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Cetacea, Delphinoidea

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Cetacea, Delphinoidea Japan Cetology (23):13-20(2013) The first Pliocene albireonid (Cetacea, Delphinoidea) periotic from the western North Pacific and paleobiogeographic significance of fossil delphinoid ear bones of Na-arai Formation of Choshi, Chiba, central Japan Mizuki Murakami1) and Yoshiki Koda2) Abstract A right periotic of Albireonidae (Cetacea, Delphinoidea), from the Pliocene Na-arai Formation of Chiba, central Japan, is described. The albireonid specimen is the second reported from the western North Pacific and the first recorded from the Pliocene. Thus, this discovery largely extends our knowledge of paleobiogeography of Albireonidae. The Na-arai specimen shares following features with the type species of Albireo: having the large aperture for the cochlear aqueduct; the trapezoidal cochlear portion and the large angle between the caudal tympanic process and the lateral edge of the cochlear portion in ventral view; the mediolaterally narrow posterior bullar facet; shallow grooves on the posterior bullar facet. However, the present specimen probably belongs to different species from the type species because of differences of morphology in the internal acoustic meatus and anterior process. The fossil ear bone assemblage of Delphinoidea from the Na-arai Formation provides important data for comparing Pliocene delphinoid faunas of the western North Pacific with those from other areas of the Pacific. The paleoclimate of the Na- arai Formation was probably more similar to those of delphinoid localities in the eastern regions of the North and South Pacific than to those of other fossil localities in the western North Pacific. Introduction Mysticeti from the Na-arai Formation in detail. However, The basal conglomerate bed of the Na- ear bones of Delphinoidea from the formation, which are arai Formation of Choshi, Chiba, central Japan mostly undescribed and housed in private collections, is known for yielding large number of cetacean have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, fossils（Ozaki 1954 1958, Hasegawa 1968 1982, we describe a well-preserved and isolated periotic of Shikama 1975, Oishi and Hasegawa 1994, Kohno Albireonidae（Cetacea, Delphinoidea） and discuss their 2002）. All of them are isolated remains and are taxonomic and paleobiogeographic significance. derived as conglomerates. The Na-arai Formation Institutional Abbreviations—INM ,Ibaraki unconformably overlies the Jurassic Atagoyama Nature Museum, Ibaraki, Japan; UCMP ,University of Group, the Cretaceous Choshi Group, and the lower California Museum of Paleontology, Berkley, California, USA. Miocene Metogahana Formation（Ozaki 1954, Measurements and Anatomical Terms— Takahashi et al. 2003; Fig. 1）. The age of a tephra Measurements of periotic are listed in Table 1. These bed（In 3） near to above the basal conglomerate measurements were made according to the methods of the Na-arai Formation is 2.65 Ma（Tamura et al. used by Bianucci（1996 ）. The anatomical terminology 2006）. The occurrences of calcareous nannofossil of periotics follows that of Mead and Fordyce（2009 ）. （Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus, Last Appearance Datum 3.8 Ma and Sphenolithus abies, 3.6 Ma; Sato SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY in Oishi and Hasegawa 1994） and planktonic foraminiferans（ Globoturborotalita nepenthes, LAD 4.36 CETACEA Brisson, 1762 Ma and Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina, 3.57 Ma; Matoba ODONTOCETI Flower, 1867 1967） from the basal conglomerate indicates that DELPHINOIDEA Gray, 1821 the layer is early Pliocene（Zanclean ）. The molluscan ALBILEONIDAE Barnes, 1984 assemblages（Ozaki 1958） and occurrences of shark ALBILEONIDAE gen. et sp. indet. teeth（ Carcharodon carcharias; Itoigawa et al. 1975） （Figs. 2A-F, 3A-C） also indicate that the age of the basal conglomerates of Na-arai Formation is of Pliocene. Oishi and Hasegawa Material—INM-4-014129, an isolate right periotic. （1994） investigated fossil ear bone assemblages of 1）Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Nishiwaseda 1-6-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan 2）Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Ohsaki, Bando City, Ibaraki 306-0622, Japan 13 M.Murakami &Y.Koda level as the fossa for the stapedial muscle. The area enclosing the cochlear window, the caudal tympanic process, and the aperture for the cochlear aqueduct is concave（Fig. 2A）. The angle between the lateral edge of the cochlear portion and the caudal tympanic process in ventral view is approximately 135°. In dorsal view, the angle between the anterior edge of the cochlear portion and the anterior process is greater than 90（Fig.