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Interworking in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: Comprehensive Framework and Future Trends

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Interworking in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: Comprehensive Framework and Future Trends SALLENT LAYOUT 4/8/10 12:57 PM Page 22 ACCEPTED FROM OPEN CALL INTERWORKING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS: COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK AND FUTURE TRENDS RAMON FERRUS, ORIOL SALLENT, AND RAMON AGUSTI, UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYA IP ABSTRACT text an appropriate interworking of different router wireless access systems is crucial to meet mobile Interworking mechanisms are of prime impor- users’ expectations while making possible the IP tance to achieve ubiquitous access and seamless coexistence of diverse RATs. layer mobility in heterogeneous wireless networks. In The development of interworking solutions this article we develop a comprehensive frame- for heterogeneous wireless networks has spurred (Out work to categorize interworking solutions by a considerable amount of research in this topic, WLAN defining a generic set of interworking levels and especially in the context of IEEE 802.11 wireless access Control network plane its related key interworking mechanisms. The local area networks (WLANs) and cellular net- proposed framework is used to analyze some of work integration. Interworking is linked to many Data plane the most relevant interworking solutions being technical challenges such as the development of considered in different standardization bodies. enhanced network architectures [1, 2], new 802.11 More specifically, I-WLAN and GAN approach- mechanisms and protocols for seamless hand- radio stack es for WLAN and cellular integration, solutions over [3], and advanced management functionali- for WiMAX and 3GPP LTE/SAE interworking, ty for the joint exploitation of heterogeneous Access and the forthcoming IEEE 802.21 standard are wireless networks [4, 5]. Accordingly, interwork- points discussed from the common point of view pro- ing aspects are receiving a lot of attention in vided by the elaborated framework. standardization forums such as the Third Gener- The authors develop ation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP2, Inter- INTRODUCTION net Engineering Task Force (IETF), WiMAX a comprehensive Forum, and IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Committee, An intrinsic characteristic in current and future the new IEEE 802.21 standard [6] for media- framework to wireless communication scenarios is heterogene- independent handover (MIH) being a clear categorize ity, which refers to the coexistence of multiple exponent of such an effort. and diverse wireless networks with their corre- While most published work is focused on par- interworking sponding radio access technologies (RATs). Het- ticular interworking solutions for specific wire- erogeneity is directly associated to the fact that less technologies, this article establishes a solutions by defining no single RAT is able to optimally cover all the comprehensive framework aimed at categorizing different wireless communications scenarios. and analyzing interworking solutions. The pro- a generic set of Hence, a radio technology optimized to provide posed framework is based on the definition of a outdoor coverage to high mobility users may fail generic set of interworking levels along with a interworking levels to meet more demanding data rates in low classification of the related key interworking and its related key mobility indoor scenarios and vice versa. Hetero- mechanisms envisioned so far for heterogeneous geneity is also inherent to technological evolu- wireless networks. The elaborated framework is interworking tion since many new wireless networks are then used to analyze from a common perspective deployed while supporting legacy infrastructures. some of the most relevant interworking solutions mechanisms. Despite RAT heterogeneity, the service proposed for 3GPP, WLAN, and WiMAX net- model pursued under next-generation wireless works. In particular, concerning the integration networks is intended to facilitate the deployment of WLAN and cellular networks, two interwork- of applications and services independent of the ing architectures specified by 3GPP, interwork- underlying RAT. Hence, it is expected that ing WLAN (I-WLAN) [7] and generic access mobile users could eventually enjoy truly seam- network (GAN) [8], are discussed. Next, in the less mobility and ubiquitous service access in an context of coexisting mobile broadband access always best connected mode, employing the networks, interworking solutions for Mobile most efficient combination of available access WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term Evolution/Sys- systems at any time and anywhere. In this con- tem Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE) net- 22 1536-1284/10/$25.00 © 2010 IEEE IEEE Wireless Communications • April 2010 Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA. Downloaded on July 22,2010 at 14:58:00 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. SALLENT LAYOUT 4/8/10 12:57 PM Page 23 works are analyzed [9–11]. Finally, the MIH solution elaborated within IEEE 802.21 [6] is addressed. Specific Common services Specific The rest of this article is organized as follows. services services First, we describe a generic interworking sce- nario for heterogeneous wireless networks and bring up some major considerations about net- work architectures and multimode terminals. From such a basis, the proposed interworking framework is elaborated and the above men- tioned interworking solutions are analyzed. The final section includes our main concluding Wireless Interworking Wireless mechanisms remarks and discusses future trends. network network A B WIRELESS HETEROGENEOUS INTERWORKING SCENARIO Figure 1 illustrates a generic interworking sce- nario for two coexisting wireless networks with partially overlapped coverage. It is assumed that the RAT used in each wireless network can be different, and terminals have multimode capabil- ities. Concerning service provisioning, a common set of services can be offered through both wire- less networks (e.g., voice calls to/from public switched telephone networks), but there can also Figure 1. Generic interworking scenario for heterogeneous wireless networks. be some specific services only available when connected to a given wireless network (e.g., instant messaging and presence services). Besides, as for network access rights, it is tion, this NG can allocate mechanisms to dynam- considered the most general view where two ically acquire operator policies related to QoS wireless networks could belong to different and accounting, and enforce them on a packet- administrative domains (e.g., networks operated by-packet basis for each mobile user. On the by different network service providers) but users other side, a RAT-specific radio link protocol can potentially be attached to either network stack would be used in the air interface. This (e.g., proper roaming agreements exist). Notice radio protocol stack can be entirely allocated in that a more particular case would be where the base stations (BSs) or distributed in a hierarchi- two networks form part of the same administra- cal manner between BSs and some type of radio tive domain (e.g., a mobile operator with Global controllers. The radio link protocol stack com- System for Mobile Communications [GSM] and prises physical, medium access control, and radio Universal Mobile Telecommunications System link control layers. Through this radio protocol [UMTS] networks). In any case, in this article stack, data transfer in the radio interface can be we denote as home network the network from managed, attending to each mobile user’s specif- which a user has obtained his/her credentials, ic needs while simultaneously pursuing an effi- and as visited network any other network to cient usage of radio resources by means of which the user can be connected. appropriate radio resource management (RRM) In such a context, different interworking mechanisms. Hence, BSs and NGs constitute the mechanisms would be needed to attend to the two key elements within the data plane functions set of requirements imposed in terms of ubiqui- (i.e., those functions that are executed directly tous and seamless service access as well as of on the flow of data packets). Additionally, the overall network resource optimization. data plane between BSs and NGs can also com- prise mobility anchoring functions in charge of WIRELESS NETWORKS CHARACTERISTICS receiving data destined for a given mobile and Attending to current architectural trends in next- redirecting the data (usually through tunneling) generation networks [12], wireless networks are to the mobile’s serving BS. mainly devoted to providing network connectivity The management of the overall connectivity services (i.e., bearer services) that may be charac- service is achieved by a network control plane. terized by a given quality of service (QoS) profile. Unlike the data plane, the control plane func- Then, end user service provisioning is supported tions are those that do not directly operate on by means of specialized service platforms (e.g., IP the data flow. This network control plane would multimedia subsystem [IMS]) that become acces- be in charge of handling mechanisms such as sible to the users via those bearer services. network access control (e.g., authentication and Accordingly, Fig. 2 illustrates a generic wire- authorization), accounting and charging func- less network architecture in terms of its main tions, mobility management (e.g., location and network nodes and protocol layer allocation. As paging), security management, and session man- shown in the figure, the wireless network pro- agement. For the sake of brevity, all of the above vides network layer connectivity (e.g., IP connec- mentioned
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