CRIME and JUSTICE at the MILLENNIUM Essays by and in Honor of Marvin E

CRIME AND JUSTICE AT THE MILLENNIUM Essays by and in Honor of Marvin E. Wolfgang CRIME AND JUSTICE AT THE MILLENNIUM Essays by and in Honor of Marvin E. Wolfgang edited by Robert A. Silverman Queen's University, Canada Terence P. Thornberry University at Albany, USA. Bernard Cohen Queens College, USA. Barry Krisberg San Francisco, USA. SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crime and justice at the millennium: essays by and in honor of Marvin E. Wolfgang! edited by Robert A. Silverman ... let a1.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4419-4930-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-4883-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4883-3 1. Wolfgang, Marvin E., 1924- 2. Crime. 3. Criminology. 4. Criminal justice, Administration of. I. Wolfgang, Marvin E., 1924- II Silverman, Robert A., 1943- HV6025. C69 2001 364-dc21 2001050334 Copyright © 2002 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Printed on acid-free paper. The Publisher offers discounts on this book for course use and bulk purchases. For further information, send email to<[email protected]>. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction Introduction Ira Lipman ix Essays in Honor of Marvin E. Wolfgang: An Overview Terence P. Thornberry, Bernard Cohen, Robert A. Silverman Xlll Acknowledgments xxv Reflections on a Scholarly Career: An Interview with Marvin E. Wolfgang Freda Adler 1 II. Crime and Justice at the Millennium A. The Criminal in Society 1. Patterns of Violent Behavior Subcultures of Violence and Beyond: Theory Integration in Criminology Charles F. Wellford, David A. Soule 15 Political Violence: Patterns and Trends Austin T Turk 31 Intimate Partner Violence: The Legacy of Marvin Wolfgang's Thinking Albert P. Cardarelli 45 Social Stress and Violence in Israel: A Macro Level Analysis Simha F. Landau 59 Violence among Russian-Germans in the Context of the Subculture of Violence Theory Elmar G.M Weitekamp, Kerstin Reich 81 2. Criminal Homicide Arrest Clearances for Homicide: A Study of Los Angeles Marc Riedel 99 VI Trends and Patterns of Homicide in Australia Satyanshu Mukherjee 121 3. Longitudinal Studies Investigating Race and Gender Differences in Specialization in Violence Alex R. Piquero, Stephen L. Buka l35 Carrying Guns and Involvement in Crime Alan J Lizotte, Trudy L. Bonsell, David McDowall, Marvin D. Krohn, Terence P. Thornberry 153 4. Victims of Crime Victim Categories of Crime Revisited Simon I. Singer 169 B. The Criminal in the Arms of the Law 1. Policing A Minimum Requirement for Police Corruption Carl B. Klockars, Maria R. Haberfeld, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Aaron Uydess 185 Community Policing in Canada: An Evaluation for Montreal Andre Normandeau 209 The Wolfgang Legacy on the Intersection of Race and the Death Penalty Ruth-Ellen M Grimes 231 2. Juvenile Courts Should the Juvenile Court Survive? Barry Krisberg 239 C. The Criminal Under Restraint 1. Prisons The Life of Lifers: Wolfgang's Inquiry into the Prison Adjustment of Homicide Offenders Hans Toch 253 va Truth in Sentencing and Prison Infractions James J Collins, Donna L. Spencer, George H Dunteman, Peter H Siegel 273 III. In His Own Voice: Selected Essays by Marvin E. Wolfgang In His Own Voice Barry Krisberg 291 Victim Precipitated Criminal Homicide Marvin E. Wolfgang 293 Seeking an Explanation Marvin E. Wolfgang 307 Violence, U.S.A., Riots and Crime Marvin E. Wolfgang 317 The Social Scientist in Court Marvin E. Wolfgang 337 Youth Crime: Sumer and Later Marvin E. Wolfgang 353 Crime and Punishment in Renaissance Florence Marvin E. Wolfgang 365 We Do Not Deserve To Kill Marvin E. Wolfgang 383 Of Crimes and Punishment Marvin E. Wolfgang 397 INTRODUCTION Ira Lipman Marvin Wolfgang was the greatest criminologist in the United States of America in the last half of the 20th century, if not the entire century. We first met on March 3, 1977, in Philadelphia. I sought him out after his work with Edwin Newman's NBC Reports: Violence in America. He was a tender, loving, caring individual who loved excellence-whether it be an intellectual challenge, the arts or any other pursuit. It is a great privilege to take part in honoring Marvin Wolfgang, a great American. Our approaches to the subject of crime came from different perspectives one as a researcher and the other as the founder of one of the world's largest security services companies. We both wanted to understand the causes of crime, and our discussions began a more than 21-year friendship, based on mutual respect and shared values. Dr. Wolfgang's scholarship aimed for the goal of promoting a safer, more prosperous society, one in which economic opportunity replaced criminal enterprise. He never saw crime in isolation but as part of a complex web of social relations. Only by understanding the causes and patterns of crime can society find ways to prevent it. Only through scholarship can the criminal justice community influence