DOCSLIB.ORG

Shark-Related Injuries in Hawai'i Treated at a Level 1 Trauma Center

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shark-Related Injuries in Hawai'i Treated at a Level 1 Trauma Center Open access Original research Trauma Surg Acute Care Open: first published as 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000567 on 20 October 2020. Downloaded from Shark- related injuries in Hawai’i treated at a level 1 trauma center Victoria A Scala ,1 Michael S Hayashi ,2,3 Jason Kaneshige,1,4 Elliott R Haut ,5 Karen Ng ,3 Sho Furuta2,3 1Orthopaedic Surgery, University ABSTRACT resultant major injuries.2 Therefore, this study will of Hawai’i at Manoa John Background Although rare, human–shark interactions refer to these interactions as “SRIs” to help promote A Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA can result in a wide spectrum of injuries. This is the first scientific discourse. 2Surgery, University of Hawai’i study to characterize shark- related injuries (SRIs) in Prior studies on SRIs have either used three large at Manoa John A Burns School Hawai’i. independent databases (the Global Shark Attack of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, Methods This is a retrospective review of the State of File (GSAF), the International Shark Attack File USA Hawai’i Division of Aquatic Resources Shark Incidents 3–5 3Trauma, The Queen’s Medical (ISAF), or the South African Shark Attack File), Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA List between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2019. compared shark attack databases with local medical 4Orthopedic Surgery, The Trauma registry data and medical records of patients records (Virginia, USA,6 and La Réunion Island, Queen’s Medical Center, treated for SRIs at the only level 1 trauma center in France7), or presented individual case reports in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Hawai’i were reviewed. South Africa8 and Mexico/Canada.9 In the few 5Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Results Sixty-one patients sustained SRIs in the studies that have identified the shark species impli- USA Hawaiian Islands: 25 in Maui, 16 in O’ahu, 12 in Hawai’i, cated in SRIs, the majority were caused by the great and 8 in Kaua’i. In cases where the shark species could white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in South Correspondence to be identified, tiger sharks were the most frequent (25, Africa5 and by the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) Dr Sho Furuta; sfuruta@ queens. 41%). Four cases were fatal—all died on scene in Maui in La Réunion Island, France.7 org with the shark species unknown. Forty-five survivors This is the first study to characterize SRIs in the This paper was presented as a (79%) received definitive care at regional facilities. state of Hawai’i, where the predominant species of poster presentation at the 79th Twelve (21%) were treated at the level 1 trauma center, shark is the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier).1 Hawai’i Annual Meeting of AAST and of which two were transferred in for higher level of care. is an isolated archipelago of eight major islands in copyright. Clinical Congress of Acute Care Of the 12 patients, 11 (92%) had extremity injuries, with Surgery. the Pacific Ocean, which poses unique challenges 3 lower extremity amputations (25%), 2 with vascular for patient treatment and transport. There is only Received 30 July 2020 injuries (17%), and 5 with nerve injuries (42%). One one level 1 trauma center in the Hawaiian Islands, Revised 11 September 2020 had an injury to the abdomen. All patients had local The Queen’s Medical Center (QMC), located in Accepted 14 September 2020 bleeding control in the prehospital setting, with 9 (75%) Honolulu, on the island of O’ahu. The purposes of tourniquets and 3 (25%) hemostatic/pressure dressings this study were to (1) determine when and where applied for truncal or proximal extremity injuries. The SRIs occurred in the state of Hawai’i; and (2) mean time from injury to emergency department arrival describe SRI patterns, interventions, and medical was 63 minutes. resource utilization in both the prehospital and Discussion Most SRIs are managed at regional hospital setting and the outcomes of the patients facilities, rather than at a level 1 trauma center. http://tsaco.bmj.com/ treated at QMC. Prehospital hemorrhage control is an important survival skill as time to definitive care may be prolonged. For cases treated at the level 1 trauma center, nerve injuries METHODS were common and should be suspected even in the A retrospective review of the State of Hawai’i absence of major vascular injury. Correlating shark Department of Land and Natural Resources Divi- behavior with observed injury patterns may help improve sion of Aquatic Resources (DAR) Shark Incidents public awareness and ocean safety. List between January 1, 2009 and December 31, on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected Level of evidence Level V, epidemiological. 