Cross Ties, Summer 2009/Vol. 4, No. 2 Humanities WorkInvestment Humanities Civic 2 as 2009/Vol.No. Summer Ties,4, Cross Mid-Atlantic Regional Center for the Humanities Rutgers University-Camden

Volume 4, No. 2 Summer 2009

Humanities Work as Civic Investment: The Emerging Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia

acing the prospect of deep declines good of the whole rather than the short-term Texasof University Collection, Map Library Perry-Castaneda courtesy map; Survey Geological U.S. Fin funding, cultural organizations gains of a few. Philadelphia may serve as a throughout the region are being challenged case in point. to sharpen the case for the value they bring to the communities they serve. A common Years after then Mayor Edward Rendell argument stresses the ways they enrich made arts and culture a central feature of the people’s lives through exposure to new ideas city’s revitalization, the cultural community and experiences. Some organizations point did not benefit collectively. Rising visitation additionally to the economic returns they to Independence National Historical Park, for generate through increased levels of tourism. instance, failed to extend to nearby cultural Less well developed has been the case for institutions. Despite the new Independence the civic value such organizations could Visitors Center, the opening of the National generate, especially if their individual efforts Constitution Center, and significant were aggregated. investments in the Avenue of the Arts along sections of Broad Street, their Yet typically initiatives in one quarter cumulative effect on Philadelphia’s civic do not translate into obvious benefits for life remained limited. whole communities. A fiscal crisis can Philadelphia, 1898 make the situation even worse by prompting It took another kind of crisis, but that situation organizations to scramble towards self- changed in the wake of the controversy protection. However, a strong sense of over the President’s House at 6th and In This Special Issue shared civic identity enhanced through active Market Streets. The prolonged, contentious, and ultimately successful campaign to Humanities Work as Civic Investment: collaboration can serve as a buffer against The Emerging Encyclopedia of commemorate that site and the full range of competitive self-interest by favoring the Greater Philadlelphia its occupants, including slaves and indentured 1-3 servants, at the entrance to the new Liberty As announced in the last issue, Bell Pavilion opened the way to new levels of Profiles in Civic Collaboration 4-5 Cross Ties is now publishing three cooperation within the historical community times annually, with the summer edition (see reports in the Summer and Fall 2007 Famous Last Words: a special theme issue. This summer issues of Cross Ties). Difficult as it had been, Gary B. Nash Cross Ties is focusing on the developing a full range of stakeholders came away from 6-7 Philadelphia encyclopedia project, that experience understanding that even the as an example of the ways a most complex historical stories can be civic history-based project can connect assets, if they are built upon good research, individuals and institutions to the past strong advocacy to stimulate public interest, in acts of civic engagement. and high levels of collaboration.

www.march.rutgers.edu Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009 Photo by Clem Murray; courtesy Murray; Clem by Photo Philadelphia Inquirer Philadelphia

Steven Conn, professor of history at Ohio State University and an associate editor of the Philadelphia encyclopedia, leads discussion during the opening session at the April 2009 workshop at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Planners of a proposed encyclopedia of the effort at synthesis and interpretation could Historic Germantown, a newly formed Greater Philadelphia are building on these connect disparate experiences in time and partnership of fourteen organizations intended realizations by grounding their effort in a space in ways that would greatly enhance a not just to provide greater efficiencies civic partnership intended to generate returns sense of collective identity and purpose within through shared purchasing, promotion, and that will serve participating organizations the region. the like, but also to magnify their collective both individually and collectively. The effort story (see Spring 2009 issue of Cross starts with the University of Pennsylvania In addition to featuring the lessons of Ties). Additionally, the Historical Society Press as publisher and the Historical Society the President’s House controversy, the of Pennsylvania described its PhilaPlace of Pennsylvania as the host civic partner. workshops considered landmark projects initiative, to be launched in September as Another two dozen organizations ranging from currently underway in the region. These a Web-based resource intended to connect libraries, museums, and historical societies to include a documentary film project, multi-ethnic stories to places across time in policy and advocacy organizations complete America’s First City: Philadelphia, being specific Philadelphia neighborhoods. Its effort the roster of cooperating institutions. produced by businessman and former to incorporate local knowledge into a larger Philadelphia mayoral candidate Sam Katz; interpretive framework offers a model for The basis for this partnership formed in an ambitious architectural survey of the mining local knowledge across the city and, in workshops funded by the Barra Foundation city advanced by the Preservation Alliance the process, generating new levels of interest in April. There, the editors argued that for Greater Philadelphia; The Civil War in area heritage. the traditional synthesizing role of a city History Consortium, which is promoting encyclopedia could be leveraged to new and connecting regional commemoration Other presentations illustrated how advantage through a broad process of public of the Civil War; and a reinvigorated Geographic Information Systems technology engagement. Short-term outcomes would National History Day brought back to life in is making it possible to visualize the include a host of products, including tours, Philadelphia by a new partnership. Profiles of region in new ways. Temple University’s public programs, podcasts, and a new Web site these and other initiatives follow this essay. Metropolitan Philadelphia Indicators Project that would serve as a portal to a range of data and the Reinvestment Fund’s policy map on the metropolitan area. In the longer term, Some of the efforts discussed at the April chart contemporary social and economic workshops are neighborhood based, notably

