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Human–Robot Interaction and Sexbots: a Systematic Literature Review

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Human–Robot Interaction and Sexbots: a Systematic Literature Review sensors Review Human–Robot Interaction and Sexbots: A Systematic Literature Review Carina Soledad González-González 1,* , Rosa María Gil-Iranzo 2 and Patricia Paderewski-Rodríguez 3 1 Departamento de Ingeniería Informática y de Sistemas, Escuela de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38204 La Laguna, Spain 2 Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería Industrial, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 LLeida, Spain; [email protected] 3 Departmento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Informática y de Telecomunicación, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: At present, sexual robots have become a new paradigm of social robots. In this paper, we developed a systematic literature review about sexual robots (sexbots). To do this, we used the Scopus and WoS databases to answer different research questions regarding the design, interaction, and gender and ethical approaches from 1980 until 2020. In our review, we found a male bias in this discipline, and in recent years, articles have shown that user opinion has become more relevant. Some insights and recommendations on gender and ethics in designing sexual robots were also made. Keywords: sexual robots; ethics; gender; social robots; human–robot interaction; sexbots 1. Introduction Recently, the area of human–robot interaction (HRI) [1], particularly in relation to sexual robots, has begun to attract interest with regard to various social issues, such as Citation: González-González, C.S.; emotions, ethics, philosophy, and psychology. These new relationships between sexual Gil-Iranzo, R.M.; Paderewski-Rodríguez, robots and humans have also awakened the interest of the media [2], the industry, and P. Human–Robot Interaction and the maker world, since with a 3D printer, it is already possible to create a sexual robot [3]. Sexbots: A Systematic Literature Society has begun to consider the idea of having sex with robots, and there is the belief Review. Sensors 2021, 21, 216. that this will be normal in the future [4]. Although there is still no scientific evidence of https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010216 its therapeutic benefits, many think it can help treat sexual dysfunctions or even help decrease women’s sexual exploitation. Like sex toys, some experts consider sexual robots Received: 21 October 2020 (or sexbots) to have potential in being the future of sex relationships [2]. Accepted: 26 December 2020 However, there are many unanswered questions about the relationships between Published: 31 December 2020 these types of social robots and people, i.e., about their safety, about how they affect the “psychological aspects”, about the legal regulations for their use, as, for example, in the case Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- of child sex robots. Therefore, in this paper, we will try to answer the following questions: tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- ms in published maps and institutio- RQ1: How are sexbots designed? nal affiliations. RQ2. How do sexbots interact with humans? RQ3: What gender and ethical issues are related to the design and use of sexbots? Regarding RQ1, we aim to prove the hypothesis that the design of sexbots is driven not by academic research, but only by the market. This implies that moral issues are not Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- necessarily included. This first question highlights the point that academic research is not censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. used in the design of these sexbots. We wanted to prove that the parameters taken from This article is an open access article male preferences are used the most in the design. The second question, RQ2, is about our distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- concern in the kind of relationships that can be established between sexbots and humans. tribution (CC BY) license (https:// We set out to explore whether these relationships would be healthy. The third question, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ RQ3, is related to our hypothesis that the design of sexbots does not begin (usually) from 4.0/). the viewpoint of protecting human values. Sensors 2021, 21, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010216 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Sensors 2021, 21, 216 We set out to explore whether these relationships would be healthy. The third question,2 of 18 RQ3, is related to our hypothesis that the design of sexbots does not begin (usually) from the viewpoint of protecting human values. Thus, in this paper, we conduct a systematic review to answer the mentioned ques- Thus, in this paper, we conduct a systematic review to answer the mentioned ques- tions, focusing on the ethical and gender approaches about sex with robots. The paper is tions, focusing on the ethical and gender approaches about sex with robots. The paper organized in several different sections. Section 2 presents some current sexbots that are is organized in several different sections. Section2 presents some current sexbots that available in the market. Section 3 presents the method followed, and the results are pre- are available in the market. Section3 presents the method followed, and the results are sented in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the obtained results regarding the research ques- presented in Section4. Section5 discusses the obtained results regarding the research questions.tions. Specifically, Specifically, the process the process of sexbot of sexbot design, design, the interactions the interactions with humans, with humans, and gender and genderand ethical and ethicalissues are issues discussed. are discussed. Finally, Finally,conclusions conclusions are presented are presented to provide to a provide roadmap a roadmapfor the designers for the designers of sexual ofrobot sexual technology. robot technology. 2.2. BackgroundBackground TheThe realism realism of of the the sex sex dolls dolls has has increased increased over over the years.the years. We beginWe begin by comparing by comparing their evolutiontheir evolution from the from 17th the century, 17th century, where where such dolls such were dolls first were made first of made fabric, of tofabric, those to in those the 1970sin the made 1970s of made latex, of silicone, latex, silicone, and inflatables, and inflatables, and lastly and tolastly the sophisticatedto the sophisticated models models with artificialwith artificial intelligence intelligence today. today. We can We see can that see the that market the market has changed has changed greatly greatly [5]. In [5]. this In section,this section, we present we present some some of the of current the current models models of sexbots. of sexbots. ToTo date, date, therethere isis nono consensus on a a unique unique definition definition of of sexual sexual robots, robots, also also known known as assexbots sexbots [6]. [6 We]. We can can compare compare sexbots sexbots to sex to sex toys toys because because both both are arecreated created to have to have sex with sex withhumans humans [7]. However, [7]. However, sexbots sexbots can cancause cause emotio emotionsns in people, in people, such such as love as love [8]. [ 8There]. There are aredifferent different research research areas areas interested interested in in expl exploringoring these these new new relations amongamong sexbotssexbots andand humanshumans [ 9[9–14].–14]. SexbotsSexbots areare aa kind kind ofof social social robots,robots, ones ones that that areare personalized, personalized, intimateintimate companions.companions. InIn most most cases, cases, sexbots sexbots are are personalized personalized according according to to male male fantasies. fantasies. However, However, both both men men andand women women can can acquire acquire different different models models in thein the market, market, such such as Roxxxy as Roxxxy [10], [10], Harmony Harmony [11] (Figure[11] (Figure1), or Henry1), or Henry [12] (Figure [12] (Figure2). 2). DesignersDesigners of of sexbots sexbots need need to to consider consider the the temperature, temperature, the the psychological psychological and and physical physi- issues,cal issues, among among other other customizable customizable elements elements [5]. [5 In]. In addition, addition, some some of of these these sexbots sexbots also also havehave aa certaincertain intelligenceintelligence [13[13].]. TheyThey cancan bebe aa reactive reactive machine machine (i.e., (i.e., perceive perceive the the world world andand act act inin consequence),consequence), havehave memory,memory, be be based based onon mindmind theories,theories, oror havehave self-awareness.self-awareness. InIn the the last last case, case, robots robots with with self-awareness self-awareness can can be be considered considered a a sentient sentient robot. robot. FigureFigure 1. 1.Harmony, Harmony, marketed marketed asas “the“the perfectperfect companion”companion” withwith artificialartificial intelligenceintelligence (Source: http: //www.sickchirpse.com/biggest-worry-men-sex-robots/http://www.sickchirpse.com/biggest-worry-men-sex-robots/).). Sensors 2021, 21, 216 3 of 18 Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 FigureFigure 2. 2.Henry, Henry, male male version version with with artificial artificial intelligence intelligence (https://realbotix.com/ (https://realbotix.com/).). InIn the the next next section, section, we we will will describe describe the systematic the systematic review review that we that conducted we conducted about about
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