2019 was conducted. Both provoked and unpro- voked incidents were included. Provoked shark incidents are defined by the ISAF as incidents BACKGROUND “when a human initiates interaction with a shark For over half a century, the USA has had the highest in some way.” Examples of activities that provoke number of shark-related injuries (SRIs) of any shark incidents include harassing sharks while © Author(s) (or their country in the world. SRI rates have been increasing diving, spearfishing, feeding sharks, and so on.10 employer(s)) 2020. Re- use Only cases of shark attacks with human injury were permitted under CC BY-NC . No in higher population countries including the USA commercial re-use . See rights and specifically within the region of Hawai’i, but included. Twenty- one shark bites of objects such and permissions. Published the overall number of SRIs per year still remains as surfboards in which the victims were unharmed by BMJ. low.1 Although rare, human–shark interactions can were excluded. All known data associated with each To cite: Scala VA, cause a wide spectrum of injuries. Given this vari- case in the DAR Shark Incidents List were reviewed, Hayashi MS, Kaneshige J, ability of outcomes, one study called for a change including date and time, location, victim’s activity, et al. Trauma Surg Acute Care in nomenclature away from the loaded phrase of water clarity, water depth, treatment facility, injury Open 2020;5:e000567. “shark attack” that connotes shark intent and description, and shark species. Scala VA, et al. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2020;5:e000567. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2020-000567 1 Open access Trauma Surg Acute Care Open: first published as 10.1136/tsaco-2020-000567 on 20 October 2020. Downloaded from Table 1 Characteristics of all shark- related injuries in the state of Hawai’i Survived, n (%) 57 (93) Fatal, n (%) 4 (7)—all on Maui Total 61 Island, n (%) Maui 25 (41) O’ahu 16 (26) Hawai’i 12 (20) Kaua’i 8 (13) Shark species, n (%) Unknown/data insufficient 26 (43) Tiger 25 (41) Cookiecutter 4 (6.6) Galapagos 2 (3.3) Requiem 2 (3.3) Galapagos or sandbar 1 (1.6) Whitetip reef 1 (1.6) Water clarity, n (%) Turbid 35 (57) Clear 24 (39) Unknown 2 (3.3) Activity of unprovoked incident, n (%) Surfing 20 (33) Swimming 14 (23) Figure 1 (A) Shark- related injuries by time of day. Intervals are from :00 to :59. Example: 06:00 is from 06:00 to 06:59. (B) Shark-related Snorkeling 8 (13) copyright. injuries by month. Body boarding 3 (5) Treading water 2 (3.3) provoked SRIs were swimming with sharks (4, 6.6%) and spear- Paddling 1 (1.6) fishing (2, 3.3%). The majority of cases (57%) occurred in turbid Stand- up paddle boarding 1 (1.6) water conditions. Floating 1 (1.6) Fifty-three (87%) shark injuries occurred during daylight Spearfishing 1 (1.6) hours between 08:00 and 17:00 (figure 1A). All four cook- Standing 1 (1.6) iecutter shark injuries occurred during the night between 08:00 and 04:00. Only four injuries (6.6%) occurred during twilight. Kite surfing 1 (1.6) There were insufficient data to identify the shark species involved Total 53 (87) in 26 (43%) injuries. In the 35 cases where the species could be http://tsaco.bmj.com/ Activity of provoked incident, n (%) identified, tiger sharks were the most frequently involved with Swimming with sharks 4 (6.6) 25 (71%). Thirteen of the 25 (52%) tiger shark injuries occurred Spearfishing 2 (3.3) between September and November, with the most injuries occur- Fishing 1 (1.6) ring in October (8, 32%) (figure 1B). Fishing from kayak 1 (1.6) Four cases (6.6%) were fatal—all died on scene in Maui, with the shark species unknown. Two fatalities sustained proximal Total 8 (13) upper extremity