policy makers. To encourage the innovative scholarship that marked Marvin's career, Guardsmark established the Lipman Criminology Library at the University of Pennsylvania, at his request, and created a national criminology award in his name, the Wolfgang Award for Distinguished Achievement in Criminology. This honor is awarded at the annual American Society of Criminology convention, and, as Wolfgang imagined, it has become known as the "Nobel Prize of Criminology." The Wolfgang Award recognizes the person whose work most clearly upholds the standards set by Marvin during his outstanding career. In 1993, we presented the first Wolfgang Award to its namesake. In the months before his death in 1998, Marvin chose a committee to recommend his successors for the award. Since then, we have presented this award to criminologists who exemplify the qualities of scholarship and intellect that Marvin possessed. His celebrity was not limited to the United States. He was a visiting professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and the University of Cambridge in England, and he also practiced his profession in Buenos Aires, Paris, x Crime and Justice at the Millennium Belgrade, Rome, Stockholm and Oslo. In addition, Dr. Wolfgang advised many governments, including those of England, Israel, Italy and China. Marvin also exerted a worldwide influence through his academic contributions. In 1994, the British Journal of Criminology named him "the most influential criminologist in the English-speaking world." During nearly 50 years at the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned his doctorate, Dr. Wolfgang introduced and developed a method of analyzing great amounts of crime data over several years-such as arrest records for a cohort of individuals. These "longitudinal studies" found patterns that helped predict criminal behavior. Before Marvin Wolfgang, criminology focused on criminal psychology and anecdotal material. Wolfgang's 1958 study, Patterns of Criminal Homicide, changed that focus. By analyzing nearly 600 murders in Philadelphia, his research found that more than a quarter of the victims had instigated the violence. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort, published in 1972, was his greatest work. This study of 10,000 Philadelphia boys demonstrated that a relatively small number of repeat offenders were responsible for a large percentage of crime-a finding that has influenced legislative bodies and policy makers around the world. As one writer put it, "Much of what everybody really knows about crime came from [Marvin Wolfgang's] research." At the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Wolfgang was a professor of criminology and law and director of the Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, named for his mentor, Penn criminologist Dr. Thorsten Sellin. Under Marvin's guidance, Penn became the center of criminology studies. More than 100 doctoral students, many of whom are now professors at universities around the world, thrived from his mentoring, which produced a new generation in criminology. Studying with him bestowed a prized credential. An extraordinary teacher, his lessons coupled the substance of his scholarship and high expectations. Students responded with top-level performance. It is impossible in a limited space to do justice to Dr. Marvin Wolfgang's career and his impact on public policy. He served as president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science and the American Society of Criminology, as a leader of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency for twenty-five years, and as the editor of The Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law and Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Dr. Wolfgang served on several presidential commissions as research director for such topics as Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (Johnson administration); Causes and Prevention of Violence (Johnson and Nixon administrations) and Pornography (Nixon administration). His many honors included the Guggenheim Fellowship and the Fulbright Prize; the Dennis Carrol Prize, presented by the International Lipman XI Society for Criminology; the American Society of Criminology's August Vollmer Research Award; and the Roscoe Pound Award, presented by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency for distinguished contributions to the field of criminal justice. Dr. Wolfgang's interests were varied; his intellectual curiosity ranged across many disciplines, giving a breadth and depth to his scholarship. His research on crime was always grounded in the context of human society and history, in the way people actually lived. Before Dr. Wolfgang, the science of criminology was not widely known. By pioneering interdisciplinary partnerships between sociologists, psychologists, medical professionals, economists, political scientists and statisticians, he elevated criminology into the center of social studies.

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