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Monitoring the Effects of Forest Clear-Cutting and Mongoose Herpestes Auropunctatus Invasion on Wildlife Diversity on Amami Island, Japan

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Monitoring the Effects of Forest Clear-Cutting and Mongoose Herpestes Auropunctatus Invasion on Wildlife Diversity on Amami Island, Japan Monitoring the effects of forest clear-cutting and mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus invasion on wildlife diversity on Amami Island, Japan K EN S UGIMURA,KEN I SHIDA,SHINTARO A BE,YUMIKO N AGAI,YUYA W ATARI M ASAYA T ATARA,MIKIO T AKASHI,TAKUMA H ASHIMOTO and F UMIO Y AMADA Abstract Wildlife populations on Amami Island, Japan, The Living Planet Index is a more useful tool for assessing have been affected by forest clear-felling and the introduc- the urgency of particular conservation needs, although tion of alien species, in particular the mongoose Herpestes limited information on species abundance reduces its auropunctatus. We used monitoring data collected over representativeness for some groups. 24 years to track changes in the population sizes of Keywords Biodiversity, habitat change, Herpestes five species of mammals and 20 species of birds. We auropunctatus, Living Planet Index, mongoose, population assigned species to the following groups: indigenous, rare, change, species abundance insectivorous, negatively affected by forest clear-cutting, and negatively affected by mongoose invasion. We examined trends in each group at four time points between 1985 and 2010 using two methods: species abundance estimates and Introduction the Living Planet Index. We then assessed the usefulness he islands of Japan are home to diverse fauna and of these methods as tools for conservation planning. flora and are designated as a biodiversity hotspot Inspecting species individually we identified four main T (Conservation International, 2005). One of the most patterns of abundance change: (a) an increase from the first important areas lies between the Tokara and Kerama to the last census period, (b) an increase in all periods except Straits (Fig. 1), where the largest number of threatened 2009–2010, (c) a decrease from 1985–1986 to 2001–2002 but endemic species of vertebrates occur (Ito et al., 2000; an increase in 2009–2010, and (d) a decrease in all census Sugimura et al., 2003). In 2006,inaneffort to have the periods. We observed certain relationships between these Amami and Okinawa Islands recognized as Natural World patterns and the species groups assigned as above. Heritage Sites, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment According to the Living Planet Index the group negatively started a project to control the introduced small Indian affected by forest clear-cutting did not show significant mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus and to monitor the recovery and the groups of rare species and species abundance of three of the most threatened species on these negatively affected by mongoose recovered to c. 40%of islands: the Amami rabbit Pentalagus furnessi, the Amami the original level after a sharp decline during 1985–2002. woodcock Scolopax mira and the Amami thrush Zoothera dauma amami (Japanese Ministry of the Environment, unpubl. data). KEN SUGIMURA* (Corresponding author) Department of Forest and ff Environment, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail kensugi@affrc.go.jp To investigate the e ects of the mongoose invasion and KEN ISHIDA Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan forestry practices on native species, and to examine conservation needs, we investigated the performance of SHINTARO ABE Naha Nature Conservation Office, Japanese Ministry of the Environment, Naha, Okinawa, Japan the Living Planet Index in comparison with a species- YUMIKO NAGAI and MIKIO TAKASHI Amami Ornithologists’ Club, Japan by-species approach for tracking population changes. The Ornithological Society, Amami, Kagoshima, Japan Living Planet Index assesses the rate of change in each YUYA WATARI Forest Conservation Division, Japan Forest Technology population of a species and then averages the rates for that Association, Tokyo, Japan species over time (Loh et al., 2005; Collen et al., 2008). It is MASAYA TATARA Biodiversity Center, Japanese Ministry of the Environment, particularly useful where abundance has been measured in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan different ways for different species (e.g. frequency of TAKUMA HASHIMOTO Research Division 1, Japan Wildlife Research Center, observation, trapping, field signs). The species-by-species Tokyo, Japan approach has been used to inspect species individually FUMIO YAMADA Research Planning & Coordination Division, Forestry & Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan and identify similar patterns among species (Condit et al., 1996; Lichstein et al., 2002; Møller & Mousseau, 2007; Pillay *Current address: Research Planning & Coordination Division, Forestry & 2011 Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan et al., ). Received 5 March 2012. Revision requested 9 November 2012. To apply the Living Planet Index, species are usually Accepted 16 November 2012. First published online 21 November 2013. grouped according to a biological perspective such as © 2013 Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 48(2), 241–249 doi:10.1017/S0030605312001639 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 27 Sep 2021 at 01:54:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312001639 242 K. Sugimura et al. FIG. 1 The study area on Amami Island, Japan. The rectangle on the inset shows the location of Amami Island in the Pacific Ocean. 