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Quality Evaluation of Cookies Produced from Blends of Sweet Potato and Fermented Soybean Flour

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Quality Evaluation of Cookies Produced from Blends of Sweet Potato and Fermented Soybean Flour World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 Quality Evaluation of Cookies Produced from Blends of Sweet Potato and Fermented Soybean Flour Abayomi H. T., Oresanya T. O., Opeifa A. O., and Rasheed T. R. Sweet potato is a large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous root Abstract—The study was conducted to evaluate the quality and is an important root vegetable. Besides simple starches, characteristics of cookies produced from sweet potato-fermented sweet potatoes are rich in complex carbohydrate, dietary fiber, soybean flour. Cookies were subjected to proximate and sensory beta carotene (a vitamin A equivalent nutrient), vitamin C and analysis to determine the acceptability of the product. Protein, fat and vitamin B6. Sweet potato has a higher B-carotene content than ash increased as the proportion of soybean flour increased, ranging from 13.8-21.7, 1.22-5.25 and 2.20-2.57 respectively. The crude fibre any other root or tuber crop. Despite the name (sweet) it may content was within the range of 3.08-4.83%. The moisture content of be a beneficial food for diabetics, as preliminary studies on the cookies decreased with increase in soybean flour from 3.42- animals have revealed its help to stabilize blood sugar level 2.13%. Cookies produced from whole sweet potato flour had the and to lower insulin resistance [13]. highest moisture content of 3.42% while 30% substitution had the Soybean is an excellent source of protein (40-45%); hence lowest moisture content 2.13%. A nine point hedonic scale was used the seeds are the richest in food value of all plant food to evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of the cookies. The sensory analysis indicated that there was no significant difference consumed in the world [10]. It is also known to be a good between the cookies produced even when compared to the control source of the trace elements copper, zinc and manganese [6]. 100% sweet potato cookies. The overall acceptance of the cookies It is the only source that contains all essential amino acids. was ranked to 20% soybean flour substitute. Protein content of soybean is about 2 times that of other pulses, 4 times that of wheat, 6 times that of rice grain and 4 Keywords—Cookies, Fermented Soybean, Overall Acceptability, times that of milk. Soybean has 3% lecithin, which is Sweet Potatoes. beneficial for brain development [5]. Fermentation remains an effective, inexpensive method for I. INTRODUCTION extending the shelf life of foods and increasing their HE consumption of cereal snacks foods, such as biscuits, nutritional content. The traditional fermentation process serves Tcookies, wafers and short bread has become very popular several functions, including the enrichment of food substances in Nigeria especially among children. Biscuits are one of the biologically with protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty popular cereals snack foods; apart from bread; consumed in acids, vitamin, poly amines, carbohydrates and numerous Nigeria. They are ready-to-eat, convenient and inexpensive antioxidants and phytosterols, and increases the quantity, food products, containing digestive and dietary principle of availability, digestibility and assimilation of nutrients in the vital importance. They are nutritive snacks produced from body. Fermentation process also evolved for the development unpalatable dough that is transformed into appetizing product of taste and aroma, often resulting in enhanced nutrition and through the application of heat in the oven [19]. In Nigeria, the detoxification of antinutrient factors [18]. consumption of ready-to-eat baked products is continually In this study, efforts have been made to fortify sweet potato growing and there has been an increase in reliance on flour with soybean flour to develop a nutritionally balanced imported wheat [2]. Moreover, Nigeria grows staple crops biscuit. At the same time, to find more utilization for sweet other than wheat such as sweet potato, cassava or yam and potato and soybean in order to encourage the use of cereals that can be used for bakery foods. It would therefore indigenous crops and improve Gross domestic product. be of economic advantage if wheat flour can be replaced with The objective of this study was to produce a nutritionally flour from tubers, legumes and cereals hence reducing the International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16443 balanced cookie/biscuit from blends of sweet potato flour and reliance on its importation and thus enhance the industrial fermented soy flour. utilization of local crops. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD Abayomi H. T. is with the Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.