows that the nutritional composition of insects varies widely. Each 100g of dry weight contains of 32.59-76.69% of ​​protein, 6.9-29.47% of fat, 0.92-30.76% of carbohydrate, 2.80-5.79% of ash, 407.34- 517.50 kcal of energy, and minerals about 24.82-31.22 mg of calcium (Ca) and 3.15-4.1 mg of iron (Fe). Some species such as grasshoppers, silkworm pupae and crickets have high protein content which potentially can be utilized as an alternate protein sources to fight against malnutrition and to increase nutritious food consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading: Oil Palm
    Reading 24 Palmae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Vernacular names: Oil palm (En); palmier a huile (Fr); Indonesia: kelapa sawit. Origin and Geographic Distribution Oil palm is native to Africa and it is assumed that speciation took place in that continent. How- ever since all related species classifi ed in the subfamily Cocoideae have a South American origin (except perhaps the coconut, Cocos nucifera), the archetypal ancestor may have been indigenous to the Americas. Oil palm occurs in palm groves throughout the tropical rain-forest belt of West Africa be- tween 10°N and S of the equator. However most of these groves show signs of human interference and probably owe their origin to man. Oil palm has played a major role in the village economy throughout West Africa for many centuries. Oil palm was introduced to South America with the slave trade. In fact the original descrip- tion of Jacquin in 1763 was based on a specimen growing in Martinique. Semiwild groves are reported in coastal regions of Brazil around Belem. The oil palm was introduced into South-East Asia in 1848 through the Botanical Garden of Bogor, Indonesia. Second-generation and third- generation descendants from the originally introduced material have been used as planting mate- rial for the fi rst oil-palm estates in Sumatra (since 1911) and Malaysia (since 1917) and have given rise to the Deli Dura breeding population. Uses The oil-palm fruit yields two types of oil: palm oil from the fl eshy mesocarp, and palm kernel oil from the kernel, in the volume ratio 10:1.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    ON A COLLECTION OF ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS FROM JAVA MADE BY OWEN BRYANT AND WILLIAM PALMER IN 1909 By A. N. Caudell Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture The expedition to Java in 1909 by Bryant and Palmer was made under the auspices of the United States National Museum, though financed largely by Doctor Bryant. By agreement the material col- lected was delivered to the Museum for determination by.specialists associated with that institution, a set of duplicates to be returned to Doctor Bryant. The following report is on that portion of the insects collected belonging to the orders Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Order DERMAPTERA^ Family ARIXENIIDAE ARIXENIA JACOBSONI Burr Arixenia jacohsoni Burr, Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 2, vol. 23, 1912, p. 105, fig. Single specimen, a male much broken, of this aberrant earwig was in the collection, taken at Pelaboean Ratoe. Unfortunately, it bears no date or other information. Family FORFICULIDAE Subfamily PYGroiCRANiNAE DIPLATYS NIGRICEPS Kirby Diplatys nigriceps Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 23, 1891, p. 507. One female, Mount Salak, May 5. KALOCRANIA SIAMENSIS Dohrn Pygidicrana siamensis Dohrn, Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 24, 1S63, p. 51. Three males,. Buitenzorg, March and April 15. > The Dermaptera, with the exception of the family Arixeniidae and the forficnlid genera Labidura and Platj/labia, were determined by Dr. Malcom Burr over a decade ago. and the subfamily grouping is as arranged by him except that he gave family rank to the groups here used as subfamihes. No. 2675.—Proceedings U. S. National Museum. Vol. 7i, Art 3 29488—27 1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Instructions for the Urban Inventory of San
    FIELD INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE URBAN INVENTORY OF SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA & PORTLAND, OREGON 2018 FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS RESOURCE MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION USDA FOREST SERVICE Note to User: URBAN FIA Field Guide 7.2 is based on the National CORE Field Guide, Version 7.2. Data elements are national CORE unless indicated as follows: • National CORE data elements that end in “+U” (e.g., x.x+U) have had values,codes, or text added, changed, or adjusted from the CORE program. Any additional URBAN FIA text for a national CORE data element is hi-lighted or shown as an "Urban Note". • All URBAN FIA data elements end in “U” (e.g., x.xU). The text for an URBAN FIA data element is not hi- lighted and does not have a corresponding variable in CORE. • URBAN FIA electronic file notes: • national CORE data elements that are not applicable in URBAN FIA are formatted as light gray or light gray hidden text. • hyperlink cross-references are included for various sections, figures, and tables. *National CORE data elements retain their national CORE field guide data element/variable number but may not retain their national CORE field guide location or sequence within the guide. pg.3 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . 11 SECTION 1.1 URBAN OVERVIEW. .11 SECTION 1.2 FIELD GUIDE LAYOUT . 12 SECTION 1.3 UNITS OF MEASURE . 12 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION . 13 SECTION 2.1 PLOT SETUP . 15 SECTION 2.2 PLOT INTEGRITY . 15 SECTION 2.3 PLOT MONUMENTATION . 15 ITEM 2.3.0.1 MONUMENT TYPE (CORE 0.3.1U) .
    [Show full text]