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Eukaryotes the Eukaryotic Cell

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Eukaryotes the Eukaryotic Cell Slide 1 / 143 Slide 2 / 143 Eukaryotes January 2014 www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 143 Slide 4 / 143 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. 5' cap exocytosis matrix poly-A tail adhering junction exon microfilament pre-mRNA alternative splicing extracellular matrix microtubule protist cell junction food vacuole mitochondrion receptor-mediated endocytosis central vacuole fungi mRNA processing RNA splicing chitin gap junction nuclear envelope rough endoplasmic reticulum chloroplast glycoprotein nuclear pore smooth endoplasmic reticulum chromatin golgi appartus nucleolus stroma chromatin modifying enzyme histone nucleosome tight junction contractile vacuole hydrolytic enzyme nucleus transcription factor cytoskeleton intermediate filament organelle transport vesicle endocytosis intermembrane space peroxisome turgor pressure endomembrane system intron phagocytosis endosymbiosis lumen pinocytosis eukaryote lysosome plasmodesmata Slide 5 / 143 Slide 6 / 143 Eukaryotes Unit Topics Click on the topic to go to that section · The Eukaryotic Cell · The Nucleus & Gene Expression · The Endomembrane System The · Energy-Converting Organelles Eukaryotic · Other Organelles & Cell Structures Cell Return to Table of Contents Slide 7 / 143 Slide 8 / 143 Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes All Cells All cells have 4 things in common. There are 3 key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. · They are surrounded by a plasma membrane (or cell · membrane). Eukaryotic cells are usually larger than prokaryotic cells. · They contain a semifluid substance called the cytosol/cytoplasm. · Eukaryotic cells have small compartments inside them call organelles. · They contain structures called chromosomes, which carry the cell's genes. · Most eukaryotes (but not all) are multi-cellular organisms. · They have ribosomes, which assemble amino acids into proteins. Slide 9 / 143 Slide 9 (Answer) / 143 1Which is NOT a basic feature of all cells? 1Which is NOT a basic feature of all cells? A All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. A All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. B Al cells contain a semifluid substance called the cytoplasm. B Al cells contain a semifluid substance called the cytoplasm. All cells contain structures called chromosomes, which are contained in All cells contain structures called chromosomes, which are contained in C C the nucleus. the nucleus. D All cells have ribosomes. D All cells have ribosomes. C Answer [This object is a pull tab] Slide 10 / 143 Slide 11 / 143 Cell Size Surface Area to Volume Ratio Eukaryotic cells are, on average, much larger than prokaryotic cells. The average diameter of most prokaryotic cells is between At the time when prokaryotic cells were evolving, there were most likely 1 and 10µm. By contrast, most eukaryotic cells are between 5 to different sizes of cells. A cell's efficiency and ability to survive depended 100µm in diameter. on its surface area to volume ratio. Animal Cell (Eukaryote) The volume of the cell determines the amount of chemical activity it can carry out per unit time. The surface area of the cell determines the amount of substances the cell can take in from the environment and the amount of waste it can release. Bacterium (Prokaryote) As a cell grows in size, it's surface area to volume ratio decreases. It performs chemical reactions faster, but it has a harder time getting nutrients in and waste out. Slide 12 / 143 Slide 13 / 143 Limits of Cell Size Organelles We know that cells need to be small enough so that they have To increase efficiency in the an increased surface area to volume ratio, but be large enough to larger cell, eukaryotes perform the chemical reactions of metabolism. evolved many bacterium-sized parts Least Efficient known as organelles. Most Efficient Organelles subdivide the cell into specialized compartments. They play many important roles in the cell. Some transport waste to The smaller the cell, the larger The bigger the cell, the smaller the cell membrane. Others keep the molecules required for specific its surface area and the smaller the surface area is compared chemical reactions located within a certain compartment so theydo not its volume. to its large volume inside. need to diffuse long distances to be useful. Slide 14 / 143 Slide 15 / 143 Organelles Multicellular Organisms Organelles making up Eukaryotic cells include: Even with organelles, the size of the cell is limited to about 1000µm3. · Nucleus · Vacuoles This is why large organisms must · Lysosomes · Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum consist of many smaller cells. · Ribosomes · Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum · Peroxisomes · Chloroplasts · Mitochondria · Golgi Apparatus Slide 16 / 143 Slide 17 / 143 2Which of the following are prokaryotic cells? Diversity of Eukaryotes A Plants Protists: The first eukaryotic cells. Protists are B Fungi single-celled eukaryotes. They range from protozoans to algae. C Bacteria D Animals Fungi: These organisms evolved second in time along with plants. Examples include mushrooms, molds, and mildews. Plants: Plants vary in type from the first plants called mosses to the modern flowering plants. Animals : Animals were the last eukaryotes to evolve. Animals range from ancient sponges and hydra to primates. Slide 17 (Answer) / 143 Slide 18 / 143 2Which of the following are prokaryotic cells? 