THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR STUDIES IN AND EAST EUROPE

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Customer Services Depmtment, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, The Challenge of East-West Migration for Poland

Edited by

Krystyna Iglicka Institute of Statistics and Demography Warsaw School of Economics and

Keith Sword School of Slavonic and East European Studies University ofLondon

in association with

Palgrave Macmillan First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-27046-0 ISBN 978-1-349-27044-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27044-6

First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21423-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The challenge of East-West migration for Poland I edited by Krystyna lglicka and Keith Sword. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21423-4 (cloth) I. Poland-Emigration and immigration. 2. Poland-Population policy. 3. Post-communism-Europe. 4. Europe-Population. I. Iglicka, Krystyna. II. Sword, Keith. JV8195.C47 1998 325.438'09'049-dc21 97-52374 CIP © School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with w1itten permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the tenns of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1 P9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 To the memory of Keith Sword (1949-1998) Contents

Preface ix Lists ofFigures, Maps and Tables xi List ofAbbreviations XVI Notes on the Contributors xviii

1. Introduction Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword

2. Recent Migration in Poland: Trends and Causes 15 Marek Okolski

3. Migration Flows in the 1990s: Challenges for Entry, 45 Asylum and Integration Policy in Poland Tomasz Kuba Kozlowski

4. 'Guarded Welcome' A Review ofNew Legislation 66 and Institutions Dealing with Migration and Foreigners Slawomir Lodzinski

5. Straz Graniczna: The Mission, Structure and 90 Operations of Poland's Border Guard Paul Latawski

6. Patterns of Spatial Mobility of Citizens of the Former 105 Soviet Union Marek Jerczynski

7. The Economics of Petty Trade on the Eastern Polish 120 Border Krystyna Iglicka

8. Cross-Border 'Suitcase Trade' and the Role of 145 Foreigners in Polish Informal Markets Keith Sword

vii viii Contents

9. The Return of Emigrants from to Upper 168 Silesia: Reality and Prospects Krystian Heffner

10. The Attitudes and Patterns of Behaviour ofPo1es 206 towards Foreigners in the Light of Recent Studies Krystyna S/any

Bibliography 224 Index 234 Preface

This volume appears as the result of the activities undertaken by researchers attached to the Polish Migration Project (PMP) at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at the University of London. Since the establishment of the PMP in 1982, research has focused on a number of issues concerning migration from Poland. Reports have been produced on the origin of the Polish community in Britain, the mass deportation of Poles to the Soviet Union in 1939-1941, and the ethnic identity of the second generation of Poles in Great Britain. Currently, the research focus of the Project is on contemporary events. As far as population movement is concerned, the political and economic changes that have occurred since 1989 in all the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have brought about phenomena of a kind which have not been recorded in Poland over the whole post-war period. The Project is currently examining population movements into Poland since the ending of communist rule in 1989 - in particular, the different categories of migrants crossing Polish frontiers: asylum-seekers, labour-seeking immigrants, petty traders, tourists, and those in transit. Against this background, domestic legislative changes, challenges for entry, asylum and integration, migration policy, and changing relations with neighbouring states are important. In the near future the Project will focus on problems concerning the role and place in the society of 'old' ethnic minorities in Poland (Germans, Ukrainians) and the formation of new ones (Vietnamese, Armenians). The problem of foreigners in Poland is a subject scarcely studied and insufficiently described. Description and explanation of the substance, mechanism, causes and consequences of that phenomenon are a compelling task for the researcher. The book contains not only a large amount of statistical and factual material concerning the movement of population through Polish territory on an east-west axis during the first decade after the collapse of the communist system, but also the results of the most recent empirical

ix X Preface studies on foreigners in Poland and the perception of Polish society towards them. The volume has been compiled on the basis of papers prepared for a Social Sciences Seminar series at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London at the beginning of 1997. The editors would like to thank the M. B. Grabowski Fund for its generous support ofthe seminar series. Additional thanks are due to the M. B. Grabowski Fund, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Polish Science Foundation, Warsaw, and the School for funding the Post-Doctoral Fellowship which enabled Dr Krystyna lglicka to spend the 1996/97 academic year affiliated to the Polish Migration Project. It was through her efforts that the seminar series came to fruition. Dr Sword wishes to acknowledge receipt of a grant from the School's Research Fund which enabled him to make a three-week research trip to Warsaw during May and June 1997. The editors would also like to extend their thanks to Catherine Pyke of the Geography Department, University College, London - for drawing and redrafting maps and diagrams for this volume; also to Kate Rew, Jonathan Rew and Marion Lloyd for help in preparing the final typescript for publication.

