BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Definisi Komunikasi Para Ahli

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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Definisi Komunikasi Para Ahli BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Definisi Komunikasi Para ahli komunikasi telah mendefinisikan komunikasi menurut sundut pandang mereka masing-masing diantaranya dalam buku Danil Vardiansyah menyebut beberapa definisi komunikasi secara istilah yang di kemukakan oleh para ahli :2 1. Jenis & Kelly menyebutkan komunikasi adalah suatu proses melalui mana seseorang (Komunikator) menyampaikan stimulus (kata-kata) dengan tujuan mengubah atau membentuk perilaku orang lainnya (khalayak). 2. Gode komunikasi suatu merupakan proses yang membuat sesuatu dari yang semula yang dimiliki oleh seorang (monopoli seseorang) menjadi dimiliki dua orang atau lebih 3. Berelson & Sainer komunikasi ialah suatu proses penyampaian informasi, gagasan, emosi, keahlian, dan lain-lain 4. Brandlun komunikasi timbul atas dorong oleh kebutuhan untuk mengurai rasa ketidak pastian, bertindak secara efektif, mempertahankan atau memperkuat ego 2 Dani Vardiansyah, Filsafat Ilmu Komunikasi Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta: PT Indeks, 2008) hlm. 25-26. 6 5. Resuch komunikasi merupakan suatu proses yang menghubungkan satu bagian dengan bagian lainnya dalam kehidupan 6. Weaver komunikasi adalah seluruh prosedur melalui mana pikiran seseorang dapat mempengaruhi pikiran orang lainnya Selain itu Deddy Mulyana juga memberikan beberapa definisi komunikasi secara istilah yang dikemukakan beberapa pendapat para ahli antara lain :3 1. Theodore M.Newcomb, Komunikasi merupakan setiap tindakan komunikasi dipandang sebagai suatu transmisi informasi, terdiri dari rangsangan yang diskriminatif, dari sumber kepada penerima. 2. Carl.I.Hovland, Komunikasi adalah proses yang memungkinkan seseorang (komunikator) menyampaikan rangsangan (biasanya lambang-lambang verbal) untuk mengubah prilaku orang lain (komunikate). 3. Gerald R.Miller, Komunikasi terjadi ketika suatu sumber menyampaikan suatu pesan suatu penerima dengan niat yang disadari untuk mempengaruhi perilaku penerima. 4. Everett M.Rogers, Komunikasi adalah proses dimana suatu ide dialihkan dari sumber kepada suatu penerima atau lebih, dengan maksud untuk merubah tingkah laku mereka. 3 Deddy Mulyana, Ilmu Komunikasi Suatu Pengantar (Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2010) hlm. 68-69. 7 5. Raymond S.Ross, Komunikasi (internasional) adalah suatu proses menyortir, memilih dan mengirimkan simbol-simbol sedemikian rupa sehingga membantu pendengar membangkitkan makna atau respons dari pikirannya yang serupa dengan yang dimaksudkan komunikator. 6. Mary B. Cassata dan Molefi K. Asante, (Komunikasi adalah) transmisi informasi dengan tujuan mempengaruhi khalayak 7. Harold Laswell, (cara yang baik untuk menggambarkan komunikasi adalah dengan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut) Who says what and with channel to whom with what effect? atau siapa yang mengatakan apa dengan saluran apa kepada siapa dengan pengaruh bagaimana. Alo Liliweri pada bukunya Dasar-dasar Komunikasi Antar Budaya mengutip pendapat Walstrom dari beberapa sumber yang menyebutkan beberapa definisi komunikasi sebagai berikut :4 1. Komunikasi antar manusia sering diartikan dengan pernyataan diri yang paling efektif. 2. Komunikasi merupakan pertukaran pesan-pesan secara tertulis dan lisan melalui percakapan, atau bahkan melalui penggambaran yang imajiner. 4 Alo Liliweri, Dasar-dasar Komunikasi Antarbudaya, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009) hlm. 8. 8 3. Komunikasi merupakan pembagian informasi atau pemberian hiburan melalui kata-kata secara lisan atau tertulis dengan metode lainnya. 4. Komunikasi merupakan pengalihan informasi dari seorang kepada orang lain. 5. Pertukaran makna antara individu dengan menggunakan sistem simbol yang sama. 6. Komunikasi adalah proses pengalihan pesan yang dilakukan seorang melalui suatu saluran tertentu kepada orang lain dengan efek tertentu. 7. Komunikasi adalah proses pembagian informasi, gagasan atau perasaan yang tidak saja dilakukan secara lisan dan tertulis melainkan melalui bahasa tubuh, atau gaya atau tampilan pribadi, atau hal lain disekelilingnya yang memperjelas makna. Dari beberapa definisi komunikasi menurut para ahli dapat di simpulkan bahwa komunikasi merupakan penyampaian pesan baik verbal maupun non verbal yang mengandung arti atau makna tertentu atau lebih jelasnya dapat dikatakan penyampaian informasi atau gagasan dari seseorang kepada orang lain baik itu berupa pikiran dan perasaan-perasaan melalui sarana atau saluran tertentu. 