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Diabetic Foot Infections Is Published by the American Diabetes Association, 2451 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202 Diagnosis and 2020 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Management of ANDREW J.M. BOULTON, MD, DSC (HON), FACP, FRCP Professor of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, and Visiting Professor of Medicine, Diabetic Foot University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL DAVID G. ARMSTRONG, DPM, MD, PHD Professor of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of Infections the University of Southern California and Director, Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), Los Angeles, CA MATTHEW J. HARDMAN, PHD Professor of Wound Healing and Director of Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK MATTHEW MALONE, PHD, FFPM RCPS (GLASG) Director of Research, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Limb Preservation and Wound Research Academic Unit, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW, Australia, and Conjoint Senior Lecturer, Western Sydney University, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, Australia JOHN M. EMBIL, MD, FACP, FRCPC Professor, Departments of Medicine (Section of Infectious Diseases) and Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada CHRISTOPHER E. ATTINGER, MD Chief, Division of Wound Healing, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC BENJAMIN A. LIPSKY, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FRCP (LONDON), FFPM RCPS (GLASG) Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, and Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, UK JAVIER ARAGÓN-SÁNCHEZ, MD PHD Chief, Department of Surgery and Diabetic Foot Unit, La Paloma Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain HO KWONG LI, MBBS, MRCP (UK), DTM&H Clinical Research Training Fellow, Medical Research Council—Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection and Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK GREGORY SCHULTZ, PHD Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Director of the Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL ROBERT S. KIRSNER, MD, PHD Chairman and Harvey Blank Professor, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous This publication has been supported by unrestricted educational grants to the Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of American Diabetes Association from Healogics, Inc., and Organogenesis, Inc. Medicine, Miami, FL Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Infections is published by the American Diabetes Association, 2451 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. Contact: 1-800-DIABETES, professional.diabetes.org. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Healogics, Inc., Organogenesis, Inc., or the American Diabetes Association. The content was developed by the authors and does not represent the policy or position of the American Diabetes Association, any of its boards or committees, or any of its journals or their editors or editorial boards. ©2020 by American Diabetes Association. All rights reserved. None of the contents may be reproduced without the written permission of the American Diabetes Association. To request permission to reuse or reproduce any portion of this publication, please contact [email protected]. Front cover image Credit: Mehau Kulyk/Science Source; Description: Foot bones. Colored X-ray of the bones in a healthy human foot, seen in top view. Back cover image Credit: Du Cane Medical Imaging Ltd/Science Source; Description: Normal foot. Colored X-ray of a healthy human foot seen from the side (lateral projection). Dear ADA Journal Subscriber: About half of all hospital admissions for amputations involve people with diabetes, and diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a major contributing cause. Fortunately, the past decade has brought numerous new treatments for conditions of the diabetic foot, and research is pointing the way toward more effective management of DFIs. This monograph, Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Foot Infections, is published by the American Diabetes Association to inform primary care providers and other health care professionals of the latest developments in diabetic foot care. Supported by unrestricted educational grants from Healogics, Inc., and Organogenesis, Inc., this publication is a follow-up to a 2018 ADA compendium on foot complications (available at professional.diabetes.org/monographs and PMID 30958663). Whereas the first publication offered a broad overview of diabetic foot conditions, this second volume presents a detailed discussion of DFIs specifically. Led by Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD, DSc (Hon), FACP, FRCP, and David G. Armstrong, DPM, MD, PhD, members of the international expert writing team contribute important insights into the identification and successful treatment of DFIs from the fields of medicine and clinical care, basic scientific research, wound healing, infection control, microbiology, and surgery. The monograph begins from the viewpoint of basic science, describing the impact of infection on the healing process of experimental wounds. Next comes an explanation of biofilm development in chronic diabetic foot ulcers, the microbiology of DFIs, and the crucial role of debridement in ensuring positive outcomes of treatment. The authors provide a practical guide to the diagnosis and clinical management of DFIs and address current controversies in the treatment of diabetic osteomyelitis. The monograph ends with a review of new topical treatments and the role of emerging technologies in infection control. This essential resource brings together everything you need to know about recent major strides made in the management of DFIs. We hope it aids you in your efforts to keep acute foot injuries from progressing to chronic infected foot ulcers in your patients with diabetes and thereby to improve their long- term health and well-being. Sincerely, Kenneth P. Moritsugu, MD, MPH, FACPM, FAADE(H) Rear Admiral, USPHS (Ret) Interim Chief Science, Medical, and Missions Officer Team of Teams Leader American Diabetes Association Andrew J.M. Boulton, MD, DSc (Hon), FACP, FRCP1,2 David G. Armstrong, DPM, MD, Diagnosis and PhD3,4 Matthew J. Hardman, PhD5 Matthew Malone, PhD, FFPM RCPS Management of (Glasg)6,7 John M. Embil, MD, FACP, FRCPC8 Diabetic Foot Christopher E. Attinger, MD9 Benjamin A. Lipsky, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FRCP (London), FFPM RCPS (Glasg)10,11 Infections Javier Aragón-Sánchez, MD, PhD12 Ho Kwong Li, MBBS, MRCP (UK), DTM&H13,14 Gregory Schultz, PhD15 ABSTRACT | This compendium is a follow-up to the 2018 American Dia- 2 betes Association compendium Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Robert S. Kirsner, MD, PhD Foot Complications. Whereas the first compendium offered a broad gen- eral overview of diabetic foot conditions, this second volume presents 1 a detailed discussion of the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 2University of Miami Miller School of infections (DFIs), a major contributor to high amputation rates among Medicine, Miami, FL people with diabetes. The treatise begins from the viewpoint of basic 3Keck School of Medicine of the University science, describing the impact of infection on the healing process of of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA experimental wounds. There follow overviews of biofilm development 4Southwestern Academic Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), Los Angeles, CA in chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), the microbiology of DFIs, and the 5Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK crucial role of debridement in ensuring positive outcomes of DFI treat- 6South Western Sydney Local Health ment. Next, the authors provide a practical guide to the diagnosis and District, Limb Preservation and Wound clinical management of DFIs. Current controversies regarding the treat- Research Academic Unit, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, ment of osteomyelitis are addressed, including the relative value of anti- Sydney, NSW, Australia biotics versus surgery and the use of intravenous versus oral antibiotics. 7Western Sydney University, School The compendium closes with a look at new topical treatments and the of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and role of emerging technologies in infection control. Microbiology, Campbelltown Campus, Sydney, Australia 8Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada fter the success and positive reception of the American Diabetes 9MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, A Association’s 2018 compendium Diagnosis and Management of Washington, DC Diabetic Foot Complications (1) the association asked us to proceed 10University of Washington School of with a second volume. The first publication offered a broad general Medicine, Seattle, WA 11Green Templeton College, University of overview of diabetic foot issues, encompassing the etiopathogenesis Oxford, UK of complications, screening, and wound classification; management 12Department of Surgery and Diabetic Foot Unit, La Paloma Hospital, Las Palmas de of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and diabetic foot infections (DFIs); Gran Canaria, Spain recognition and treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) and 13Medical Research Council—Centre Charcot neuroarthropathy; off-loading, wound management, and for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, London, UK adjunctive therapies; and maintenance of the foot in remission. 14Department of Infectious Disease, In the past few years, there has been a renaissance in diabetic foot Imperial College London, London, UK care with respect to evidence-based treatments (2). Examples include 15University
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