Bloomsbury Keith Sword March 1998 Krystyna Iglicka

Keith Sword died suddenly in April 1998. I should like to record my profound gratitude for his optimism, cheerfulness and unflagging stamina which characterised our co-operation. Brief as this was, it generated so many fruits. This volume is but one of them.

Warsaw Krystyna Iglicka July 1998 Figures

3.1 Border Crossings - Entries and Exits in the Period 46 1990-96 (both foreigners and Polish citizens)

3.2 Border Crime (illegal border crossing) in the Period 53 1990-96; the Number of Persons Detained by Border Guards (both foreigners and Polish citizens)

3.3 Asylum-Seekers in Poland in the Period 1992-96 (by 56 main countries of citizenship)

3.4 Asylum-Seekers in Poland in the Period, 1.1. 1995- 58 3 1.12. 1996

3.5 Decisions on Refugee Claims in Poland in the Period 59 1993-96 (taken at the first instance)

3.6 Decisions on Permanent Residence Permits in Poland 63 in the Period 1993-96

6. 1 Types of Migration into Poland from the East l 08

6.2 Current Forms of Migratory Movements from the 109 Former Soviet Union into Poland (conceptual framework)

6.3 Forms ofExternal Migratory Movement 1946-94 110

6.4 Entries of Foreigners into Poland from the Former 1 12 USSR, and Romania, 1970-96

7. 1 Respondents by Education and Gender 126

7.2 Respondents by Nationality 128

xi xii Figures

7.3 Petty Traders and Job Seekers by Gender 132

7.4 Dependence between the Distance and the Frequency 133 of Movement

7.5 Respondents who would like to work m Western 138 Europe by Gender and Age

7.6 Respondents who would like to live in Western 139 Europe by Gender and Age

9.1 Examples of Advertisements in Upper Silesian 185 Newspapers with Offers of work in Germany for those with Dual Citizenship

9.2a Correlation between Emigration and Immigration 192 Areas in the

9.2b Correlation between Emigration and Immigration 195 Areas in the voivodeship

I 0.1 Opinion on introducing Restrictions on Immigration 210 to Poland (by the country of immigration of respondent)

I 0.2 Attitude to other Nationalities 213

I 0.3 Attitude to other Nationalities (respondents who 215 answer 'friendly')

10.4 Attitude to other Nationalities (respondents who 216 answer 'unfriendly')

10.5 Description of other Nationalities (1994) 218

I 0.6 Description of other Nationalities (1996) 219 Maps

6.1 Arrivals in Poland of Citizens of the Former USSR by 114 Major Border Crossings, 1993 (in thousands)

6.2 Pattern of Circulation within Poland of Temporary 116 Migrants from the Former USSR, 1992-93

7.1 Places of the Survey on the Eastern Polish Border 123

7.2 Respondents by Place of Residence 129

Legend to Map 7.2 130

8.1 Location of the Largest Polish Open-air Markets 149

8.2 Location of the Stadium Market in Warsaw and its 157 Various Transport Links

9.1 Upper Silesia until the End of the First World War 171 (1918)

9.2 Upper Silesia until the End of the Second World War 173 (1945)

9.3 The Autochthonous Population in Silesia 181

9.4 The German Minority in Contemporary Poland 182

9.5 Immigration Areas in Upper Silesia 197

xiii Tables

3.1 Exits of Poles from Poland and entries of foreign 47 citizens to Poland between 1985 and 1996

3.2 Foreigners who obtained permanent residence permits 62 in Poland, 1993-1995; largest national groups

7.1 Respondents by age and gender 124

7.2 Respondents by gender and education 125

7.3 Respondents who declared knowledge of foreign 135 languages by gender and age

7.4 Respondents who would like to settle in Poland by 136 age and gender

7.5 Respondents who would like to work in Western 137 Europe by gender and age

7.6 Respondents by attitudes towards working in Western 137 Europe and education

7.7 Respondents who would like to settle in Western 141 Europe by age and gender

7.8 Respondents by attitudes towards settlement in 141 Western Europe and education

8.1 Estimates of the turnover of main informal markets in 148 Poland in 1995 and forecasts for 1996 (millions of new zloties)