° 2B）. The anterior part of the anterior process is relatively thick mediolaterally. The medial and posterior edges of the cochlear portion are rather rectangular. Consequently, the cochlear portion is trapezoidal or rectangular in dorsal and ventral views（Fig. 2B, E）. The internal acoustic meatus is long mediolaterally Fig.1 The fossil locality of an albireonid periotic (INM-4-014129). and inverted teardrop-shaped（13.1 mm in major axis; Fig. 2B）. The lateral margin of the aperture for Table1 Measurements(mm) of the periotic (INM-4-014129; + indicates incomplete to some extent) the vestibular aqueduct lies medial to the level of the Measurement points INM-4-014129 lateral margin of the internal acoustic meatus. The dorsal tuberosity is moderately developed（Fig. 2B- Greatest length of the periotic 34.1+ D, F）. In cross-section, at mid-length, the anterior Greatest width of the periotic 23.3 process is ovoid（Fig. 2C）. Width of the periotic at level of upper 23.3 tympanic aperture The parabullary ridge is weak（Fig. 2A, D, E）. Greatest thickness of the periotic 18.2 The ventral edge of the anterior process is concave. Thickness of the periotic at level of 14.8 upper tympanic aperture The tip of the posterior bullar facet is weathered（Fig. Length of the cochlear portion 24.5 2D-F）. In ventral view, the posterior bullar facet is Thickness of the cochlear portion 14.5 mediolaterally narrow. The anterior part of posterior Length of the anterior process of 20.2 bullar facet is concave; several indistinct grooves are periotic present on the facet, but these ridges are weak as Greatest length of the posterior 12.5+ process of periotic along its axis compared with those of delphinids and monodontids Length of the ventral tuberosity + 16.7 （Fig. 2E）. The angle between the posterior process and parabullary ridge of the periotic the cochlear portion of the periotic is approximately 155°. The fossa for the stapedial muscle is wide. Description Periotic—The anterior process anterior Comparisons to the cochlear portion is short（Fig. 2A, B, E）. The INM-4-014129 from the Na-arai Formation length is less than one fourth the length of the shares the following characteristics of the periotic cochlear portion. The apex of the anterior process of with the type specimen of Albireo whistleri Barnes, the periotic abruptly curves anteroventrally and the 1984（UCMP 314589; Fig. 3D-F）: relatively large anterior edge of the process is rectangular（Fig. 2A, size; having a trapezoidal and anteroposteriorly long D）. The anteroventral angle of the process is slightly cochlear portion（Fig. 3B, C, E, F）; a large aperture weathered（Fig. 2A, C）. The aperture for the cochlear for the cochlear aqueduct（Fig. 3A, B, D, E）; the aqueduct is large（major axis, 3.6mm） and located large angle between the caudal tympanic process on the posteromedial part of the cochlear portion. and the lateral edge of the cochlear portion in The cochlear window opens distinctly at the ventral medial view（Fig. 3A, D）; the mediolaterally narrow 14 The first Pliocene albireonid periotic from Japan Fig.2 The right periotics of INM-4-014129 (A-F). A, medial; B, dorsal; C, anterior; D, lateral; E, ventral; F, posterior views. Fig.3 Comparisons of the right periotic of INM-4-014129 (A-C) and the left periotic of Albireo whistleri (UCMP 314589, D-F). A, D, medial; B, E, dorsal; C, F, ventral views. posterior bullar facet（Fig. 3C, F）; shallow grooves facet of the periotic is mediolaterally narrow. The on the posterior bullar facet（Fig. 3C, F）. Barnes Na-arai specimen differs from the type specimen in （1984, 2008） noted that the posterior bullar facet having the narrow anterolateral part of the internal of the periotic in the type specimen of A.whistleri is acoustic meatus（Fig. 3B）; the anteroposteriorly short smooth, but Barnes（1984:35） also said that it is anterior process（Fig. 3B）. In the Na-arai specimen, only faintly striated. Barnes（1984, 2008） described the length of the anterior process anterior to the the posterior bullar facet is large. However, the cochlear portion to that of the cochlear portion is posterior bullar facet of the periotic of A. whistleri is less than 25%; in contrast, the ratio in A. whistleri is mediolaterally narrower than those of delphinids. 40%. Therefore, the INM-4-014129 may belong to a Consequently, here we described the posterior bullar different species or genus than that of A.whistleri. 15 M.Murakami &Y.Koda Discussion the Late Miocene（e.g., Bianucci and Landini 2002）. Taxonomic significance Consequently, the Pacific Ocean is suspected as Albireonidae, established by Barnes the location of origin or early evolution of all （1984）, is an extinct family of Delphinoidea. Muizon non-kentriodontid families among Delphinoidea. （1988a） considered Albireonidae as a sister group Importantly, no con-generic delphinoid taxa of the of Phocoenidae. On the other hand, Barnes（1990） Late Miocene to Pliocene age have been identified and Geisler et al.（2012） considered Albireonidae between the western North Pacific and the eastern as more basal than Kentriodontidae, which is an North Pacific or eastern South Pacific Oceans, extinct paraphyletic delphinoid group. In contrast, although recently five genera six species of delphinoid Geisler et al.（2011） and Murakami et al.（2012a of these age have been described from Japan b） considered Albireonidae as the second basal （Ichishima and Kimura 2000 2005 2009, Murakami position of Delphinoidea, next to paraphyletic et al.
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