FREE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PDF

Tom Stevenson | 224 pages | 01 Dec 2014 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9781138808218 | English | London, United Kingdom The Transformation Of The Roman Republic - Words | Bartleby

Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senateamong them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. During this time he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine river. With the concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. Leaving his command in would mean losing his immunity to criminal prosecution by his enemies; knowing this, Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed " dictator for life " Latin: " ". His populist and authoritarian reforms angered the elites, who began to conspire against him. Caesar's adopted heir Octavian, later known as Augustusrose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the civil war. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman Empire Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic. Caesar was an accomplished author and historian as well as a statesman; much of his life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns. Other contemporary sources include the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. Later Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also important sources. Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic worksand his political philosophy, known as Caesarisminspired politicians into the modern era. Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a family, the Juliawhich claimed descent from Julusson of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneassupposedly the son of the goddess Venus. They were granted patrician status, along with other noble Alban families. Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential, although they had enjoyed some revival of their political fortunes in the early 1st century BC. Little is recorded of Caesar's childhood. In 85 BC, Caesar's father died suddenly, [17] so Caesar was the head of the family at His coming of age coincided with a civil war between his uncle and his rival Lucius Cornelius . Both sides carried out bloody purges of their political opponents whenever they were in the ascendancy. Marius and his ally Lucius Cornelius Cinna were in control of the city when Caesar was nominated as the new flamen dialis high priest of Jupiter[18] and he was married to Cinna's daughter Cornelia. Following Sulla's final victory, though, Caesar's connections to the old regime made him a target for the new one. He was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry, and his priesthood, but he refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding. Sulla gave in reluctantly and is said to have declared that he saw many a Marius in Caesar. Caesar felt that it would be much safer far away from Sulla should the dictator change his mind, so he left Rome and joined the army, serving under Marcus Minucius Thermus in Asia and Servilius Isauricus in Cilicia. He served with distinction, winning the Civic Crown for his part in the Siege of Mytilene. He went on a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes 's fleet, but he spent so long at Nicomedes' court that rumours arose of an affair with the king, which Caesar Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic denied for the rest of his life. He lacked means since his inheritance was confiscated, but he acquired a modest house in Suburaa lower-class neighbourhood of Rome. On the way across the Aegean Sea[25] Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner. The pirates demanded a ransom of 20 talents of silver, but he insisted that they ask for Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic He had them crucified on his own authority, as he had promised while in captivity [30] —a promise that the pirates had taken as a joke. As a sign of leniency, he first had their throats cut. He was soon called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east. On his return to Rome, he was elected military tribunea first step in a political career. He was elected quaestor for 69 BC, [32] and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt JuliaJulius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic included images of her husband Marius in the funeral procession, unseen since the days of Sulla. His wife Cornelia also died that year. On his return in 67 BC, [35] he married Pompeiaa granddaughter of Sulla, whom he later divorced in 61 BC after her embroilment in the Bona Dea scandal. In 63 BC, he ran for election to the post of pontifex maximuschief priest of the Roman state religion. He ran against two powerful senators. Accusations of bribery were made by all sides. Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents' greater experience and standing. After serving as in 62 BC, Caesar was appointed to govern Hispania Ulterior the western part of the Iberian Peninsula as propraetor[40] [41] [42] though some sources suggest that he held proconsular powers. He turned to Marcus Licinius Crassusthe richest man in Rome. Crassus paid some of Caesar's debts and acted as guarantor for others, in return for political support in his opposition to the interests of . Even so, to avoid becoming a private citizen and thus open to prosecution for his debts, Caesar left for his province before his praetorship had ended. In Spain, he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops; he reformed the law regarding debts, and completed his governorship in high esteem. Caesar was acclaimed imperator in 60 BC and again later in 45 BC. In the Roman Republic, this was an honorary title assumed by certain military commanders. After an especially great victory, army troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperatoran acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph. However, he also wanted to stand for consul, the most senior magistracy in the republic. If he were to celebrate a triumph, he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony, but to stand for election he would need to lay down his command and enter Rome as a private citizen. He could not do both in the time available. He asked the senate for permission to stand in absentiabut Cato blocked the proposal. Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship. The election was sordid—even Catowith his reputation for incorruptibility, is said to have resorted to bribery in favour of one of Caesar's opponents. Caesar won, along with conservative Marcus Bibulus. Caesar was already in Marcus Licinius Crassus ' political debt, but he also made overtures to Pompey. Pompey and Crassus Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic been at odds for a decade, so Caesar tried to reconcile them. The three of them had enough money and political influence to control public business. This informal alliance, known as the "rule of three men"was cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter . Caesar proposed a law for redistributing public lands to the poor—by force of arms, if need be—a proposal supported by Pompey and by Crassus, making the triumvirate public. Pompey Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic the city with soldiers, a move which intimidated Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic triumvirate's opponents. Bibulus attempted to declare the omens unfavourable and thus void the new law, but he was driven from the forum by Caesar's armed supporters. His lictors had their fasces broken, two high magistrates accompanying him were wounded, and he had a bucket of excrement thrown over him. In fear of his life, he retired to his house for the rest of the year, issuing occasional proclamations of bad omens. These attempts proved ineffective in obstructing Caesar's legislation. Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar. When Caesar was first elected, the aristocracy tried to limit his future power by allotting the woods and pastures of Italy, rather than the governorship of a province, as his military command duty after his year in office was over. Caesar was still deeply in debt, but there was money to be made as a governor, whether by extortion [56] or by military adventurism. Caesar had four legions under his command, two of his provinces bordered on unconquered territory, and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable. Some of Rome's Gallic allies had been defeated by their rivals at the Battle of Magetobrigawith the help of a contingent of Germanic tribes. The Romans feared these tribes were preparing to migrate south, closer to Italy, and that they had warlike intent. Caesar raised two new legions and defeated these tribes. In response to Caesar's earlier activities, the tribes in the north-east began to arm themselves. Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and, after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes, he conquered the tribes piecemeal. Meanwhile, one of his legions began the conquest of the tribes in the far north, directly opposite Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic. The Lucca Conference renewed the First Triumvirate and extended Caesar's governorship for another five years. In 55 BC, Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes, and followed it up by building a bridge across the Rhine and making a show of force in Germanic territory, before returning and dismantling the bridge. Late that summer, having subdued two other tribes, he crossed into Britainclaiming that the Britons had aided one of his enemies the previous year, possibly the Veneti of Brittany. He raided out from his beachhead and destroyed some villages. Then he returned to Gaul for the winter. He advanced inland, and established a few alliances. However, poor harvests led to widespread revolt in Gaul, which forced Caesar to leave Britain for the last time. While Caesar was in Britain his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, had died in childbirth. Caesar tried to re-secure Pompey's support by offering him his great-niece in marriage, but Pompey declined. In 53 BC Crassus was killed leading a failed invasion of the east. Rome was on the brink of civil war. Pompey was appointed sole consul as an emergency measure, and married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar. The Triumvirate was dead. Though the Gallic tribes were just as strong as the Romans militarily, the internal division among the guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar. Vercingetorix 's attempt in 52 BC to unite them against Roman invasion came too late. In 50 BC, the Senate led by Pompey ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. Upon crossing the RubiconCaesar, according to Plutarch and Suetonius, is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menanderin Greek, " the die is cast ". Pompey, despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, did not intend to fight. Caesar pursued Pompey, hoping to capture Pompey before his legions could escape. The Year of Julius and Caesar: 59 BC and The Transformation of the Roman Republic | JHU Press

