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Children and Violence Main Issues ▼

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Children and Violence Main Issues ▼ United Nations Children's Fund No. 2 International Child Development Centre innocenti digest Florence - Italy CHILDREN AND VIOLENCE MAIN ISSUES ▼ INTRODUCTION 2 THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND VIOLENCE 3 Protecting children from violence 3 DISCUSSION SITE Responding to violence by children 3 ➣ Combating violence PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE TO CHILDREN 4 involving children INTRAFAMILIAL VIOLENCE TO CHILDREN 5 Infanticide and homicide of children 5 Physical assault 6 LINKS Sexual abuse 7 ➣ Contact and programme details Illicit transfer 8 of NGOs working in areas related Traditional practices involving violence 8 to children and violence Mental violence 8 EXTRAFAMILIAL VIOLENCE 9 INFORMATION SOURCES Children and armed conflict 9 Homicide of street children 9 ➣ Selected readings Violence in institutions 10 ➣ General references Sexual exploitation 10 Sport and violence 11 PAST AND FUTURE ISSUES PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE BY CHILDREN 14 Violent crimes 14 ➣ Ordering information Children’s self-inflicted violence 14 ➣ Feedback WHY DO CHILDREN BECOME VIOLENT? 15 The cycle of violence 15 Violent images 16 The Innocenti Digest is compiled by UNICEF International Child Development Centre to provide reliable and easily accessed information on a critical children’s rights concern. It is designed as a working tool for executive decision- makers, programme managers and other practitioners in child-related fields. The issues ▼ INTRODUCTION Violence involving children – violence In the case of many categories of violence The further back in history one goes, the lower directed at children and violence by to children, greater sensitivity is leading to the level of child care, and the more likely chil- greater visibility – a prelude, it is hoped, to dren are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terror- children – is causing increasing con- ized and sexually abused. That this pattern cern in many if not all countries of the effective prevention. Available research from has not been previously noted by historians is world. The intense media spotlight, different countries suggests that, at least out- because serious history has long been considered often on particularly horrific indi- side active war zones, children are most at risk a record of public not private events. 49 vidual cases of violence involving of violence, including sexual violence, within The dependent status of children, and tradi- children, suggests – not necessarily their own homes and from the adults closest to tional assumptions of parents’ and other adults’ accurately – greater prevalence. In the them. But generally attempts to document the authority over them, has made them particu- varied arenas of armed conflict overall extent of violence to children are in larly frequent subjects of violence – just as tra- around the world, children are partic- their infancy, a reflection of the low status of ditional assumptions of male authority have ularly vulnerable to the increased tar- children, and the low political priority bred violence to women. Institutionalization of geting of civilian populations, often accorded to them – and perhaps more immedi- children in schools and child care institutions, with lethal modern weapons. ately a reflection of the individual and collect- ostensibly to provide ‘care’, has often involved ive guilt of adult perpetrators of violence to repressive, authoritarian regimes in which vio- As in all other areas of child policy, the children. lence is endemic, and in which adult violence 1989 United Nations Convention on the It is only in the last few decades that the to children may cause and be compounded by Rights of the Child offers hope of accelerating prevalence of deliberate physical and mental children’s violence to other children. In addi- reform to protect children from all forms of violence to children by parents and other carers tion, traditional assumptions about the unreli- violence. Almost all of the world’s children live has begun to be widely acknowledged. Even ability of children as witnesses have frequently in countries that have ratified the Convention. more recently there has been the ‘discovery’ of led to their complaints or requests for help It asserts children’s rights to physical and per- widespread sexual abuse of children in the fam- being disbelieved or ignored; these assumptions sonal integrity, and States’ obligations to pro- ily and in institutions, and also organized sex- continue to inhibit formal interventions, tect them from “all forms of physical or mental ual abuse, including child prostitution, ‘sex including prosecutions. violence”, from sexual and other forms of tourism’, child pornography and other forms of Greater recognition of the scale of vio- exploitation and abduction, from the effects of sexual exploitation. lence to children, and increasingly active and armed conflict, and from inhuman or degrading With increased visibility of violence consistent challenging of it, follows on from treatment or punishment. The