 www.march.rutgers.edu Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009

trends in Greater Philadelphia. Additional courtesy Murray; Clem by Photo projects signify the potential for tracking historical trends, notably the Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network, a joint effort of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia and the Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collection Libraries, and PhillyHistory.Org, Philadelphia Inquirer Philadelphia a project supported by the city’s Department of Records. Both sites allow visitors to search historical maps to locate specific places and to track processes of change over time.

One challenge for the proposed encyclopedia is to link contemporary with historic mapping. If this can be done effectively, users will be able to place themselves and their local ancestors within the process of urban change, tracing paths of geographic mobility over generations, for example, or the changing demographics of specific neighborhoods. As yet another way of placing individuals in history, the editors propose to feature stories shared by members of the public on-line and at neighborhood workshops within the context of larger trends, in a series of integrative and analytical essays.

Consider the multiple ways an encyclopedia project might address the story of immigration to Philadelphia. Its broad outlines through the early twentieth century are well established, but it has become fragmented when the focus Kim Sajet, president and chief executive officer of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, makes a point turns to newer immigrants, who arrived during a session at the Philadelphia encyclopedia workshop at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. To her left is Eric Halpern, Director of the University of Pennsylvania Press. following the liberalized national policy enacted in 1965. Yet as a panel during the publications and more broadly public venues The building blocks for cultural vitality and April workshop made clear, a good deal such as PhilaPlace and its successor Web civic identity are not formed overnight, but of research on the subject is emerging from sites. An associated benefit of such integrated the foundations exist in the Philadelphia area universities. Just as important has been thinking for a number of topics could be a area. Even as the city has coalesced around the ethnographic research generated by the more fully shared view of regional identity. the commemoration of the story of slavery Historical Society of Pennsylvania for a at the nation’s premier site of liberty at the Thus the potential civic returns begin to series of exhibits on new immigration. Both President’s House, its cultural community emerge, made possible by further investments sources of information extend the temporal can transcend its fragmentation and present in collaboration, ongoing public involvement, and conceptual reach of earlier work, and a comprehensive vision of the area. The and critical thinking. As area cultural advanced Web capacity offers opportunities proposed encyclopedia promises to accelerate institutions both contribute to the stories told to both visualize trends and bring to the fore that process, even as it builds upon what has and benefit from new knowledge generated, seldom heard voices addressing continuing already been accomplished. the greater Philadelphia cultural community themes of settlement choices, challenges gains collectively. Done effectively, the Howard Gillette is professor of history at Rutgers University to community building, and, ultimately, – Camden, director of MARCH, and coeditor of the encyclopedia project promises to realize a group identity. The process of discovery and proposed encyclopedia of Philadelphia with Charlene Mires long-desired but elusive goal of making the of Villanova University and Randall Miller of St. Joseph’s understanding generated by an encyclopedia region’s story greater than the sum of its parts. University. ●✕ project can advance in tandem with academic

 Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009

PROFILES IN CIVIC COLLABORATION Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania of Society Historical Courtesy History Making Productions plans a interest in public programming related twenty-five-part film series documenting to the Civil War era. Collectively, they the city’s history from 1575 to 2010, seek to preserve, link, and promote the currently titled America’s First Great City: stories, collections, and sites that reveal Philadelphia. Working with a $400,000 the Philadelphia region’s crucial role in the start-up grant from the Barra Foundation United States’ struggle for liberty and unity and additional donations from other during the Civil War era by developing foundations and individuals, the project has meaningful heritage and educational established a compact among some thirty- experiences and stimulating community and five Philadelphia-area heritage, cultural, and economic development. To accomplish this, arts institutions, many of them with archival CWHC aims to marshal the resources of resources. Partners receive support for PhilaPlace, scheduled to launch in early southeastern Pennsylvania to: 1.) facilitate digitizing visual materials that may be used September, is an interactive Web site that communication among local, regional, in the film. These will also to be collected connects stories to places across time in and state entities, consortium members, in a single repository open to public use. Philadelphia’s neighborhoods. It will feature and collaborators; 2.) create structures for Producer Sam Katz and filmmaker Mark interpretive text, audio and video clips, linking sites and develop a sustainable Moskowitz have made available the first photographs, primary documents, pod cast infrastructure for presenting nineteenth- of eight planned “webisodes;” it features tours, and lessons for K-12 teachers. Initially century history; 3.) build and share local President Abraham Lincoln’s funeral the site will focus on Old Southwark and the collections; 4.) create interactive Web procession through the city in 1865 and can Greater Northern Liberties, communities that resources; 5.) support K-12 education; be accessed at the film website at www. built the city’s reputation as the “workshop and 6.) coordinate quality programming. HistoryofPhilly.com. A pilot episode treating of the world.” Visitors, however, will be able CWHC is also part of a larger initiative, the city’s history from 1864 to 1876 will to submit stories about any neighborhood Civil War Pennsylvania 150, which is be completed this summer and screened through text, photographs, audio, and video. overseeing multiple collaborative projects throughout the city for feedback during the Much more than a Web site, this initiative statewide, including a comprehensive fall. In addition to showing the documentary reaches out to the greater Philadelphia Web site at www.pacivilwar150.org. on public television, Katz hopes to introduce community through participatory workshops The Consortium’s Web site is at episodes into area schools and place pertinent for the public and teachers, trolley tours, http://www.civilwarconsortium.org. episodes on partner websites. and printed neighborhood guides. Funded by the National Endowment for the PhillyHistory.Org is a Web-based database Courtesy History Making ProductionsMaking History Courtesy Humanities among other sources, PhilaPlace of some twenty-five thousand photographs is a collaborative project undertaken by in the collections of the Philadelphia City The Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Archives. Users can search for images partnership with the City of Philadelphia based on geographic location, subject Department of Records, the University of matter, or date. In addition, an interactive Pennsylvania School of Design, and other map locates where all photographs were institutions and community organizations. taken near an address, intersection, or The PhilaPlace Web site is at neighborhood, helping users place historical www.PhilaPlace.org. settings in current context. Developed by Avencia, a Philadelphia software The Civil War History Consortium development firm, the historical assets (CWHC) is a group of more than sixty- framework developed for this site has been

Construction of Broad Street Railroad Station, 1890. five Philadelphia-area organizations modified for application to collections formed to develop and coordinate plans to of photographs, maps, audio, and visual commemorate the 150th anniversary of the materials maintained by other cities, Civil War from 2011 through 2015. All organizations, and universities. participants, whether they hold relevant collections, are a historic site, or work to Established thirty years ago, National attract visitors to the region, have an History Day (NHD) engages more than seven hundred thousand middle and high