injuries—one victim was bitten on the right shoulder, underarm, and right side of the face, and the other on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected victim sustained a right arm amputation below the shoulder. One Trauma registry data and medical records of patients treated fatality sustained a lower left leg amputation and avulsions to for SRIs at QMC were reviewed for further clinical details, the left arm and hand. For the fourth fatality, it was noted that including patient demographics, treatment provided, and patient the victim’s feet were dangling in the water while fishing from a outcomes. kayak when bitten by a shark; however, no further description Descriptive statistics summarizing patient characteristics were of the injury was provided. conducted using Microsoft Excel (Redmond, WA, USA). Of the 12 patients treated at QMC, the mean age was 36.6 (range 10–58) years and 83% were male. All patients had local RESULTS bleeding control in the prehospital setting, with 9 (75%) tour- Sixty- one patients sustained SRIs in the Hawaiian Islands during niquets and 3 (25%) hemostatic/pressure dressings applied for the study period. The island of Maui had the most SRIs with truncal or proximal extremity injuries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sharks for the Aquarium and Considerations for Their Selection1 Alexis L
    FA179 Sharks for the Aquarium and Considerations for Their Selection1 Alexis L. Morris, Elisa J. Livengood, and Frank A. Chapman2 Introduction The Lore of the Shark Sharks are magnificent animals and an exciting group Though it has been some 35 years since the shark in Steven of fishes. As a group, sharks, rays, and skates belong to Spielberg’s Jaws bit into its first unsuspecting ocean swim- the biological taxonomic class called Chondrichthyes, or mer and despite the fact that the risk of shark-bite is very cartilaginous fishes (elasmobranchs). The entire supporting small, fear of sharks still makes some people afraid to swim structure of these fish is composed primarily of cartilage in the ocean. (The chance of being struck by lightning is rather than bone. There are some 400 described species of greater than the chance of shark attack.) The most en- sharks, which come in all different sizes from the 40-foot- grained shark image that comes to a person’s mind is a giant long whale shark (Rhincodon typus) to the 2-foot-long conical snout lined with multiple rows of teeth efficient at marble catshark (Atelomycterus macleayi). tearing, chomping, or crushing prey, and those lifeless and staring eyes. The very adaptations that make sharks such Although sharks have been kept in public aquariums successful predators also make some people unnecessarily since the 1860s, advances in marine aquarium systems frightened of them. This is unfortunate, since sharks are technology and increased understanding of shark biology interesting creatures and much more than ill-perceived and husbandry now allow hobbyists to maintain and enjoy mindless eating machines.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharkcam Fishes
    SharkCam Fishes A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower By Erin J. Burge, Christopher E. O’Brien, and jon-newbie 1 Table of Contents Identification Images Species Profiles Additional Info Index Trevor Mendelow, designer of SharkCam, on August 31, 2014, the day of the original SharkCam installation. SharkCam Fishes. A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower. 5th edition by Erin J. Burge, Christopher E. O’Brien, and jon-newbie is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. For questions related to this guide or its usage contact Erin Burge. The suggested citation for this guide is: Burge EJ, CE O’Brien and jon-newbie. 2020. SharkCam Fishes. A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower. 5th edition. Los Angeles: Explore.org Ocean Frontiers. 201 pp. Available online http://explore.org/live-cams/player/shark-cam. Guide version 5.0. 24 February 2020. 2 Table of Contents Identification Images Species Profiles Additional Info Index TABLE OF CONTENTS SILVERY FISHES (23) ........................... 47 African Pompano ......................................... 48 FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION .............. 6 Crevalle Jack ................................................. 49 IDENTIFICATION IMAGES ...................... 10 Permit .......................................................... 50 Sharks and Rays ........................................ 10 Almaco Jack ................................................. 51 Illustrations of SharkCam