3 How did eukaryotes solve the problem of small surface area to volume ratio? A Plants A by remaining the same size as prokaryotes B Fungi B by becoming multicellular organisms C Bacteria C C by compartmentalizing functions into organelles D Animals D they haven't solved the problem Answer [This object is a pull tab] Slide 18 (Answer) / 143 Slide 19 / 143 3 How did eukaryotes solve the problem of small surface area to 4 All eukaryotes are multi-cellular. volume ratio? True A by remaining the same size as prokaryotes False B by becoming multicellular organisms C by compartmentalizing functions into organelles C D they haven't solved the problem Answer [This object is a pull tab] Slide 19 (Answer) / 143 Slide 20 / 143 4 All eukaryotes are multi-cellular. True False False The Nucleus & Answer Gene Expression [This object is a pull tab] Return to Table of Contents Slide 21 / 143 Slide 22 / 143 The Nucleus The Biological Nucleus The nucleus from chemistry with protons and neutrons is not the The defining organelle in eukaryotic cell is the nucleus. The same nucleus involved with cells. nucleus of the cell contains the DNA and controls the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis from DNA. Biological Nucleus prokaryotes: pro: before karyon: kernel/seed (nucleus) eukaryote: eu: true The biological nucleus is usually, but not always, in the center of a karyon: kernel/seed (nucleus) cell and it is sometimes referred to as the "control center" of the cell. So prokaryote = "before a nucleus" And eukaryote = "true nucleus" Slide 23 / 143 Slide 24 / 143 Inside the Nucleus 3 Main Functions of the Nucleus The nucleus is enclosed by a double cell membrane structure called the 1. To keep and contain a safe copy of all chromosomes (DNA) nuclear envelope. and pass them on to daughter cells in cell division. The nuclear envelope has many 2. To assemble ribosomes (specifically in the nucleolus). openings called nuclear pores. Nuclear pores help the nucleus 3. To copy DNA instructions into RNA (via transcription). "communicate" with other parts of the cell. Inside the nucleus is a dense region known as the nucleolus. The nucleolus is where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled. They then exit through the nuclear pores. Slide 25 / 143 Slide 25 (Answer) / 143 5Cells that contain a "true nucleus" and other membrane bound 5Cells that contain a "true nucleus" and other membrane bound organelles are _______________. organelles are _______________. A archaea. A archaea. B bacteria. B bacteria. C C eukaryotes. C eukaryotes. Answer D prokaryotes. D prokaryotes. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 26 / 143 Slide 26 (Answer) / 143 6 Where is the DNA of a eukaryote found? 6 Where is the DNA of a eukaryote found? A Nucleus A Nucleus B Nucleolus B Nucleolus C Nucleoid C Nucleoid A D Mitochondria D Mitochondria Answer [This object is a pull tab] Slide 27 / 143 Slide 27 (Answer) / 143 7 How does the nucleus control the activities of the cell? 7 How does the nucleus control the activities of the cell? A By making DNA. A By making DNA. B By directing protein synthesis. B By directing protein synthesis. B By allowing DNA to leave the nucleus to make proteins. By allowing DNA to leave the nucleus to make proteins. C C Answer D By sending instructions to the mitochondria. D By sending instructions to the mitochondria. [This object is a pull tab] Slide 28 / 143 Slide 29 / 143 Many Cells = Same DNA Transcription and Translation All cells in a multicellular eukaryote contain the same genome. Every cell has all the genes necessary to make all parts of the organism. Cells become specialized by only expressing (turning on) certain genes, a small fraction of all the genes in the genome. Transcription and translation occur in Eukaryotes the same as in Prokaryotes, Transcription but there are extra steps that help regulate expression. These muscle cells and brain cells (neurons) have the sameDNA but they are expressing different genes, that is why theirstructure and function are so different. Slide 30 / 143 Slide 31 / 143 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Overview Gene expression is regulated using operons that turn Eukaryotes have much genes on and off more complex depending on the chromosomes that require chemical environment multiple levels of of the cell. regulation including: · "unpacking" of genes · transcription factors · RNA processing Slide 32 / 143 Slide 32 (Answer) / 143 8A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 8A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is AGT. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is AGT.
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