 www.march.rutgers.edu Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009

school students from the United States and in every part of the city. Associated thematic The Metropolitan Philadelphia Indicators American schools in Europe in developing treatments of such topics as rowhouses Project (MPIP), a program of Temple history-themed projects based on original and industrial structures provide context, University’s Geography and Urban Studies research. Similar to the Westinghouse enabling the identification of links among Department, maintains updated information Science Fair in that the national competition structures. The information will be used to on a series of social indicators for more builds upon a series of local and statewide guide preservation planning for the city. than three hundred and fifty communities History Days, NHD thus expands students’ The Alliance’s Web site is at in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, skills in historical inquiry and critical http://www.preservationalliance.com/. spanning nine counties in Pennsylvania thinking within the context of state and local and New Jersey. The indicators range from education benchmarks and standardized Network GeoHistory GreaterPhiladelphia Courtesy basic demographics and socioeconomic testing requirements. Spearheaded by the characteristics of the population to data about National Archives Mid-Atlantic Region, such aspects of community life as education, NHD in Philadelphia formed in 2004 on the arts and culture, and the environment. Each basis of collaboration among more than forty year, MPIP publishes Where We Stand, a institutions, which provide financial and in- report that assesses change in the region in kind support, furnish volunteer judges, and a dozen dimensions. Community members, conduct workshops to introduce students The Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory civic activists, researchers, and planners Network is a user-friendly way to view

and teachers Philadelphia Day History National Recordsfor of Department Philadelphia Courtesy may obtain information about prevailing to the city’s more than five thousand maps and prints conditions in their own or other communities extraordinary on line. Hosted by the Athenaeum of by logging onto the project Web site at historical assets. Philadelphia, this Web site employs the www.temple.edu/mpip. There, users The cost for the nearly universal Google Maps technology to can create maps, graphs, tables, and reports Philadelphia enable users to overlay and switch between drawing upon all of the project’s data. They program in current and historic maps. In addition to can choose to look at the entire region or 2009 is more materials held by the Athenaeum, the Free any part of it. Temple faculty researchers than $180,000. Library of Philadelphia, the University of associated with MPIP have used the project’s A hallmark Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia Historical information resources to support the work of of NHD in Commission, and the Historical Society civic partners ranging from Public Citizens Philadelphia of Frankford, the site provides access to for Children and Youth, to Select Greater is that it Savoy-Weeks Richards of Christopher historical and contemporary aerial photos Philadelphia, the Greater Philadelphia Columbus Charter School, Philadelphia, as well as historical topographical maps enables student discussed her History Day project, Cultural Alliance, and Ten Thousand Friends “B.F. Skinner - The Man Who Changed from the United States Geological Survey. participation Our Views on Behavior,” with of Pennsylvania. History Day judges Michael Sentman Also, PhilaGeoHistory data has been linked without regard of the Philadelphia City Archives for economic or and Marla Shoemaker of directly to images of the built environment Policymap.com is a national data Philadelphia Museum of Art. social barriers in the region on the Philadelphia Architects warehouse and mapping tool developed by providing qualifying participants with and Buildings (PAB) Web site, so that each by Philadelphia’s Reinvestment Fund, a scholarships to attend both the state and image in PAB can be located on a number community investment group that works national History Day competitions. Its Web of historic maps. These two resources across the Mid-Atlantic Region. For a fee, site can be viewed at will allow viewers to track changes in the site provides on-line access to data, http://www.ushistory.org/nhdphilly. land use, the built environment, and the tables, charts, reports, and maps in a user- geographic context of individual sites friendly Web platform. It combines publicly The Preservation Alliance for Greater over time. The Athenaeum’s Regional available data with other proprietary data, Philadelphia, which promotes historic Digital Imaging Center continues to scan such as demographic and employment preservation in the region, has launched and post geographical material to the site projections and home sales. Subscribers the first ever comprehensive survey of and expects to add at least one thousand can upload their own data as well as Philadelphia’s built environment. Overlaying additional images within the next year. The view where other subscribers have made scanned copies of historical atlases on PhilaGeoHistory network can be accessed at investments. Although geared to investor contemporary maps, researchers are www.philageohistory.org PAB’s site is at decision-making, the system can also identifying historically important buildings, http://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/ provide guidance to civic and government including those no longer extant, pab/index.cfm. organizations about social and economic trends that could affect policy decisions. ●✕

 Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009

FAMOUS LAST WORDS GARY B. NASH Courtesy Gary B. Nash B. Gary Courtesy Isn’t It Time for an Encyclopedia of Philadelphia?