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo Cuvier) on the East Coast of Australia
    The biology and ecology of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) on the east coast of Australia. Bonnie Jane Holmes BSc (Hons) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Biological Sciences ABSTRACT The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Péron and Lesueur 1822) is the largest of the carcharhinids, with a circumglobal distribution in both tropical and warm temperate coastal and pelagic waters. In the western Pacific, G. cuvier movements are wide-ranging, encompassing the east coast of Australia and south Pacific Islands. Throughout the region, G. cuvier is exposed to a range of commercial, recreational, artisanal and illegal foreign fishery impacts, as both a target and by-product species. Listed as ‘near threatened’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, suitable long term species-specific catch, catch rate and biological data are seldom available for large shark species like G. cuvier, particularly where historical commercial fishery logbook reporting has been poor. Shark control programs targeting large sharks along Australia’s east coast have been in operation for over 60 years, using relatively standardised fishing gear in nearshore waters all year round, with historical catch and effort data recorded by shark contractors. Historical catch, catch rate and biological data collected through the Queensland Shark Control Program (QSCP) since 1993 were investigated, which revealed significant declines (p < 0.05) in catch rates of G. cuvier at some tropical and all sub-tropical locations along the Queensland coast. Significant temporal declines in the average size of G. cuvier also occurred at four of the nine locations analysed (p < 0.05), which could be indicative of fishing reducing abundance in these areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Table Tableau Tabla 2
    Table Tableau Tabla 2 Species codes of tunas, Codes des espèces de Códigos de especies de túnidos, tuna‐like species and thonidés, d’espèces de especies afines a los túnidos sharks apparentées et des requins y de tiburones Code / Scientific names / Common names Noms communs Nombres comunes Code / Noms sientifiques / (English) (Français) (Español) Código Nombres científicos Tunas ALB Thunnus alalunga Albacore Germon Atún blanco Thonidés BET Thunnus obesus Bigeye tuna Thon obèse(=Patudo) Patudo Túnidos BFT Thunnus thynnus Atlantic bluefin tuna Thon rouge de l’atlantique Atún rojo BUM Makaira nigricans Atlantic blue marlin Makaire bleu de l'Atlantique Aguja azul del Atlántico SAI Istiophorus albicans Atlantic sailfish Voilier de l'Atlantique Pez vela del Atlántico SKJ Katsuwonus pelamis Skipjack tuna Listao Listado SWO Xiphias gladius Swordfish Espadon Pez espada WHM Tetrapturus albidus Atlantic white marlin Makaire blanc de l'Atlantique Aguja blanca del Atlántico YFT Thunnus albacares Yellowfin tuna Albacore Rabil BLF Thunnus atlanticus Blackfin tuna Thon à nageoires noires Atún des aletas negras BLT Auxis rochei Bullet tuna Bonitou Melva(=Melvera) BON Sarda sarda Atlantic bonito Bonite à dos rayé Bonito del Atlántico BOP Orcynopsis unicolor Plain bonito Palomette Tasarte BRS Scomberomorus brasiliensis Serra Spanish mackerel Thazard serra Serra CER Scomberomorus regalis Cero Thazard franc Carite chinigua FRI Auxis thazard Frigate tuna Auxide Melva KGM Scomberomorus cavalla King mackerel Thazard barré Carite lucio KGX Scomberomorus spp
    [Show full text]
  • This Process Wherein 2 Organisms Help One Another Is Often Called Symbiosis Or Mutualism
