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PROPAGANDA AND MASS PERSUASION A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present PROPAGANDA AND MASS PERSUASION A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present Nicholas J. Cull David Culbert David Welch Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2003 by Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, and David Welch All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review,without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cull, Nicholas John. Propaganda and mass persuasion : a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present / Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, David Welch. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-820-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57607-434-X (e-book) 1. Propaganda—Encyclopedias. 2. Propaganda—History. I. Culbert, David Holbrook. II. Welch, David, 1950– III. Title. HM1231.C85 2003 303.3’75—dc21 2003009513 07 06 05 04 03 10 987654321 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America For Philip M.Taylor CONTRIBUTORS Stephen Badsey Utah State University Lecturer in History Logan, UT,United States Department of War Studies Royal Military Academy Brian Collins Sandhurst, UK Department of History Louisiana State University David Birmingham Baton Rouge, LA, United States Professor Emeritus of History University of Kent at Canterbury, UK Mark Connelly Lecturer in History Livia Bornigia University of Kent at Canterbury, UK Lecturer in Communications University of St. Thomas Daniel Cooper Houston, TX, United States Humanities Programme University of Leicester, UK Susan Carruthers Associate Professor of History Patrick Day Rutgers University Senior Lecturer Newark, NJ, United States Department of Policy, Cultural and Social Studies in Education Steven Casey University of Waikato, New Zealand Lecturer in International History London School of Economics, UK David Ellwood Professore Associato Dan Caspi Insegna di Storia delle Relazioni Professor of Communication Internazionalli Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel University of Bologna, Italy Luisa Cigognetti Karsten Fledelius Chief of Audio-Visual Department Lektor Instituto Ferruccio Parri Institute for Film Media Studies Bologna, Italy University of Copenhagen, Denmark Robert Cole Karen M. Ford Professor of History Lecturer in Political Theory vii viii Contributors Department of Government Tara S. Nair University of Manchester, UK Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India Dina Iordanova Ahmedabad, India Reader in the History of Film Department of History of Art Nicholas Pronay University of Leicester, UK Professor Emeritus Institute of Communications Studies Samantha Jones University of Leeds, UK Humanities Programme University of Leicester, UK Graham Roberts Senior Lecturer in Communication Arts Mark Kristmanson Institute of Communications Studies Centre for American Studies University of Leeds, UK University of Leicester, UK Richard Robinson Fred Krome Reader Emeritus Adjunct Professor of Judaic Studies School of History University of Cincinnati University of Birmingham, UK Cincinnati, OH, United States Rainer Rother Barak Kushner Head of Film Department Assistant Professor of Eastern Asian Studies Deutsches Historisches Museum Davidson College Berlin, Germany Davidson, NC, United States Pierre Sorlin Daniel Leab Professor Emeritus of Sociology of Professor of History Audiovisual Media Seton Hall University University of Paris, III South Orange, NJ, United States France James A. Leith Todd Swift Professor Emeritus of History Poet and Visiting Lecturer Queens University Budapest University (ELTE), Hungary Kingston, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth Tacey Luke McKernan Humanities Programme Head of Information University of Leicester, UK British Universities Film and Video Council Philip M. Taylor London, UK Professor of International Communications Institute of Communications Studies Bryan Mann University of Leeds, UK Department of History University of Leicester, UK James Vaughan Lecturer in International History Rana Mitter Department of International Politics Lecturer in Chinese History University of Wales Oxford University, UK Aberystwyth, UK CONTENTS Preface,Nicholas J. Cull, David Culbert, and David Welch,xiii Introduction:Propaganda in Historical Perspective,David Welch, xv PROPAGANDA AND MASS PERSUASION A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present A BIS (British Information Services), Civil Rights Movement Abolitionism/Antislavery 41 (1955–1968), 82 Movement, 1 Black Propaganda, 41 Civil War, English (1642–1649), Abortion, 3 Blair, Tony (1953– ), 43 84 ADL (Anti-Defamation League of Bosnian