The following is a slightly edited increased history’s popularity. Why not, when excerpt from a talk Gary Nash gave people for the first time find in accounts of the on October 23, 2007, at the Historical past figures like themselves – alike in color or Society of Pennsylvania as part of a class, religion or region, sex or social situation? conference presenting a twenty-five- year retrospective on the publication, History, we are finding out, when it is complex, Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. ambiguous, paradoxical, myth-shattering, and even shocking, can be thought-provoking, useful, In this light, isn’t it time to launch an As we move forward in the twenty-first century, and a prod toward civic engagement. Narratives encyclopedia of Philadelphia? Here are four it bears remembering that for half of the quarter- of triumph and glory will always have a market, reasons why. Number one, Philadelphia is century since Philadelphia: A 300-Year but human empathy with less than oversized ready for it. The wave of gentrification and History1 appeared we have witnessed fiery figures, as much in history as in literature, has Center City’s renaissance have transformed battles over what history is, what it should be, created a market as well. Moreover, only an downtown Philadelphia and the adjacent who owns it, and who is entitled even to speak inclusive history – filled with shadows as well neighborhoods. Philadelphia’s new skyline historically. Here in Philadelphia controversy as sunshine, balancing the profane against the and the business revival associated with has swirled around the exhibits to be installed in prophetic, interweaving order and disorder – can it have driven the city forward. History- the new Liberty Bell Pavilion and then in the hue overcome the defeatist notion that the past was driven tourism and the magnetic Avenue and cry over an interpretation of the President’s inevitably determined. This is particularly fitting of the Arts have also contributed to this House. What all of these heated debates shared in an open and generally optimistic society vibrant reinvention of William Penn’s was an argument about how the world’s most that prizes the autonomy of the individual. green country town. Philadelphia now has powerful democracy should portray its past and In a democracy we should be proud to be a history-hungry population, swelled not whether we want our children to learn about honest enough to interweave the heroic and only by culturally sophisticated in-town and the sordid and corrupt as well as the heroic tragic chapters of history, to braid together the suburban come-to-town professionals but by and praiseworthy. Here, as elsewhere, such destinies of the great and the inconspicuous, ordinary people eager to know of their part controversies show that history is hot, that the to write history from the bottom up and the in the city’s history. I am not talking about public cares about history, and that more of inside out as well as from the top down. Here a jargon-clotted multiplicity of miniature the people in the streets than could have been in Philadelphia, we have seen this happen as the academic treatises but an engaging book imagined, especially those whose history has President’s House controversy has morphed into that would draw the kind of praise bestowed been forgotten or demeaned, insist that their the public’s fascination with the archaeological on the Encyclopedia of New York City.2 As stories be told. excavations at Sixth and Market Streets, where the New York Times book reviewer wrote: buried history rises to the surface. Tourist and “No one with even a passing interest in New Let’s be candid. We have a quarter century of resident Philadelphian, blue collar and white York will be able to live without it.” And scholarship that pleases some and offends others. collar, young and old, black and white –people from the New Yorker: “The Encyclopedia Much of the new scholarship sensitive to race, who have never laid eyes on each other – have of New York City is very much like strolling religion, gender, and class has displeased many been having conversations about forgotten stories the streets of the city itself; both provide people, including some academic historians, who and buried history. The National Park Service, visual surprises and pleasures, chance miss what they remember as a more coherent traditionally wary of creating emotional or encounters, overheard conversations, and and worshipful rendition of the past. In my view, intellectual “dissonance” for visitors, has come unexpected enlightenment. It is unexcelled such purported coherency depended heavily to see that “an intellectually unsettled visitor” companionship.” on excluding large segments of the population, is a sign of a citizen in a mature democracy. making it a coherency for the included and Park Service rangers will tell you that talking Second, such an encyclopedia can be readily a dismissal of the excluded. And it ought to about the gritty as well as the glorious, raising done – and done handsomely. The book is be recognized that the explosion of the social questions rather than providing final answers, already half-written simply because so much history of the many, following our motto of earns them compliments instead of curses. Philadelphia history has been produced in e pluribus unum, one from the many, has recent decades. Imbedded in this work is

