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The Challenge of East-West Migration for Poland Studies in Russia and East Europe

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The Challenge of East-West Migration for Poland Studies in Russia and East Europe THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND STUDIES IN RUSSIA AND EAST EUROPE This series includes books on general, political, historical, economic and cultural themes relating to Russia and East Europe written or edited by members of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in the University of London, or by authors working in association with the School. Recent titles include: Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwiilder (editors) THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations John Channon (editor) POLITICS, SOCIETY AND STALINISM IN THE USSR Geoffrey Hosking and Robert Service (editors) RUSSIAN NATIONALISM, PAST AND PRESENT Krystyna lglicka and Keith Sword (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND Marja Nissinen LATVIA'S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY Political Determinants of Economic Reform Policy Jeremy Smith THE BOLSHEVIKS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION, 1917-23 Jeanne Sutherland SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA Innovation and Change, 1984-95 Keith Sword DEPORTATION AND EXILE Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48 Studies in Russia and East Europe Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71018-0 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Depmtment, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Challenge of East-West Migration for Poland Edited by Krystyna Iglicka Institute of Statistics and Demography Warsaw School of Economics and Keith Sword School of Slavonic and East European Studies University ofLondon in association with Palgrave Macmillan First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-27046-0 ISBN 978-1-349-27044-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27044-6 First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-21423-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The challenge of East-West migration for Poland I edited by Krystyna lglicka and Keith Sword. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21423-4 (cloth) I. Poland-Emigration and immigration. 2. Poland-Population policy. 3. Post-communism-Europe. 4. Europe-Population. I. Iglicka, Krystyna. II. Sword, Keith. JV8195.C47 1998 325.438'09'049-dc21 97-52374 CIP © School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with w1itten permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the tenns of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1 P9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 To the memory of Keith Sword (1949-1998) Contents Preface ix Lists ofFigures, Maps and Tables xi List ofAbbreviations XVI Notes on the Contributors xviii 1. Introduction Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword 2. Recent Migration in Poland: Trends and Causes 15 Marek Okolski 3. Migration Flows in the 1990s: Challenges for Entry, 45 Asylum and Integration Policy in Poland Tomasz Kuba Kozlowski 4. 'Guarded Welcome' A Review ofNew Legislation 66 and Institutions Dealing with Migration and Foreigners Slawomir Lodzinski 5. Straz Graniczna: The Mission, Structure and 90 Operations of Poland's Border Guard Paul Latawski 6. Patterns of Spatial Mobility of Citizens of the Former 105 Soviet Union Marek Jerczynski 7. The Economics of Petty Trade on the Eastern Polish 120 Border Krystyna Iglicka 8. Cross-Border 'Suitcase Trade' and the Role of 145 Foreigners in Polish Informal Markets Keith Sword vii viii Contents 9. The Return of Emigrants from Germany to Upper 168 Silesia: Reality and Prospects Krystian Heffner 10. The Attitudes and Patterns of Behaviour ofPo1es 206 towards Foreigners in the Light of Recent Studies Krystyna S/any Bibliography 224 Index 234 Preface This volume appears as the result of the activities undertaken by researchers attached to the Polish Migration Project (PMP) at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at the University of London. Since the establishment of the PMP in 1982, research has focused on a number of issues concerning migration from Poland. Reports have been produced on the origin of the Polish community in Britain, the mass deportation of Poles to the Soviet Union in 1939-1941, and the ethnic identity of the second generation of Poles in Great Britain. Currently, the research focus of the Project is on contemporary events. As far as population movement is concerned, the political and economic changes that have occurred since 1989 in all the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have brought about phenomena of a kind which have not been recorded in Poland over the whole post-war period. The Project is currently examining population movements into Poland since the ending of communist rule in 1989 - in particular, the different categories of migrants crossing Polish frontiers: asylum-seekers, labour-seeking immigrants, petty traders, tourists, and those in transit. Against this background, domestic legislative changes, challenges for entry, asylum and integration, migration policy, and changing relations with neighbouring states are important. In the near future the Project will focus on problems concerning the role and place in the society of 'old' ethnic minorities in Poland (Germans, Ukrainians) and the formation of new ones (Vietnamese, Armenians). The problem of foreigners in Poland is a subject scarcely studied and insufficiently described. Description and explanation of the substance, mechanism, causes and consequences of that phenomenon are a compelling task for the researcher. The book contains not only a large amount of statistical and factual material concerning the movement of population through Polish territory on an east-west axis during the first decade after the collapse of the communist system, but also the results of the most recent empirical ix X Preface studies on foreigners in Poland and the perception of Polish society towards them. The volume has been compiled on the basis of papers prepared for a Social Sciences Seminar series at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London at the beginning of 1997. The editors would like to thank the M. B. Grabowski Fund for its generous support ofthe seminar series. Additional thanks are due to the M. B. Grabowski Fund, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Polish Science Foundation, Warsaw, and the School for funding the Post-Doctoral Fellowship which enabled Dr Krystyna lglicka to spend the 1996/97 academic year affiliated to the Polish Migration Project. It was through her efforts that the seminar series came to fruition. Dr Sword wishes to acknowledge receipt of a grant from the School's Research Fund which enabled him to make a three-week research trip to Warsaw during May and June 1997. The editors would also like to extend their thanks to Catherine Pyke of the Geography Department, University College, London - for drawing and redrafting maps and diagrams for this volume; also to Kate Rew, Jonathan Rew and Marion Lloyd for help in preparing the final typescript for publication. Bloomsbury Keith Sword March 1998 Krystyna Iglicka Keith Sword died suddenly in April 1998. I should like to record my profound gratitude for his optimism, cheerfulness and unflagging stamina which characterised our co-operation. Brief as this was, it generated so many fruits. This volume is but one of them. Warsaw Krystyna Iglicka July 1998 Figures 3.1 Border Crossings - Entries and Exits in the Period 46 1990-96 (both foreigners and Polish citizens) 3.2 Border Crime (illegal border crossing) in the Period 53 1990-96; the Number of Persons Detained by Border Guards (both foreigners and Polish citizens) 3.3 Asylum-Seekers in Poland in the Period 1992-96 (by 56 main countries of citizenship) 3.4 Asylum-Seekers in Poland in the Period, 1.1. 1995- 58 3 1.12. 1996 3.5 Decisions on Refugee Claims in Poland in the Period 59 1993-96 (taken at the first instance) 3.6 Decisions on Permanent Residence Permits in Poland 63 in the Period 1993-96 6. 1 Types of Migration into Poland from the East l 08 6.2 Current Forms of Migratory Movements from the 109 Former Soviet Union into Poland (conceptual framework) 6.3 Forms ofExternal Migratory Movement 1946-94 110 6.4 Entries of Foreigners into Poland from the Former 1 12 USSR, Bulgaria and Romania, 1970-96 7. 1 Respondents by Education and Gender 126 7.2
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