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Political Islam in the Age of Democratization Middle East Today Series Editors: Mohammed Ayoob Fawaz A Political Islam in the Age of Democratization Middle East Today Series editors: Mohammed Ayoob Fawaz A. Gerges University Distinguished Professor Professor and Chair of Middle Eastern of International Relations Politics and International Relations Michigan State University Director of the Middle East Centre London School of Economics The Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent Gulf Wars, along with the overthrow of the Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, have dramatically altered the geopolitical landscape of the contemporary Middle East. This series puts forward a critical body of first-rate scholarship that reflects the current political and social realities of the region, focusing on original research about the Israeli–Palestine conflict; social movements, institutions, and the role played by nongovernmental organizations such as Hamas, Hezbollah, the Taliban, and the Muslim Brotherhood; Iran and Turkey as emerging preeminent powers in the region—the former an Islamic republic and the latter a democracy currently governed by a party with Islamic roots; the oil-producing countries in the Persian Gulf and their petrol economies; potential problems of nuclear proliferation in the region; and the challenges confronting the United States, Europe, and the United Nations in the greater Middle East. The focus of the series is on general topics such as social turmoil, war and revolution, occupation, radicalism, democracy, and Islam as a political force in the context of modern Middle East history. Ali Shari’ati and the Shaping of Political Islam in Iran Kingshuk Chatterjee Religion and the State in Turkish Universities: The Headscarf Ban Fatma Nevra Seggie Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization Hasan Kösebalaban Nonviolent Resistance in the Second Intifada: Activism and Advocacy Edited by Maia Carter Hallward and Julie M. Norman The Constitutional System of Turkey: 1876 to the Present Ergun Özbudun Islam, the State, and Political Authority: Medieval Issues and Modern Concerns Edited by Asma Afsaruddin Bahrain from the Twentieth Century to the Arab Spring Miriam Joyce Palestinian Activism in Israel: A Bedouin Woman Leader in a Changing Middle East Henriette Dahan-Kalev and Emilie Le Febvre with Amal El’Sana-Alh’jooj Egypt Awakening in the Early Twentieth Century: Mayy Ziyadah’s Intellectual Circles Boutheina Khaldi The Social and Economic Origins of Monarchy in Jordan Tariq Moraiwed Tell Palestinians in the Israeli Labour Market: A Multi-disciplinary Approach Edited by Nabil Khattab and Sami Miaari State, Religion, and Revolution in Iran, 1796 to the Present Behrooz Moazami Political Islam in the Age of Democratization Kamran Bokhari and Farid Senzai Political Islam in the Age of Democratization Kamran Bokhari and Farid Senzai POLITICAL ISLAM IN THE AGE OF DEMOCRATIZATION Copyright © Kamran Bokhari and Farid Senzai, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-00848-0 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-00804-6 ISBN 978-1-137-31349-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137313492 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Integra Software Services First edition: December 2013 10987654321 Dedicated to: Naheed and Chandni and our children Zakaria, Eesa and Enaya This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables and Figure ix Acknowledgments xi Acronyms xiii Foreword xv Fawaz A. Gerges 1 Introduction: The Role of Religion in Politics 1 2 Understanding the Complexity of Political Islam 15 3 Theoretical Framework: Democratization and Islamism 31 4 Participatory Islamists: The Case of the Muslim Brotherhood 49 5 Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis 81 6 Rejector Islamists: al-Qaeda and Transnational Jihadism 101 7 Rejector Islamists: Taliban and Nationalist Jihadism 119 8 Participatory Shia Islamism: The Islamic Republic of Iran 135 9 Arab Shia Islamism: Iraqi Shia Islamists and Hezbollah 153 10 Post-Islamism: The Case of Turkey’s AKP 173 11 Conclusion: Prospects for Muslim Democracies 185 Notes 197 Bibliography 227 Index 243 This page intentionally left blank List of Tables and Figure Tables 2.1 Islamist views of state and society 27 3.1 Islamist attitudes toward democracy 44 Figure 2.1 The Islamist-secularist spectrum 29 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Therearemanypeoplewhohavehelpedusinwritingthisbookandwhose contributions we wish to acknowledge. We have been