8.2 Purchases made by Foreigners at the Polish Bazaars 153

xiv Tables XV

8.3 The value of expenditures in Poland, 1993-1996, 154 made by foreigners from states neighbouring Poland

9.1 Features distinguishing the regional structures in 170 Upper Silesia

9.2 Regional origins of the population of the Opole and 175 Katowice in 1950 by place of residence in August 1939

9.3 The population of the Opole and Katowice 177 voivodeships during the period 1946-1995

9.4 Estimates of the autochtonous Silesian population and 180 the German minority in Opole and Katowice voivodeships, 1977 - 92

9.5 Ethnic identification of the autochthonous population 183 in Opole Silesia

9.6 Changes in the structure of emigration from Opole 186 Silesia

9.7 Reasons for immigration to Germany from Central 188 and Eastern European Countries

9.8 Share of selected urban centres and communes in 194 total immigration to Opole Silesia, 1992-94 (%)

9.9 Share of selected urban centres and communes in 196 immigration to Katowice voivodeship, 1991-94 (%) List of Abbreviations

CoE - Council of Europe

CSO- (see GUS)

GUC- Glowny Urzad Celny- Main Customs Office

GUS- Glowny Urzad Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office)

10M- International Organisation for Migration

IUSSP- International Union for the Scientific Study of Population

KG SG - Komenda Glowna Strazy Granicznej -Headquarters of the Border Guard

KOP- Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (pre-war) Border Protection Force

KSP - Karla Stalego Pobytu- Permanent Residence Permit

MOSG- Morski Oddzial Strazy Graniczej- Maritime Division of the Border Guard

MSW -Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnetrznych- Ministry oflnternal Affairs (until February 1997)

MSWiA- Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnetrznych i Administracji - Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration (from February 1997)

NJW -Nadwislanska Jednostka Wojskowa - Vistula Military Unit

PESEL- Panstwowy Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludnosci• Central Electronic Population Record System

xvi List ofAbbreviations XVII

PRP (see KSP)

SG - Straz Graniczna - Polish Border Guard

SOPEMI- Continuous Reporting System on International Migration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

UP A - Ukrainska Powstancza Armia - Ukrainian nationalist guerilla forces

WOP- Wojska Ochrony Zagranicza -Border Protection Force (communist period)

WUP- Wojewodzki Urzad Pracy - Regional (that is, Voivodeship) Employment Office Notes on Contributors

KRYSTIAN HEFFNER Professor of Geography, and Director (until 1996) of the Silesian Institute in Opole. He specialises in regional studies, especially those concerning Upper Silesia and the Polish-Czech and Polish• German borderlands.

KRYSTYNA IGLICKA (ed.) Lecturer at the Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics. Since 1994 a member of the Center for Migration Research at the Institute for Social Studies, Warsaw University. Head of a project on 'Migration from the former USSR in Poland' sponsored by the Research Support Scheme in Prague.

MAREK JERCZYNSKI Research Fellow at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences. His research interests include urbanisation and urban systems development, processes and patterns of population migration and, currently, East-West migratory movements in Central Europe and the former Soviet Union.

TOMASZ KUBA KOZLOWSKI Director, Office for Migration and Refugee Affairs (OMRA), Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs (till 1997); Polish representative to the Council of Europe Commission on Migration. OMRA was established in 1990 as the major government organisation to cope with the emerging inflows of foreigners to Poland. Amongst its activities, it promotes in-depth studies on immigration to Poland.

PAUL LATAWSKI Lecturer in History at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), University of London and is an Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London. Principal research interests include political and military affairs in contemporary Poland and security policy in Central Europe.

xviii Notes on Contributors xix

SLA WOMIR LODZINSKI Lecturer at the Institute for the Study of Developing Countries, University of Warsaw and is also a senior advisor to the Bureau of Research at the Chancellory of the Polish Sejm. His research interests include ethnic studies, especially the protection of ethnic and national minorities, and migration policy.

MAREK OKOLSKI Professor of Demography, Faculty of Economics and head of the Migration Centre for Research, Institute for Social Studies, Warsaw University. Consultant on migration to the Polish government and to the International Organization of Migration, the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

KRYSTYNA SLANY Lecturer in Sociology, Institute of Sociology at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow. Head of a project on 'Sociological and demographic characteristics of emigration trends in contemporary Poland'. She based her habilitation dissertation ( 1996) on the recent migratory movement of people from Central and Eastern Europe.

KEITH SWORD (ed.) Sometime Lecturer in Sociology, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. Research interests included: the history of Polish migration and the Polish diaspora (especially during and after Second World War), social adaptation and ethnicity of Poles abroad.