Convention also directed at children comes the realization that societies’ recognition of and responses to vio- provides a framework of principles and stand- children are far more prone to violent victim- lence to women. It is a sad reflection on human civilizations that the smallest and most ards for violence reduction and prevention, and ization than adults: for constructive, rehabilitative responses to The history of childhood is a nightmare from vulnerable of people should have had to wait children’s violent behaviour. which we have only recently begun to awaken. until last for consistent social and legal recog- nition of their equal right to physical and per- Violence and children defined sonal integrity, to protection from all forms of interpersonal violence. Only a handful of For the purpose of this Digest, violence is defined as deliberate behaviour by people against countries have as yet adopted laws to give people liable to cause physical or psychological harm, borrowing and adapting a definition used by various national commissions set up to consider violence and its prevention. The definition children the same protection that adults enjoy could, of course, range wider to include societal forms of violence – the effects of poverty, from physical assault. In most states violent exploitative child labour, and lack of adequate health care and education, and non-deliberate punishments, including beatings with tools, neglect by the state, parents and others. But the focus here is on interpersonal violence to remain common and sanctioned by the law. and by children. Sexual abuse and exploitation are included because, although (as defined in Nevertheless, there is now growing recog- most countries) they do not necessarily involve violence or coercion, the vast majority of nition that asserting children’s right to protec- Innocenti Digest 2 - evidence indicates their generally harmful effects. Children’s involvement in armed conflict tion from ‘routine’ physical violence in the and its effects on them also have strong links to the forms of violence considered here. The focus is not simply on the widely used term ‘child abuse’, because its definition in home and in institutions is as vital to improv- policy and practice differs so greatly from country to country, culture to culture. Many forms ing their status as it has been to women’s sta- tus to assert their equal right to protection Children and Violence of violence that are harmful to children lie outside common definitions of child abuse. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the other hand, now almost universally ratified, from routine violence in the home and the com- emphasizes all children’s right to physical integrity – to protection from “all forms of physical munity. Leading this trend is the Committee on or mental violence”. the Rights of the Child, the international moni- A ‘child’ is defined, as in the Convention, as everyone from birth to his or her 18th toring body for the Convention, which has birthday. 2 consistently challenged laws that permit any The issues physical punishment of children, recommend- in childhood and later life. Violence to children very survival of human societies in the future. ing clear legal reform and educational pro- is inextricably linked to violence by children, Reducing violence to children has immense grammes. and to manifestations of adult violence. No potential for transforming societies for the bet- Alongside recognition of the prevalence of country can be complacent about any level of ter. As stated by the Australian National violence to children has come growing aware- violence involving children. Insensitive and vio- Committee on Violence: The greatest chance we have to prevent violence in ness, through research, of the dangers of it, and lent treatment of children, like insensitive and society is to raise children who reject violence as a of the links between early experience of vio- violent treatment of the environment, threatens method of problem-solving, who believe in the right lence, and violent and other antisocial behaviour not just the quality of human lives today, but the of the individual to grow in a safe environment. 44 ▼ THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND VIOLENCE The Convention on the Rights of the and States’ duty to ensure survival and develop- (Article 3); the child’s right to life and maximum Child, adopted by the United ment to the maximum extent possible; development must be respected (Article 6); the Nations General Assembly in 1989 ● Article 12 underlines children’s right to express child’s views should be ascertained and taken and ratified as of August 1997 by all their views and have them taken seriously. seriously (Article 12). Restriction of liberty – but two of the world’s countries, In addition, articles oblige States: whether in the penal system or in ‘welfare’ or provides clear principles and stan- ● to take measures to abolish traditional prac- other systems – should be used only as a last dards for the protection of children tices prejudicial to the health of children resort and for the shortest appropriate time from violence, and for the treatment (Article 24.3); (Article 37).
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