(e-mail: [email protected]). All the raw materials were purchased from Oyingbo market Oresanya, T. O. is with the Center for Entrepreneurship Development, in Lagos, Nigeria. Mature soybean seed, sweet potato tuber Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.(e-mail: (yellow variety), margarine, salt, sugar, and eggs. [email protected]). Opeifa, A. O. is with the Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria. (e-mail: [email protected]) Rasheed, T. R. was a student of the Department of Food Technology, Yaba College of Technology. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 639 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/16443 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 A. Methods III. BISCUIT FORMULATION 1. Preparation of Sweet Potato Flour A. Composition of Biscuit Formulation Ingredient Sweet potato tubers ↓ ↓ Weighing Washing ↓ ↓ Mixing Peeling ↓ ↓ Kneading/ shaping Slicing ↓ ↓ Cutting Washing ↓ ↓ Baking Soaking ↓ ↓ Cooling Draining ↓ ↓ Packaging Drying ↓ ↓ Cookies Milling ↓ Fig. 3 Flow chart for the production of cookies [11] Sieving N.B: Ingredients mixed (flours, fat, sugar, salt, egg, baking powder, ↓ water) Sweet potato flour TABLE I Fig. 1 Flow chart for production of sweet potato flour [8] BISCUIT FORMULATION [16] SAMPLE SPF SBF 2. Preparation of Fermented Soybean Flour SPI 100 0 SPB 90 10 Soybeans SPT 80 20 ↓ SPR 70 30 Sorting ↓ Soaking IV. PRODUCT ANALYSIS ↓ A. Functional Properties of the Composite Flour Fermenting ↓ 1. Water Absorption and Solubility Index Drying To 1g of the sample, 15ml of distilled water was added in a ↓ 25ml centrifuge tube and agitated on a vortex mixer for 2 Milling ↓ minutes. It was then centrifuge at 4000rpm revolutions per Sieving minutes for 20minutes. The supernatant was decanted and ↓ discarded. The adhering drops of water were removed and the Soybean flour tube reweighed again [17]. Fig. 2 Flow chart for the processing of fermented soybean flour [20] WAC = Weight tube + sediment - weight of empty tube Weight of sample 2. Swelling Power 1g of the sample was weighed into 50ml plastic centrifuge International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16443 tube. 50ml of distilled water was added to the sample and mixed gently. The slurry was heated in a water bath at 60, 70, 80, 90, 100ºC respectively for 10 minutes. The solution was gently shaken during heating to prevent clumping of the starch and the solution will be centrifuge at 3000rpm for 10 minutes. Then the supernatant was decanted and dried to determine the amount of soluble solid and dissolved and was used to calculate the solubility. The weight of the sediment was recorded and moisture content of the sediment gel would be determined [22]. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 640 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/16443 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 Swelling power = Weight of the wet mass of seed an empty porcelain crucible, which has been place in a muffle Weight of dry matter in the gel furnace and maintained at 550ºC for 45 minutes after which the crucible was then transferred into the desiccators, cooled and weighed. The percentage ash content was determined 3. Bulk Density using this method. A known amount of samples was weighed into 50mls graduated measuring cylinder. The sample was packed by % Ash = weight of crucible + ash – weight of empty crucible × 100 % gently tapping the cylinder on the bench top 10 times from a Weight of sample height of 5cm. T he volume of the sample was recorded [3]. 3. Crude Fibre Determination Bulk density (g/ml or g/cm3) = Weight of sample 29g of the sample was weighed into 600ml long beaker. Volume of sample after tapping 100ml of hot 1.25% H2SO4 was added (heated), boiled and reflux for 30 minutes. It was then filtered through what man 4. Dispersibility filter paper; the beaker was then rinsed with distilled water 10g of flour samples was weighed into 100ml measuring until the filter becomes neutral. cylinder and distilled water was added to reach a volume of The residue was then transferred into another beaker and 100ml. the set up was stirred vigorously and allowed to settle 100ml of 1.25% NaOH would be added. The digestion process for 3hrs. The volume of settled particles was recorded and was repeated by boiling and refluxed for 30 minutes. It was subtracted from 100. The difference was reported as % then filtered, and the beaker rinsed with distilled water. The dispersibility [15]. residue was then washed with distilled water until the filtrate becomes neutral. The residue was then transferred into the 5. Wettability oven to dry. After drying, it was then coded in a decanter and 1g of the flour sample was dropped from a height 15mm weighed (weight A). The sample was then put in the furnace at onto the surface of 200cm of distilled water contained in 600ºC for 6 hours, then cooled and reweighed (weight B).
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