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The Graham Affair. T INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 1353728 The Graham affair. The role of artifacts in the definition of culture: Monterey, California, 1840 Watson, Margaret Hambly, M.A. University of Delaware (Winterthur Program), 1993 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE Copyrighted materials in this document have not been filmed at the request of the author. They are available for consultation, however, in the author’s university library. 6, 9, 13, 29, 65, 67, 71, 80 and 86 University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE GRAHAM AFFAIR THE ROLE OF ARTIFACTS IN THE DEFINITION OF CULTURE: MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, 1840 by Margaret Hambly Watson A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Early American Culture Summer 1993 Copyright Margaret Hambly Watson All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE GRAHAM AFFAIR THE ROLE OF ARTIFACTS IN THE DEFINITION OF CULTURES MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, 1840 by Margaret Hambly Watson Approved: v* uwiyv. v/ {m JIM David F. Allmendinger, Ph.i Professor in charge of thesis'on behalf of the Advisory Committee t Approved: N Of d . James Cl Curtis, Ph.D. Director of the Winterthur Program in Early American Culture Approved: __ _____________________________________ Carol E. Hoffeckkv) Ph.D. Associate Provosrt'for Graduate Studies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my husband, Joel, for all that he has done for me, known and unknown, for the hours of encouragement and missed company, all the dinners, and walks; all my teachers who have opened so many doors and pushed me across the thresholds, especially Mr. Moss, Dr. Markwyn, and my advisor, Dr. Allmendinger; all my teachers and sponsors at Winterthur for this opportunity, especially Dr. Martin for the generous use of her office; my family who kept me laughing; many thanks to my mom and many thanks to Our Lady of Guadalupe who has sustained me; my companion students for their inspiration; and last but not least, Olaf, who has listened patiently to this text at least two hundred times. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OP CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................... v LIST OF T A B L E S ...................................... vi ABSTRACT .............................................. vii INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Chapter 1 THE A R R E S T ................................. 8 2 DESCRIPTION OF PURCHASES ................... 31 3 CONCLUSION ................................. 82 SOURCES CONSULTED .................................... 88 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Isaac Graham, a Sturdy Backwoodsman ............ 6 2. Map of the Californias .......................... 9 3. Monterey California [sic] ....................... 13 4. Harbour and City of Monterey ................... 29 5. General Forms of English Plates ................. 65 6. General Forms of Hispanic Ceramics ............ 67 7. Archaeological Artifacts from the Cooper-Molera Collection ..................... 71 8. Hand-held Bowls ................................... 80 9. Isaac Graham, a Pistol Stuffed in Silk .... 86 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Patrons at Larkin's Store ...................... 34 2. Purchases by Category ........................... 36 3. Consumer Frequencies in Each Category ......... 39 4. Frequencies of Purchases of Alcohol by All Patrons ................................ 46 5. Frequencies for Purchases of Foods by All Patrons ................................ 54 6. Frequencies of Purchases of Beans and Cheese by All Patrons ....................... 56 7. Frequencies of Purchases of Beans and Cheese by Married and Single Patrons .... 58 8. Frequencies of Purchases of Food Staples by Married and Single Patrons ........... 60 9. Frequencies of Purchases of Food Staples by All Patrons ............................... \ 61 10. Frequencies of Purchases of Other Foods by Married and Single Patrons ........... 62 11. Frequencies of Purchases of Tableware by All Patrons ................................ 72 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The agency of artifacts to illustrate social definition, evident in the incident of the arrest and exile of Isaac Graham in 184 0, is explored using patterns of purchases from the store of Thomas 0. Larkin of Monterey, California. Some groups yielded institutional ideology to maintain a public face while retaining traditional foods and ceramics. Others constructed an environment which enabled them to define themselves in opposition to those around them. The differences helped contruct or were evidence of conflicts which were sustained with the advent of the American era in California. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION The big bull come down from the Mountain Rangle me, Rangle Ray He tore up bees and paws a sapling, Rangle Me, Rangle Ray, This Old Fellow though, He could play Hell and turn up Jack.1 Isaac Graham Isaac Graham, mountain man, trapper, and Californian settler arrived in Upper California, Mexican Territory, around 1836. He was full of himself and full of being an American. Graham's life in California was littered with armed conflict and hard work. In these he shared experiences common to the many trappers and explorers who ventured from the place they called home to encounter the peoples and places west of the Mississippi. He also shared in their general historical anonymity of work, marriage, and death, in and among peoples of other cultures. He shared all this except in one instance: 1James W. Weeks, "Reminiscences [1877]," Ms, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, California, 107. Weeks called this Isaac Graham's song. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Isaac Graham was arrested and exiled from Alta California, a foreigner in a foreign land, and sent to Mexico to stand trial for treason. The "Graham Affair," as the incident was called, may be used as a window to discover the peoples whom Graham encountered in that foreign land. In the population of Monterey, the capital of California, factions existed which were divided by class and cultures. The diverse population included Native Americans, Latinos, Englishmen, and Americans to name only a few. Factions existed within factions, each population fragmented by the willingness and ability to co-exist in a land and society removed from but not unaffected by inter- National power struggles. The friction within the Latino (Spanish-speaking) and Anglo (English speaking) factions may be illustrated through an examination of the Graham Affair. Latinos were divided amongst themselves. There were those who had recently immigrated directly from Spain or Mexico, and there were Californios. those second or third generation Latinos native to California who saw themselves as a unique polity. Anglos were divided
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