THE EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN HARRAT KHYBAR
SAUDI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED GEOLOGY HYDROGEOLOGY SECTION JEDDAH
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Water Resources under stress
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia belongs to the extended arid belt of the lower latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Population growth Construction activity
Agricultural activity Industrial activity
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Water Stress by Country
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GRACE Technology Use GRACE technology to estimate temporal changes in Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) in Saudi Arabia
High Mass
Low Mass
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Looking for water resources in all environments !!
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Exploration of water resources in Volcanic Area
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Alkali basalt (Harrat) covering an area of 89700 square km2 in Saudi Arabia.
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2 Harrat Al Harrah 14500 km
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2 Harrat 'Uwayrid 3600 km
2 Harrat ar Rahah 3600 km
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2 Harrat Hutaymah 800 km
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2 Harrat Khaybar 14600 km 2 Harrat Ithnayn 3700 km 2 Harrat Kura 3200 km
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Harrat Al-Shaqah 3700 km2
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2 Harrat Rahat 20000 km
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2 Harrat Kishb 6000 km
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2 Harrat Haden 2300 km
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2 Harrat Elbuqom 10500 km
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2 Harrat Al Birk 2300 km
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2 Harrat Al Sarah 700 km
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Study Area
%24 %76 Volcanic Area
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Study Area
15%
17%
68%
2 Harrat Khaybar 14600 km
2 Harrat Ithnayn 3700 km
2 Harrat Kura 3200 km
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Geological Setting
Study Area is one of 3 coalesced basaltic lava fields, Harrats Khaybar, Ithnayn, and Kura, which constitute the largest contiguous area of Cenozoic basalt in Saudi Arabia, similar in extent (20,564 km2).
The field contains: - 327 scoria cones - 46 basaltic shield volcanoes - 20 domes - 5 tuff cones - one basaltic stratovolcano.
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Hydrlogical Setting
The study area is located between tow major basins - Rumah Basin - Hamdh Baisn
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Hydrlogical Setting
Rain Gauges Stations
Station Long Lat
H108 40.41667 27.06667
H210 40.48333 26.53333
H111 40.45 25.97778
H203 40.78333 26
M214 40.43333 24.95
M116 39.6 25.05
M112 39.06667 24.95
M102 39.23333 25.71667
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Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Winter rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Station H108 H210 H111 H203 M214 M116 M112 M102 Winter (mm) 15.53 9.1 9.1 13.78 7.89 7.2 15.82 14.3
Winter 20
15
10
Rainfall (mm) 5
0 108H 210H 111H 203H 214M 116M 112M 102M Station
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Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Spring rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Station H108 H210 H111 H203 M214 M116 M112 M102 Spring (mm) 22.86 10.62 10.62 24.75 10.6 10.42 14.14 13.23
Spring 30 25 20 15 10 Rainfall (mm) 5 0 108H 210H 111H 203H 214M 116M 112M 102M Station
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Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Summer rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Station H108 H210 H111 H203 M214 M116 M112 M102 Summer (mm) 0 1.5 1.5 0.63 0.55 3.77 2.4 4.02
Summer 5 4 3 2
Rainfall (mm) 1 0 108H 210H 111H 203H 214M 116M 112M 102M Station
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Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Autumn rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Station H108 H210 H111 H203 M214 M116 M112 M102 Autumn (mm) 14.26 8.98 8.98 37.39 6.99 10.46 8.3 10.4
Autmn 40
30
20
Rainfall (mm) 10
0 108H 210H 111H 203H 214M 116M 112M 102M Station
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Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Seasonal rainfall variations over the study area. (1980-2010)
Annual 120 100 80 60 40 Rainfall (mm) 20 0 108H 210H 111H 203H 214M 116M 112M 102M Station
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Well Inventory and data recording
Study area has divided into three sectors, namely: Sector (A) represent the northern area. Sector (B), represents the western area. Sector (C), represents the eastern part of Harrat Khyber. Well Inventory: + 600 wells data recording + 300 Samples
Water table and total depths for wells in the study area
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Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Groundwater
chemical analyses results of the major ions of the groundwater samples obtained from the three sectors (A, B, and C). The pH of the groundwater tends to be slightly alkaline. However, the great majority is between 7.0 and 7.7. The EC measurements generally show that the groundwater salinity varies from low to moderate. High saline waters were also found but less common
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Classification of Groundwater The groundwater character in the study area is shown graphically on the Piper diagrams.
NaCl and Na2SO4 NaCl, Ca(HCO3)2 and Ca-Na (SO4) NaCl and Na HCO3
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Groundwater Quality
10000 < %1 TDS (ppm) Number of Sample Percentage % 1000-0 0-1000 109 28.45 %28
> 1000-10000 270 70.49 -1000 < > 10000 4 1.04 10000 %71 Total 383 100
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Aquifer Description The most important aquifer system of the Harrat Khyber area is formed by the basalt flows and the old subbasaltic alluvial deposits.
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Aquifer Description
A
B C
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Geophysical Setting
Electrical resistivity sections were carried out in 2 stages in an east- west direction across the centre of Harrat Khaybar in order to determine whether there are any significant aquifers underlying the near-surface basalts.
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Geophysical Results
N Line 7
Line 12
18 15 14 12 7 1
Line 14 (b) Second stage 9 profiles over the (a) First stage 9 profiles across the western side of the harrat Khybar eastern part of the harrat Khybar
Line 15
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Concluding
- There is no residential or agricultural activity within the Harrat area. - Availability of water is concentrated on the outskirts of the study area. - Most of the exploitation of water is for irrigation. - Characterized by the area between the western part of Harrat Khaybar and Harrat Kura abundance of good quality and quantity. - According to the geophysical studies, there are four areas intercourse and promising for the presence of water. Agriculture Activity
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We must all work hard to develop and save our resources for the next generations. THE EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN HARRAT KHYBAR
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