    This process wherein 2 organisms help one another is often called symbiosis or mutualism. The terms are often used interchangeably. Technically, mutualism is an ecological interaction between at least two species (=partners) where both partners benefit from the relationship. Symbiosis on the other hand is defined as an ecological interaction between at least two species (=partners) where there is persistent contact between the partners. Coral is an extremely important habitat. Coral is an animal which has a dinoflagellate living in it called Zooxanthellae You can see where the Zooxanthellae live in the coral and these provide oxygen to the coral which provides protection to the Zooxanthellae If the coral is stressed, the Zooxanthellae leave the coral and the coral becomes “bleached” and may die if the Zooxanthellae do not return. Fish have evolved so that the coral provides them with a kind of “background” against which they become harder for predators to see them WORMS Several different phyla Nematodes, Platyhelminthes, annelids etc) . Some people do eat worms but several kinds are parasitic and there are dangers in doing this. Many marine animals will eat worms. ECHINODERMS Some examples: Star fish, sea cucumbers, crinoids Possible to eat, but not much meat! More likely eaten by other animals. Interesting regenerative powers. ARTHROPODS (joint legged animals) Some examples: Crabs, lobsters and so on. Some are edible. Insects are arthropods and many people in the world eat them. Horseshoe crabs, are here too but are more closely related to the spiders than to the crabs proper. Lobster crab Barnacles Horseshoe crab MOLLUSKS Examples: Clams, mussels , snails Clams and other mollusks are regularly eaten around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Galeocerdo Cuvier (Tiger Shark) Family: Carcharhinidae (Requiem Sharks) Order: Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks) Class: Chondrichthyes (Carlilaginous Fish)
    UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology Galeocerdo cuvier (Tiger Shark) Family: Carcharhinidae (Requiem Sharks) Order: Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks) Class: Chondrichthyes (Carlilaginous Fish) Fig. 1. Tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier. [https://worldsbestdives.com/critter-feature-tiger-shark/, downloaded 1 April 2015] TRAITS. Tiger sharks are massive, blunt nosed predators identified as such due to their grey to black tiger-like stripes (Fig. 1). Young tiger sharks exhibit spots thus were previously termed leopard sharks. Large dark eyes. Tiger sharks have distinct tooth shape (Fig. 2), their serrated teeth have finely saw-like ends and thus are sharp with its teeth size being equal on both of its jaws (Castro, 2011). Upper lobe of caudal fin is longer than its lower. Broad based first dorsal fin is bigger than second dorsal. Flaps over its nostrils. The complexion of the upper surface of the shark ranges from blueish to greenish grey to brown or black and the lower surface is white or light grey to a yellow hue. The lighter hue underbelly camouflages due to countershading. Tiger sharks are documented to reach up to 5.5m (Heithaus, 2001; Anderson et al., 2014), and is the fourth largest shark in the world. DISTRIBUTION. Located mainly 45°N to 32°S in warm and temperate waters. Found in Caribbean Sea, the coasts of Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean (Fig. 3) (Serena 2005; Mathea, 2011). UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology HABITAT AND ACTIVITY. Saltwater species generally found in coastal or pelagic waters in depths of approximately 2-145m in shallow coastline habitats, river estuaries, habours, jetties, seagrass ecosystems, near continental and insular shelves.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Composition of the Largest Shark Fin Retail-Market in Mainland
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Species composition of the largest shark fn retail‑market in mainland China Diego Cardeñosa1,2*, Andrew T. Fields1, Elizabeth A. Babcock3, Stanley K. H. Shea4, Kevin A. Feldheim5 & Demian D. Chapman6 Species‑specifc monitoring through large shark fn market surveys has been a valuable data source to estimate global catches and international shark fn trade dynamics. Hong Kong and Guangzhou, mainland China, are the largest shark fn markets and consumption centers in the world. We used molecular identifcation protocols on randomly collected processed fn trimmings (n = 2000) and non‑ parametric species estimators to investigate the species composition of the Guangzhou retail market and compare the species diversity between the Guangzhou and Hong Kong shark fn retail markets. Species diversity was similar between both trade hubs with a small subset of species dominating the composition. The blue shark (Prionace glauca) was the most common species overall followed by the CITES‑listed silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), smooth hammerhead shark (S. zygaena) and shortfn mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Our results support previous indications of high connectivity between the shark fn markets of Hong Kong and mainland China and suggest that systematic studies of other fn trade hubs within Mainland China and stronger law‑enforcement protocols and capacity building are needed. Many shark populations have declined in the last four decades, mainly due to overexploitation to supply the demand for their fns in Asia and meat in many other countries 1–4. Mainland China was historically the world’s second largest importer of shark fns and foremost consumer of shark fn soup, yet very little is known about the species composition of shark fns in this trade hub2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Sharks Facts
    Home Marine Life YouTube Shark wallpaper Coloring Pages Contact Us About Us Privacy Policy Best Artificial Jellyfish Tank Aquarium 21 May 2016 . 50 Tiger Shark Facts - Cool and Informative Subscribe via Email Online University - Atlantic Int'l University Get you degree Online at AIU +120 specializations available aiu.edu Enter your email address: Delivered by Subscribe To Search This Blog Posts Search Comments Featured post Facebook All the Five Oceans of the World All Five Oceans Approximately 71% of the surface of the 1,125 likes world is covered by the five oceans of the world. Most of the water on earth is in the oceans. A... Like Page Twitter Facts About Tiger Sharks Follow @@allfiveoceans We are going to present before you some interesting facts about tiger sharks. It Contact Us is one of the most feared sharks in the ocean. People are afraid of it. The name Name "tiger" also adds to that reputation of its being a dangerous animal. Let us learn some interesting info about it. More.. Email * Tiger Shark Color Message * The normal color of the tiger shark skin is blue or light green or a shade between the two. The lower side of the shark, the underbelly, is generally light yellow. So, there is a contrast between the upper and lower side of the torso. Send Tiger sharks are known for tiger like stripes upon their body. It is most visible in the juveniles, but it fades with maturity. Categories The contrasting color of the upper and lower side of a tiger shark helps Atlantic Ocean the animal to camouflage in the sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazing Shark Facts Answer Sheet
    Amazing Shark Facts Answer Sheet 1. Sharks live in every ocean. Sharks swim in every ocean of the world, from warm tropic waters to icy polar seas. Some live in the deep, dark waters of the ocean, while others bask in sunlit waters close to the surface. Some prefer the high seas, others live in water closer to shore. A few sharks even swim up rivers, and at least one species, the bull shark, is sometimes found in fresh water lakes. 2. All sharks look alike. No, many kinds of sharks which live in the open ocean have torpedo-shaped bodies. Sharks that live near the shore are not as streamlined and some sharks that live on the sea bottom have long, eel-like or flattened bodies. The shape of a shark’s body can be a clue to its habitat and way of life. 3. Sharks were around before dinosaurs. An ancient sharklike fish, called Cladoselache, swam in Devonian seas about 400 million years ago. Most sharks, as we know them today, developed during the Cretaceous Period, about 64 million years ago when dinosaurs ruled the earth. 4. All sharks are dangerous. Definitely not! Of the 370 different kinds of sharks found in the oceans, three are most often involved in attacks on humans: the great white shark, the tiger shark and the bull shark. Sandtiger sharks sometimes bite people and the oceanic whitetip and blue shark have been known to bite victims of sea disasters. 5. Sharks are fish. True 6. All sharks are grey. No, many sharks are quite colorful.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Sharks and Rays
