Could You Survive As a Prisoner of War?
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COULD YOU SURVIVE AS A PRISONER OF WAR? Nearly 30 000 Australians became prisoners of war during World War 2. Of these, 8 172 were prisoners Decision-makerof the Germans or Italians, and 22 376 activity were prisoners of the Japanese held in various camps in Asia and the Pacific area. Of the Australian prisoners in Europe, 264, about 3 per cent died. Of the Australian prisoners of the Japanese, 8 031 – 36 per cent – died in captivity. One who did survive was Weary Dunlop, a doctor in the Australian Army, who provided medical treatment and inspirational leadership for the men under his care. In this decision-maker simulation you will learn about his actions as you go through the unit, and you will learn about the situations that POWs faced, and see if you can make decisions that would help a soldier to survive. A statue of Weary Dunlop and other prisoners of war of the Japanese, Benalla 1 © Ryebuck Media and the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Medical Research Foundation Your Task Your task is to look at 25 situations, each of them based on what actually happened with prisoners of the Japanese on the Burma-Thai Railway. You need to read the information about each situation and the options you will face each time, and make the decision that you think will give you (and others) the best chance of survival. There will be implications for each decision, and there will be consequences. Many of the situations are difficult, and often there is no easy option available. But you have to decide. After you have chosen your option for each situation you will get a response that tells you the consequences of your choice. There will be a score for each option, so you can see whether you are likely to survive because of that decision. You will also be able to see what Weary did each time. Scoring Every decision has consequences. There are four main ways in which each decision has an impact on you: Health points – how Resilience points — how do Mateship points Leadership points — does this decision affect I feel about myself? What — where you do where you make a my physical health and is my mental state? Where something that decision that shows an condition? Where the a decision helps you be helps another, acceptance of leadership, decision improves or does optimistic, or has helped you will gain or that influences others not have an effect on your others, or has reduced 1 point. If your positively, you will gain health, you will gain 1 point. anxiety, you will gain 1 point. decision hurts 1 point. Where your Where it may harm you or Where it increases anxiety or another, you will decision does not show leave you more open to fear or tension, you will lose lose 1 point. positive leadership, even disease or starvation you 1 point – even if it seems to if it helps you personally, will lose 1 point. be the right decision. you will lose 1 point. Sometimes you might choose a situation that will give you points in one area but will mean you lose points in others. For example, if you take your sick mate’s food when he cannot eat it, you will gain health points, but lose mateship points. There are also some Random events. These are events that you have no control over. Your aim Your aim is to survive. However, sometimes you may be faced with situations in which you can protect and help yourself, but at a cost to others. You will need to decide whether surviving at any cost is acceptable, or whether there are some options that you just cannot take, even if it hurts you personally not to take them. You will start off with 40 points. If you lose them all you will not survive. FIG ART25081 2 AWM Click to enlarge 2 © Ryebuck Media and the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Medical Research Foundation Steps for the activity You can work through this activity by yourself, or with others. Read the background information about why Australians were prisoners of war of the Japanese. 1 See pages 4–5. Print the score page to keep a record of your decisions and their consequences as you work through 2 each situation. See page 6. Print the situation pages, or read these situations online. Decide which of the three options you will 3 choose, and record it. See pages 7–11. You now have two ways of proceeding: 4 Work through all the situations, making your choice Work through the first situation, then look and recording it, and then look at the Consequences OR at the Consequences page (online or in print page (online or in print on pages 12–16) to work out on pages 12–16), record your score, and then your score for each situation. move on to the next situation. You should record both the four individual components of the result (the Health, Resilience, Mateship 5 and Leadership points), and the total for each situation. If at any time your total running score reaches0 or below you must finish the game — you have not 6 survived the Burma-Thai Railway experience. After the activity The game has been designed as a concept-development activity. We suggest that it should be used at the start of a study of the POW experience, and then you will be in a better position to appreciate the further information you gain as a result of additional research. At every stage of the game we tell you what happened when Weary Dunlop faced these situations. A detailed study of his extraordinary experiences as a POW has been published as an eStudies article, so you will be able to explore in detail what happened to him personally. To see this go to the Weary Dunlop website www.siredwarddunlop.org.au or to the eStudies site www.ryebuck.com.au/estudies/ . Can you make good decisions that will help you and your mates survive the horrors of the Burma-Thai Railway? Let’s see. Good luck! SIR EDWARD ‘WEARY’ DUNLOP MEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION This educational activity has been developed for the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Medical Research Foundation. It was established in 1985 as part of Sir Edward’s life-long undertaking to promote and improve the welfare of our veteran community. The Foundation’s mission is to improve the quality of life of our returned service personnel. For more information and more educational activities go to www.siredwarddunlop.org.au Click to enlarge FIG ART90844 3 AWM 3 © Ryebuck Media and the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Medical Research Foundation Background to the Thai-Burma Railway Why was Australia at war? Australia went to war in September 1939 because Nazi Germany had invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war to stop German expansionism and aggression, and legally Australia also became automatically involved — though it was also a decision that was supported by most Australians. Initially Australian soldiers served in north Africa and the Mediterranean area, while Australian air force crews served in those places and Europe. Australian naval vessels were serving in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and the Mediterranean and North seas. Why did Japan enter the war? On 7 December 1941 Japan attacked the United States naval base at Hawaii, and simultaneously launched invasions of Malaya and Java. The Japanese military leaders had decided that they could secure vital raw materials for their industrial economy www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au by seizing control of neighbouring areas, and avoiding American economic sanctions imposed after Japan invaded China in 1937. The Japanese hoped to gain control of the natural resources of the invaded areas before the United States could recover from the attack on its aircraft carriers, which were the only weapons that could hold up their advance and defeat them. Australia declared war in support of the British colony of Malaya. By early 1942 Japan controlled Malaya, Singapore, much of New Guinea, New Britain, the Philippines, the Netherlands East Indies, French Indochina, Taiwan, Hong Kong, much of China, and much of the Pacific Ocean. Click to enlarge Who were the POWs? www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au When the Allies surrendered after defeats in Malaya, Singapore and the Netherlands East Indies there were 130 000 soldiers from Britain, the Netherlands, India and Australia taken prisoner. The largest number of the more than 22 000 Australians were the 15 000 men of the 8th Division, in Malaya and Singapore, and the 1000-strong battalions in Ambon, Timor and New Britain. There were also 2 700 soldiers from the 7th Division in Java, 32 Australian Army nurses, and 320 sailors from the HMAS Perth which had been sunk in the Sunda Strait in February 1942. Click to enlarge Where were they kept? The main POW gaol was at Changi. Many of the prisoners were moved to work on the Burma-Thai Railway, in coal mines in Japan, in Borneo, and in other places. Some were kept where they were captured, and executed or starved to death — www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au such as at Sandakan. The main groups set to work on the Burma-Thai Railway were: A Force (Oct 1942) F Force (April 1943) Wilkins Force (Oct 1942) H Force (May 1943) Black Force (Oct 1942) H6 Officers (May 1943) No 5 Java Party (Jan 1943) K Force (June 1943) Dunlop Force (Jan 1943) L Force (August 1943) Click to enlarge D Force (March 1943) AWM P00102_015 AWM Click to enlarge 4 © Ryebuck Media and the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop Medical Research Foundation What was the Burma-Thai Railway? This was a 415 kilometre long track from Thanbyuzayat in Burma (now Myanmar) to Nong Pladuk in Thailand built between October 1942 and October 1943.