 www.march.rutgers.edu Cross Ties Newsletter/ Summer 2009

the essence of a great many of the thousand Sara Lee Foundation, the book provides a planners, architects, and of course historians or two thousand entries that would comprise working architecture that is easily replicable. to discuss what they would like to have such an encyclopedia. For the other half, we included in such a work. Some people have a veritable factory of history workers Fourth, a distinguished publisher – the would call this outreach, old patrician primed to take their places on an assembly University of Pennsylvania Press, is willing institutions reaching out to the people; but line of writing encyclopedia entries. The and ready. And why not? The Encyclopedia I call it “in-gathering” – bringing people three major centers of doctoral dissertation of New York City, wonderfully edited by Ken together in a project of this sort. If you research and writing – the McNeil Center Jackson, was published fourteen years ago by wish, call me a cock-eyed optimist to think for Early American Studies, the Library Yale and has sold more than eighty thousand that the creation of the encyclopedia of Company of Philadelphia’s Program in copies to date – one of Yale University Philadelphia could do its mite to honor Early American Economy and Society, and Press’s top-five best sellers in its century- Penn’s hope for a peaceable kingdom on the Hagley Library’s Center for the History long history. The University of Chicago Press the shores of the Delaware, for it would of Business, Technology, and Society sold some forty-five thousand copies of the reach every part of the city and give every – assemble each fall a small horde of worker Chicago volume in just three years. It would group and institution the satisfaction that bees with keen minds, nimble pens, and be the responsibility of Penn Press to do the they and their predecessors are imbedded a desire to break into the profession by designing, copy editing, and indexing of the in the book. And isn’t that just what the publishing in a prestigious project. And then volume, while anticipating the joyous sound Historical Society of Pennsylvania is now there are those not breaking in but being of the cash register ringing. doing with its innovative PhilaPlace project busted out – the talented journalists of the Creating such a work could have an – a collaboration with the city’s Department Philadelphia Inquirer and other local papers indirect added value of incalculable of Records, the Preservation Alliance for who are the casualties of down-sizing. benefit. In a city that has had its share of Greater Philadelphia, and The University ethnic, racial, and political tensions, the of Pennsylvania’s School of Design that Third, several models for an urban is ransacking the collective memory of encyclopedia lay before us. More process of organizing, designing, writing, and publishing the volume could have an Philadelphia neighborhoods? Joan Saverino, than twenty years ago, David Van the Historical Society’s assistant director Tassel launched the first modern urban annealing effect on the city’s diverse peoples 3 and neighborhoods. I foresee a parallel to for education, says, “We want people to encyclopedia in Cleveland. Drawing understand that they are part of history, part on a yearning for Cleveland pride as the the unexpected way in which the President’s House excavation at Sixth and Market, and of the larger historical story.” That’s what city was trying to recover from the rust- Studs Terkel has said of The Encyclopedia belt syndrome, he found support from the hammering out of exhibits that will arise there, pulled together parts of the city of Chicago, that it belongs to all the people twenty-seven foundations, thirty-nine of the brawny city of broad shoulders. local companies, and sixteen individual that were known better for fisticuffs than community-minded people. But even more clasping hands. The idea of interpreting Here in Philadelphia, almost all the stars are sophisticated models are now available. the President’s House started with bad aligned. It’s time to move forward. The Encyclopedia of Chicago,4 published feelings but then became an exercise in civic engagement. Creating an encyclopedia can Gary B. Nash is Professor Emeritus of History at the in 2004, with an electronic version made University of California Los Angeles. Among the premier available a year later, is a triumph of learn from that experience. Following a historians of early American, he has focused much of his conceptualization and design. Funded by model employed in Chicago, the organizers work on Philadelphia. He is serving as a consulting editor to the encyclopedia project. ●✕ the National Endowment for the Humanites, of an encyclopedia of Philadelphia could the MacArthur Foundation, the City of – indeed should – invite librarians, museum Chicago, the State of Illinois, Bank One, curators, business leaders, politicians, Boeing Corporation, BP Foundation, and the professionals, community activists, churches, voluntary associations, urban

1 Barra Foundation, Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1982).

2 Kenneth T. Jackson, ed., Encyclopedia of New York City ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).

3 David D. Van Tassell and John J. Grabowski, The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1987); 2nd ed. 1996; now available on line at http://ech.case.edu/.

4 James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, eds., The Encyclopedia of Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); on line at http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/

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Digging in the City Cross Ties: News and Insights for Humanities Professionals Summer 2009 Volume 4, Number 2

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