3 taxonomy, guild or habitat type (Buckland et al., 2005; in 1963 and at 284,000 m in 1972 (Kagoshima-ken, De Heer et al., 2005; Mineau et al., 2005; Scholes & Biggs, 1964, 1973; Sugimura, 1988), after which it declined 3 2005; Collen et al., 2008; Yamaura et al., 2009). However, abruptly, falling to 5,000 m in 2000 (Kagoshima-ken, groups may contain species that differ in terms of 2001). The endemic fauna was also negatively affected conservation value; e.g. threatened species, pollinators and by the introduction of the small Indian mongoose in insect pest controllers. Furthermore, groups may contain 1979 to control the venomous snake Protobothrops species that are vulnerable to a certain habitat change flavoviridis. The mongoose preyed on other species (Abe and those that are not. We grouped species according to et al., 1999; Watari et al., 2008) and its population grew conservation value (e.g. rare species) and factors that affect and spread rapidly during the 1990s (Yamada & Sugimura, population abundance. This approach may have greater 2004). The study area is central Amami Island (Fig. 1), local relevance and be more useful than approaches that where wildlife populations were monitored during group species by taxonomy or ecological guild (Obrist & 1985–2010. Duelli, 2010). Specifically, we (1) investigated changes in abundance of each species, and any implications, (2) examined how the Methods Living Planet Index performs when species are grouped as indigenous, rare and insectivorous species, and species Monitoring species abundance ff that are negatively a ected by forest clear-cutting and We selected the five mammal and 20 bird species for which 3 mongoose invasion, and ( ) discuss what conservation sufficient data were available for analysis of trends in policies should be implemented based on these two abundance (Table 1). Five mammal and five bird species that techniques. live mainly in forests (Sugimura et al., 2003; Japan Wildlife Research Center, 2008; Amami Ornithologists’ Club, 2009) Study area were not included in this study because there were not sufficient data for analysis, even though eight of these are 2 Amami Island (719 km ) is the seventh largest island in listed on the IUCN Red List (Biodiversity Center of Japan, Japan (Fig. 1) and 85% of its land area is forested. The Island 2007); five of them are cavity nesters, which would be is home to a large number of endemic species as a result of negatively affected by forest clear-cutting (Sugimura, 1987; its separation from mainland Japan and Taiwan 10–1.5 Sugimura et al., 2003; Japan Wildlife Research Center, 2008) million years ago, long before the other islands of Japan and two of them are likely to be at risk of predation by were separated from the continent (Otsuka & Takahashi, the small Indian Mongoose (Japanese Ministry of the 2000; Sugimura et al., 2003). Environment, unpubl. data). All the species are native to Changes in forest cover and introduced predators are Amami Island except the small Indian mongoose and the the major threats to species endemic to the island. The black rat Rattus rattus. Island was once dominated by mature broad-leafed As we focused on long-term changes and did not evergreen forests, in particular Castanopsis sieboldii and monitor species abundance every year, we selected points in Schima wallichii, and all endemic species of fauna were time for comparing changes in the abundance, based on the dependent on these forests. Prior to 1945 the forests periods of the bird surveys, which began in 1985 (Sugimura, were selectively cut, with only the largest trees removed. 1988; Table 1). All but two of the 20 selected bird species were With the introduction of subsidies in 1954 the national recorded using the sample count method (Bond, 1957)at government encouraged forest clear-cutting. Annual stations along forest roads. The same species were surveyed 3 timber production on Amami Island peaked at 251,000 m at the same locations at 8-year intervals until February 2010. © 2013 Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 48(2), 241–249 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.42, on 27 Sep 2021 at 01:54:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available
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