9 2.2 Macam-macam Komunikasi Terdapat berbagai macam komunikasi yang dipaparkan oleh para pakar. Salah satunya adalah Devito, seorang profesor komunikasi. Yerri Oktaria dan Yudi Abdullah mengutip pembagian jenis komunikasi yang dikemukakan oleh Cangara. Pembagian jenis komunikasi tersebut yaitu sebagai berikut5: 1. Komunikasi Intrapersonal Komunikasi Intrapersonal atau yang biasa disebut komunikasi diri sendiri merupakan proses komunikasi yang terjadi dalam diri seseorang. Komunikasi ini terjadi karena adanya objek yang diamati sehingga membuatnya memberikan arti pada objek tersebut. Pemberian arti di sini berupa pengolahan informasi yang ditangkap melalui panca indra serta sistem syaraf. Contoh: merenung, berpikir, menulis sesuatu, dll. 2. Komunikasi Interpersonal Komunikasi Interpersonal proses komunikasi yang melibatkan dua orang atau lebih dan terjadi secara tatap muka. Berdasarkan sifatnya, jenis komunikasi ini dibagi menjadi dua macam yaitu komunikasi diadik dan triadik. 5 Oktarina, Yetty dan Yudi Abdullah, Komunikasi dalam Perspektif Teori dan Praktik (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Deepublish. 2017), hlm. 54-56 10 Komunikasi diadik melibatkan dua orang dalam situasi tatap muka dan dapat dilakukan dalam percakapan, dialog, dan wawancara. Sedangkan komunikasi triadik melibatkan tiga orang atau lebih dalam situasi tatap muka, dimana masing masing individu saling berinteraksi satu sama lain. 3. Komunikasi Publik Komunikasi Publik juga sering dikenal dengan sebutan komunikasi pidato, komunikasi kolektif, komunikasi retorika, dan komunikasi khalayak. Komunikasi Publik menujukan suatu aktivitas komunikasi dimana pesan-pesan disampaikan oleh komunikator (pembicara) dalam kondisi tatap muka dengan komunikan (khalayak). Contoh: pidato, ceramah, dll. 4. Komunikasi Massa Komunikasi massa adalah suatu proses komunikasi yang terjadi dimana pesan dikirim atau disampaikan oleh komunikator yang bersifat lembaga kepada komunikan (khalayak) yang bersifat massal. Penyampaian pesan tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan media atau alat yang bersifat mekanis seperti surat kabar, radio, televisi. Dahulu, pesan komunikasi massa berlangsung satu arah dan umpan baliknya sangat terbatas. Namun, dengan perkembangan teknologi komunikasi yang sangat pesat, proses 11 komunikasi massa mengalami kemajuan pula, seperti umpan balik yang bisa diberikan dan diterima secara cepat. 2.3 Video klip Sebagai komunikasi massa Menurut Bittner, komunikasi massa merupakan pesan yang dikomunikasikan melalui media massa pada sejumlah besar orang. Jadi, sekalipun komunikasi ini disampaikan kepada khalayak, seperti rapat akbar di lapangan luas yang dihadiri oleh ribuan, bahkan puluhan ribu orang, jika tidak 6 menggunakan media massa, maka itu bukan komunikasi massa. ” Menurut ahli komunikasi Joseph A. Devito mendefinisikan komunikasi massa pada dasarnya merupakan pengertian massa serta tentang media yang digunakannya. Ia mengemukakan definisinya dalam dua jenis. Salah satunya, komunikasi massa merupakan komunikasi yang disalurkan oleh pemancar- pemancar yang audio dan visual. Komunikasi massa akan lebih mudah dan logis bila didefinisikan menurut bentuknya: televisi, radio siaran, surat kabar atau koran, majalah, film dan video klip.7 a. Televisi Televisi sebagai sebuah institusi juga tidak lain hasil manusia berpikir dan audience-nya manusia juga. “Organisasi” televisi itu 6 Elvinaro, Ardianto. Komunikasi Massa Suatu Pengantar Edisi Revisi ( Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2007), hlm. 3 7 Ibid., hlm. 4 12 tidak lain kumpulan orang yang bekerja sama satu sama lain untuk memproduksi siaran.8 b. Radio Radio adalah media massa yang berada dimana-mana, tersedia di berbagai tempat. Kehadiran radio bersama dengan munculnya film sekitar rahun 1888, ketika henrich hertz pada mulanya mentransmisikan aliran melalui gelombang udara.9 c. Koran Koran adalah medium massa utama bagi orang untuk memperoleh berita. Disebagian besar kota, tak ada sumber berita yang bisa menyamai keluasan dan kedalaman liputan berita koran. Ini memperkuat popularitas dan pengaruh koran.10 d. Majalah Dikalangan maum elit, menurut Wilson kehadiran majalah pada tahun 1704 di Inggris di mulai dengan terbitnya majalah seperti Review, Tatler, Spectator, semuanya yang terbit di London.11 e. Film Film merupakan salah satu sarana komunikasi massa yang berbasis audio visual. Film adalah kombinasi dari beberapa 8 Nurudin, Pengantar Komunikasi Massa (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2011), hlm. 16 9 Winarni, Komunikasi Massa Suatu Pengantar (Malang: UMM Press, 2003), hlm. 33 10 Vivian, John. Teori Komunikasi Massa (Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2008), hlm. 26 11 Winarni, Loc. Cit., hlm. 26 13 genre induk sekaligus. Tidak semua genre induk primer populer dan sukses dari masa ke massa.12 f. Video Klip Video klip sebagai media baru komunikasi massa merupakan bagian dari media elektronik dan memiliki karakteristik. Sejalan dengan pendapat McQuail, video juga dapat digunakan dalam dunia musik, salah satunya digunakan sebagai video klip.13 Pada penelitian ini, video klip menjadi bahasan utama karena menjadi objek penelitian. Video klip ini dinilai memiliki citra yang dapat memberi sensasi pada penonton. Dengan
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