    NSW DPI Identifying sharks and rays A guide for NSW commercial fishers Important If a shark or ray cannot be confidently identified using this guide, it is recommended that either digital images are obtained or the specimen is preserved. Please contact NSW DPI research staff for assistance: phone 1300 550 474 or email [email protected] Contents Introduction 4 How to use this guide 5 Glossary 6-7 Key 1 Whaler sharks and other sharks of similar appearance 8-9 to whalers – upper precaudal pit present Key 2 Sharks of similar appearance to whaler sharks – no 10 precaudal pit Key 3 Mackerel (great white and mako), hammerhead and 11 thresher sharks Key 4 Wobbegongs and some other patterned 12 bottom-dwelling sharks Key 5 Sawsharks and other long-snouted sharks and rays 13 2 Sandbar shark 14 Great white shark 42 Bignose shark 15 Porbeagle 43 Dusky whaler 16 Shortfin mako 44 Silky shark 17 Longfin mako 45 Oceanic whitetip shark 18 Thresher shark 46 Tiger shark 19 Pelagic thresher 47 Common blacktip shark 20 Bigeye thresher 48 Spinner shark 21 Great hammerhead 49 Blue shark 22 Scalloped hammerhead 50 Sliteye shark 23 Smooth hammerhead 51 Bull shark 24 Eastern angelshark 52 Bronze whaler 25 Australian angelshark 53 Weasel shark 26 Banded wobbegong 54 Lemon shark 27 Ornate wobbegong 55 Grey nurse shark 28 Spotted wobbegong 56 Sandtiger (Herbst’s nurse) shark 29 Draughtboard shark 57 Bluntnose sixgill shark 30 Saddled swellshark 58 Bigeye sixgill shark 31 Whitefin swellshark 59 Broadnose shark 32 Port Jackson shark 60 Sharpnose sevengill
    [Show full text]
  • SHARK FACTS There Are 510 Species of Sharks
    1 SHARK FACTS There are 510 species of sharks. Let’s learn more about a few of them. Common Six-gilled Thresher Shark Shark • Known for its 10 foot tail • Can grow up to 16 feet long • Stuns and herds fish with its long tail • Has six pairs of gills instead of the average of five • Warm blooded • Has one dorsal fin at the back of its body • Feeds on squid and schooling fish • Also known as cow shark or mud shark • Prefers to stay towards the top of deep bodies • Deep water shark of water Shortfin Great Mako Hammerhead Shark Shark • Bluish gray on top part of body and white on • Eyes are at opposite sides of its rectangular the belly shaped head • Has extremely sharp teeth, that stick out even when • Feeds on crustaceans, octopuses, rays and its mouth is shut small sharks • Feeds on sharks, swordfish and tuna • Usually found around tropical reefs • Jumps high in the air to escape fishing hooks • Can give birth to over 40 pups in one litter • Fastest of all the sharks as it can swim over 30 mph • Has a heigtened sense of electro-reception 2 SHARK FACTS Bull Nurse Shark Shark • Can grow up to 11 feet long and over 200 pounds • Has long, fleshy appendages called barbels that hang below its snout • Gray to brown in color with a white belly • Feeds on crab, lobster, urchins and fish • Feeds on fish, dolphins, sea turtles and other sharks • Usually found near rocky reefs, mudflats • Found in fresh and salt water and sandbars • Aggressive species • Enjoys laying on the ocean floor • Nocturnal animal Great Epaulette White Shark Shark • Can grow
    [Show full text]
  • 4Th Online Learning #2 ELA Subject: English Language Arts State: Ohio
    4th Online Learning #2 ELA Subject: English Language Arts State: Ohio Student Name: Teacher Name: School Name: Read the passage from Face to Face with Sharks and the passage from Shark Life. Then, answer the questions. Paired Texts - Face to Face with Sharks; Shark Life by from Face to Face with Sharks by David Doubilet and Jennifer Hayes 1 We have photographed hundreds of sharks around the world. Different shark species have different personalities. Sand tiger sharks are calm, and we can swim with them. Great white sharks are very fast, aggressive predators, so we photograph them from a special shark cage. We are always excited to see a shark while we are diving, but we are always careful and cautious because we are visitors in their world. 2 We have never been bitten by a shark. However, some sharks try to bite our camera strobe lights. The sharks sense the batteries' electric charge, and they think the strobes are alive and might taste good. 3 You never know when you will discover a shark surprise. One day we were swimming in eight-foot-deep water off the coast of Tasmania, a large island south of Australia. We looked down and saw more than 15 sawsharks with long snouts, called rostrums, hiding in green algae. We were shocked to see them there because sawsharks usually live in over 100 feet of water. These female sharks may have come into shallow water to birth their pups. 4 We had our favorite shark dive on a very calm day off Gansbaai, South Africa.
    [Show full text]