Crisis and War Civil War, Spanish (1936–1939), B’nai B’rith), 5 (1992–1995), 44 86 Advertising, 5 Bracken, Brendan (1910–1958), Civil War, United States Africa, 7 46 (1861–1865), 88 All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Brainwashing, 46 Clinton, William Jefferson Westen Nichts Neues) Britain, 48 (1947– ), 89 (1928/1930), 11 Britain (Eighteenth Century), 52 CNN (Cable News Network), 91 Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), British Empire, 55 Coins, 91 12 Bryce Report (1915), 56 Cold War (1945–1989), 92 Anti-Semitism, 13 Cold War in the Middle East Arab World, 15 C (1946–1960), 94 Architecture, 20 Canada, 59 Comintern (1919–1943), 96 Art, 21 Capa, Robert (1913–1954), 62 The Communist Manifesto (1848), 96 Atrocity Propaganda, 23 Capra, Frank (1897–1991), 63 Counterinsurgency, 97 Australia, 26 Caribbean, 63 CPI (Committee on Public Austrian Empire, 28 Cartoons, 66 Information), 99 Casablanca (1942), 68 Creel, George (1876–1953), 99 B Castro, Fidel (1926– ), 68 Crimean War (1853–1856), 99 Balkans, 33 Censorship, 70 Crossman, Richard (1907–1974), Battleship Potemkin (1926), 37 China, 73 100 BBC (British Broadcasting Chomsky, Noam (1928– ), 77 Cultural Propaganda, 101 Corporation), 37 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), Beaverbrook, Max (1879–1964), 78 D 38 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), David, Jacques-Louis The Big Lie, 39 80 (1748–1825), 103 The Birth of a Nation (1915), 40 Civil Defense, 81 Defoe, Daniel (1660–1731), 103 ix x Contents Disinformation, 104 H Lenin,Vladimir Ilyich (Ulyanov) Drugs, 106 Health, 163 (1870–1924), 228 Hearst, William Randolph Lincoln,Abraham (1809–1865), E (1863–1951), 164 230 Eisenstein, Sergei (1898–1948), Herzl, Theodor (1860–1904), Livingston, William (1723–1790), 109 165 231 Elections, 109 Hitler,Adolf (1889–1945), 166 London Can Take It (1940), 232 Elections (Britain), 110 Holocaust Denial, 167 Long, Huey (1893–1935), 232 Elections (Israel), 112 Horst Wessel Lied (1929), 169 Lord Haw-Haw,233 Elections (United States), 113 Hussein, Saddam (1937– ), 170 Luther, Martin (1483–1546), Elizabeth I (1533–1603), 115 234 Engels, Friedrich (1820–1895), I 115 Ignatius of Loyola, Saint M Environmentalism, 116 (1491–1556), 173 Malcolm X (1925–1965), 235 Exhibitions and World’s Fairs, Indian Subcontinent, 173 Mao Zedong (1893–1976), 236 118 Indonesia, 177 “La Marseillaise” (1792), 237 Intelligence, 179 Marshall Plan (1947–1951), 238 F International (Communist and Marx, Karl (1818–1883), 241 Fakes, 123 Socialist), 180 McCarthy, Joseph R. Falklands/Malvinas War (1982), “The Internationale” (1871–1888), (1909–1957), 242 124 181 Mein Kampf (1925), 243 Fascism, Italian (1922–1943), Internet, 182 Memorials and Monuments, 244 125 Iran, 183 Mexico, 246 Film (Documentary), 127 IRD (Information Research Milton, John (1608–1674), 250 Film (Feature), 129 Department), 186 Mission to Moscow (1943), 250 Film (Nazi Germany), 130 Ireland, 187 MoI (Ministry of Information), Film (Newsreels), 132 Israel, 191 251 Flagg, James Montgomery Italy, 195 Morale, 252 (1877–1960), 134 Murdoch, Rupert (1931– ), 253 France, 134 J Murrow, Edward R. (1908–1965), Freedom Train (1947–1949), 138 “J’Accuse” (“I Accuse”) (1898), 201 253 Friedan, Betty (1921– ), 138 Japan, 201 Music, 254 Funerals, 139 John Bull, 204 Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Jud Süss (1940), 205 256 G Gandhi, Mohandas K. K N (1869–1948), 143 Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963), NAACP (National Association for Garrison, William Lloyd 207 the Advancement of Colored (1805–1879), 143 KGB (Committee of State People), 259 Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940), 144 Security, Soviet Union), 209 Napoleon (1769–1821), 260 Germany, 145 King, Martin Luther, Jr. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Goebbels, Joseph (1897–1945), (1929–1968), 209 Douglass,an American Slave, 149 Korea, 211 written by himself (1845), 261 Goya (Francisco de Goya y Korean War (1950–1953), 213 Nast, Thomas (1840–1902), 262 Lucientes) (1746–1828), 151 Kosovo Crisis and War (1999), Neo-Militia Groups, 263 Gray Propaganda, 151 216 Netherlands, Belgium, and Greece, 153 Luxembourg, 264 The Green Berets (1968), 155 L New Zealand, 267 Grierson, John (1898–1972), 155 Labor/Antilabor, 219 Nixon, Richard (1913–1994), 271 Guernica (1937), 156 Laden, Osama bin (1957– ), 221 Northcliffe, Lord (1865–1922), Gulf War (1991), 157 Latin America, 223 272 Gulf War (2003), 159 Leaflet, 226 Novel, 272 Contents xi O Reagan, Ronald (1911– ), 334 Thatcher, Margaret (1925– ), 398 Oates, Titus (1649–1705), 275 Reeducation, 336 Theater, 399 Okhrana, 275 Reefer Madness (1936), 337 Tokyo Rose, 400 Olympics (1896–
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