It was a dramatic and momentous time of political intrigue, bloodshed, and murder, one that boasted some of the most famous personalities ever to grace the Roman historical stage. Arguing that this pivotal year demands extended study, Stefan G. Chrissanthos's The Year of Julius and Caesar is the first focused investigation of the period. Chrissanthos uses a single event as his centerpiece: the violent attack orchestrated by Caesar and the "First Triumvirate" on Bibulus and his followers in the Forum on April 4. Before that day, he reveals, 59 had been a typical year, one that provides valuable insight into Roman government and political gamesmanship. But the assault on Bibulus changed everything: the consul retired to his house for the rest of the year, allowing Caesar and his allies to pass legislation that eventually enabled Caesar to take complete control of the Roman state. This detailed reconstruction draws on archeological and literary evidence to describe a watershed year in the history of the late Roman Republic, establish an accurate chronology, and answer many of the important historical questions surrounding the year Written in an engaging and accessible style, The Year of Julius and Caesar will appeal to undergraduates and scholars alike and to anyone interested in contemporary politics, owing to the parallels between the Roman and American Republics. Read more Read less. Amazon Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic Store International products have separate terms, are sold from abroad and may differ from local products, including fit, age ratings, and language of product, labeling or instructions. Manufacturer warranty may not apply. Learn more about Amazon International Store. About the Author Stefan G. Chrissanthos teaches Greek and Roman political and military history at the University of California at Riverside. No customer reviews. How are ratings calculated? To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic, we do not use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness. Review this product Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Back to top. Get to Know Us. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Alexa Actionable Analytics for the Web. DPReview Digital Photography. Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic - Tom Stevenson - Google книги

I have always been fascinated by politics in democratic societies both ancient and modern. The focus of my research and teaching during the past 36 years, though, has been the Roman Republic B. The abundance of literary evidence means that this year is as well documented as any in ancient history. They offer a behind-the-scenes look at Roman politics, something we are rarely privileged to glimpse. I believed that this Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic year cried out for an extended study, something no historian had attempted before, to examine the rich tapestry of people and Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic in the detail not possible in a general history of the late Republic. With this attack 59 abruptly took an entirely new path. As a result of the assault Bibulus retired to his house for the rest of the year allowing Caesar and his allies the freedom to pass numerous laws which would have an enormous impact on the republic. There are two things that set this book apart Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic previous works on the period. One, though many elements in the story have been examined previously, these works did not have nearly enough space to investigate these topics properly. This book will not have the onerous job of following the course of Roman history over a period of decades or a century; instead, it will provide a snapshot of one specific moment in time by exploring the year in appropriate detail. Two, an in-depth study of the year 59 will answer many of the important historical questions surrounding this year. Its most important contribution: this book provides a precise and definite chronology for the year 59, a problem scholars have debated for decades. I hope that this analysis will settle the matter. Though it was not necessarily a surprise, this book demonstrates once again the similarities in the political processes of democratic governments throughout history. Indeed, though the book will not provide any detailed comparisons between ancient and modern history, I hope that it appeals to a general audience not only because of the dramatic nature of the year 59 but also because of the many obvious parallels between Roman and American political history. Though separated by time and space, there were often dramatic similarities between these two states. Each valued freedom Julius Caesar and the Transformation of the Roman Republic in Latinthough there was often intense debate concerning the specific meaning of that term. Both possessed systems in which citizens participated in the political process through voting and office-holding, enjoyed freedom of speech, and expected specific protections under the law. The year 59 B. Because of this constitutional dysfunction there was also a growing willingness amongst citizens and politicians to follow leaders who employed unprecedented, illegal, and even violent tactics if those leaders professed a similar political ideology and attacked perceived or real enemies of the cause. These problems and concerns will be familiar to observers of contemporary American history. Unfortunately, therefore, this book is meant to be a cautionary tale. Thanks in part to the events of 59, the free republic, which had lasted more than four and a half centuries, was eventually transformed into a monarchy, rule by one man, rule by emperor. As a result, political liberty died in the western world for more than a thousand years. I hope that this study of Rome during this pivotal year can help to illuminate contemporary political events and especially the current state of partisan politics by providing a clearer understanding of the origins of the present system and of the constants of a free political process. In particular, it can be hoped that this book will provide a clear warning of the similar dangers that threaten all republics throughout history. Stefan G. Chrissanthos teaches Greek and Roman political and military history at the University of California at Riverside. Skip to main content. JHU Press Blog newsletter.