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State of the Climate in 2016

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State of the Climate in 2016 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Chapter Editors Howard J. Diamond Jeremy T. Mathis Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Robert J. H. Dunn Ademe Mekonnen Ted A. Scambos Nadine Gobron James A. Renwick Carl J. Schreck III Dale F. Hurst Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Sharon Stammerjohn Gregory C. Johnson Kate M. Willett Technical Editor Mara Sprain AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY COVER CREDITS: FRONT/BACK: Courtesy of Reuters/Mike Hutchings Malawian subsistence farmer Rozaria Hamiton plants sweet potatoes near the capital Lilongwe, Malawi, 1 February 2016. Late rains in Malawi threaten the staple maize crop and have pushed prices to record highs. About 14 million people face hunger in Southern Africa because of a drought that has been exacerbated by an El Niño weather pattern, according to the United Nations World Food Programme. A supplement to this report is available online (10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.2) How to cite this document: Citing the complete report: Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2017: State of the Climate in 2016. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), Si–S277, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing a chapter (example): Diamond, H. J., and C. J. Schreck III, Eds., 2017: The Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2016”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), S93–S128, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing a section (example): Bell, G., M. L’Heureux, and M. S. Halpert, 2017: ENSO and the tropical Pacific [in “State of the Climate in 2016”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98 (8), S93–S98, doi:10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. EDITOR AND AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (ALPHABETICAL BY NAME) Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Trinidad & Tobago Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Abdallah, A., Agence Nationale de l’Aviation Civile et de Florida la Météorologie, Union des Comores Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS, University of Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Baxter, Stephen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Adler, Robert, University of Maryland, College Park, Center, College Park, Maryland Maryland Beck, H. E., Department of Civil and Environmental Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Costa Rica Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Allan, Richard P., University of Reading, Reading, United Bedka, Kristopher M., NASA Langley Research Center, Kingdom Hampton, Virginia Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Kingdom Corvallis, Oregon Álvarez, Luis A. , Instituto de Hidrología de Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia, College Park, Maryland Bogotá, Colombia Belmont, M., Seychelles National Meteorological Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Services, Pointe Larue, Mahé, Seychelles Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research Bernhard, G. H., Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, California Costa Rica Berrisford, Paul, European Centre for Medium-Range Andreassen, L. M., Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, Oslo, Norway Southampton, United Kingdom Arce, Dayana, Center for Geophysical Research and Bettolli, María L., Departamento Ciencias de la School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Costa Rica Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Argüez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bidegain, Mario, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Montevideo, Uruguay Arzhanova, N. M., Russian Institute for Biskaborn, B., Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Augustine, John, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Germany Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Awatif, E.M., Department of Seasonal Forecast and Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Bjerke, J., Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Tromsø, Norway Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Regional Climate Group, Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Miami, Florida Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Blunden, Jessica, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Báez, Julián, Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina de la DINAC and Universidad Católica Ntra. Sra. de la Bosilovich, Michael G., Global Modelling and Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Bardin, M. U., Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Greenbelt, Maryland Organization, Iran Boucher, Olivier, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CNRS / Barichivich, Jonathan, Instituto de Conservación, UPMC, Paris, France Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Boudet, Dagne, Climate Center, Institute of Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Research, Chile; and Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile Copenhagen, Denmark STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2016 AUGUST 2017 | Si Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland United Kingdom Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Cooper, Owen R., Cooperative Institute for Research in Research Division, Geneva, Switzerland Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Brimelow, Julian, Environment and Climate Change and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Boulder, Colorado Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar and Climate Research Copland, L., Department of Geography, University of Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment and Cross, J. N., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Laboratory, Seattle, Washington Buehler, S., Universitaet Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Cutié, Virgen, Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, of Cuba, Cuba Ontario, Canada Davis, Sean M., Cooperative Institute for Research in Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York de Eyto, Elvira, Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The de Jeu, Richard A. M., VanderSat B.V., Haarlem, University of the West Indies, Jamaica Netherlands Cappelen, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, de Laat, Jos, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Copenhagen, Denmark (KNMI), DeBilt, Netherlands Caroff, P., Météo-France, RSMC La Réunion DeGasperi, Curtis L., King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, Washington Carrea, Laura, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom Degenstein, Doug, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Carter, Brendan R., Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and Demircan, M., Turkish State Meteorological Service, NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey Seattle, Washington Derksen, C., Climate Research Division, Environment and Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida Di Girolamo, Larry, University of Illinois at Urbana– Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Champaign, Urbana, Illinois Victoria, Australia Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/OAR Air Resources Cheng, Ming-Dean, National Taiwan University, and Laboratory, Silver Spring, Maryland Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan Dindyal, S., Mauritius Meteorological Services, Mauritius Christiansen, Hanne H., Geology Department, Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, Huntsville, Alabama Washington
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