fortunate to enjoy the kindness, insight and support of many scholars. In particular, we would like to thank Fawaz Gerges and Mohammad Ayoob for their initial suggestion that we write a book on this subject. Their thoughts and insights into this complex topic has always been a valuable resource for us to bounce ideas and shape the contours of our argument. We would like to especially thank our mentors and friends James Piscatori and Abdelwahab El-Affendi. We always appreciated the high standards they set and grateful for the numerous conversations, which helped shape our own understanding of the topic. Over the years we have also bene- fited greatly from comments by and discussions with numerous scholars on the topic of political Islam and democratization. We would like to especially thank Graham Fuller, Yahya Sadowski, John Esposito, Gilles Kepel, Olivier Roy, Peter Mandaville, Muqtedar Khan, Nader Hashemi, Moataz Fattah, Marina Ottaway, Amr Hamzawy, Nathan Brown, Emad El-Din Shahin, Asef Bayat, Carrie Wickham, Jillian Schwedler, Humeira Iqtidar, Larbi Sadiki, Alfred Stepan, Larry Diamond, and Laurence Whitehead. The arguments in the book are stronger due to their invaluable contributions on the subject. As is often the case in a project of this sort, some of the most helpful commentswehavereceivedhavecomefromnumerousconferences,presen- tations and private discussions in the United States, Canada, in Europe and throughout the Middle East and South Asia. While we cannot hope to thank everyone who has influenced our work, we are grateful to the many people that shaped our thinking through countless discussions. We would also like to express our gratitude to the many individuals, scholars, religious leaders and activists that provided personal thoughts, analyses, and access to valuable resources both here and abroad. These include Tony Sullivan, Charles Butterworth, Louay Safi, Jamal Barzinji, Hisham al-Talib, Ahmed Totonji, Omer Totonji, Fathi Malkawi, Radwan Masmoudi, Laith Kubba, Abdulwahab Alkebsi, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Asma Afsaruddin, Husain Haqqani, Hassan Abbas, Vali Nasr, Tariq Ramadan, Ibrahim Kalin, Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Ahmet Davutoglu, Anwar Ibrahim, Rachid al-Ghannouchi, Essam El-Erian, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Abul Ela al-Madi, Abdul Latif Arabiat, Ibrahim al-Houdaiby, Kemal Helbawy, Jamal Khashoggi, Ali al-Ahmed, Hisham Hellyer, Shadi Hamid, Omar Ashour, Khalil al-Anani, Yasir Kazi, Abdelrehman Ayyash, Ali Mohammad, Michael Georgy, Mehrdad Haghayeghi, Ahmed Ibrahim, Kamran Aghaie, Sulayman Nyang, Beth Baron, xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Maria Holt, Roland Dannreuther, Daniel Greenwood, Dibyesh Anand, Simon Joss, Heba Raouf, Merve Kavakci, Shaheen Malik, Fahim Senzai, Tauqeer Ansari, Arshad Khawaja, Ali Swaby, Nasir Mahmood, Shafaqat Ali, Ayaz Parvez and Nisar Ahmed Mirza and many others who are too many to count. Their generosity, good-natured humor, and continued desire for positive change in their respective countries gives us hope for a brighter future in many Muslim societies. Writing a book is never an easy endeavor but there were many friends and colleagues that provided support throughout the process. We would especially thank several individuals that helped us with the editing of the final manuscript, including Hena Khan and Jay Willoughby, for reading every single chapter and providing their valuable editorial assistance. They both invested considerable time and energy to get the book done by the deadline including Hena’s feedback sent to us while on vacation in Spain. They provided immense help in bringing the project to fruition and in achieving greater consistency in the text. We also wanted to thank the superb editorial staff at Palgrave including Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Sara Doskow, Sara Nathan, Flora Kenson, Tara Knapp, and the rest of the production team. We also wanted to thank our research assistants Morgen Munoz, Danielle Giacchetti, Allie Barr, Brooke Latham, Ashley Loetscher and Samra Ahmed for their help at various stages of this project. We would like to especially thank our colleagues at the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding including Iltefat Hamzavi, Shireen Zaman, Siwar Bizri, Farhan Latif, Hamada Hamid and Zareena Grewal. A special thanks is due to our colleagues at Stratfor, in particular George and Meredith Friedman, Rodger Baker, Fred Burton, Scott Stewart, Robert Kaplan, Nate Hughes, Reva Bhalla, Karen Hooper,
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