How to Change Userid and Password in Oracle. What Are Differenct Types of Joins
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
How to change UserID and Password in Oracle. what are differenct types of joins. explain outer join. How to print output in Oracle. what is a data control component. why do we use DBMS ? what are logical objects in RDBMS (tables & views). what do you know about IDL? can we maintain mirror data in different databases. Data Integrity constraint is (a)to ensure the presence of primary key What is indexing in databases? What is atomicity? What is DBMS and RDBMS ? types of DBMS,queries Difference between Unique and primary what is a cursor types of cursors normalization normal forms whis is the best normal form what is an os what exactly os consists ? Types of joins ? what is a trigger ? can we create a table in oracle which is not in first normal form difference between dbms and rdbms sql queries types of indexing DML,DDL, SQL querry,primary key, whts a null diff btw DDL,DML, whts parallel DML, whts normalisation explain with example till 3NF 6>need for normalisation differnce btw oracle 8.0,8i,9i what are pseudocolumns? given example. (CURRVAl,LEVEL,NEXTVAL,ROWID,ROWNUM) what are synonyms ? example. ( an alias name to the table , which is used for location transperancy.) CREATE SYNONYM emp2 FOR emp@newyork; SELECT ename, job INTO my_ename, my_job FROM emp2 WHERE empno = my_empno; what are snapshots. what is indexing. what are its advantages. what is cluster. advantages. how do you add primary key to the table already existing. what is table space. what partitioning. how many types of partitions. what is mutating table. When a table is in state of transition it is said to be mutating. eg :: If a row has been deleted then the table is said to be mutating and no operations can be done on the table except select. what is the keyword type. what is 'exists'. what is a cursor. what are the types. two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements, including queries that return only one row. However, for queries that return more than one row, you must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop. three commands to control the cursor: OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE. initialize the cursor with the OPEN statement, which identifies the active set. Then, you use the FETCH statement to retrieve the first row. You can execute FETCH repeatedly until all rowshave been retrieved. release the cursor with the CLOSE statement. DECLARE CURSOR c1 IS SELECT ename FROM emp; name1 emp.ename%TYPE; name2 emp.ename%TYPE; name3 emp.ename%TYPE; BEGIN OPEN c1; FETCH c1 INTO name1; -- this fetches first row FETCH c1 INTO name2; -- this fetches second row FETCH c1 INTO name3; -- this fetches third row ... CLOSE c1; END; four attributes of cursor : %NOTFOUND, %FOUND, %ROWCOUNT, and %ISOPEN what is SGA. The SGA is a shared memory region allocated by the Oracle that contains Data and control information for one Oracle Instance. It consists of Database Buffer Cache and Redo log Buffer. how do you override function/procedures in oracle. what is raise_application_error. what are datafiles. what are the default table spaces. what are the background processes in oracle. what are control files. what are the minimum privilege for the user to connect database. what is a role. why do you create it. Software Engineering ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ what is waterfall model, prototype model etc. what is testing. what is unit testing, integration testing etc. what are the stages in software project. (study,analysis,design,development,testing,implementatio n) what is done in each stage of the SDLC. what is the output of analysis stage. what is er-model. how do you compare an entity with class or object. how do you design a project. Procedure of any model testing procedure of software Models-Spiral, Prototyping, Estimation models Software Configuration Management process is - Capability Maturity Model( 5 stages) Flow chart details Software Development Life Cycle where is development ? Why do we go for Testing ? Types of Testing ? Software Life Cycle ? what is testing Funtional point model difference between black box and white box what is quality and various quality certifications what is spiral lifecycle model Cohesion and coupling ORACLE Doubts : • WHAT R SYNONYMS AND SEQUENCES IN PL/SQL; • how can you store a image in the database. • what do you mean by where current of C1 • LONG RAW data type is used for storing BLOB's (binary large objects).( ie graphics and images) • what is soundex built in function • what is to_number, to_char. Integrity : the quality or state of being complete; unbroken condition; wholeness; entirety . Consistency : agreement, holding firmly. Constrain : to force into, or hold in, close bounds Introduction to Oracle Oracle is a comprehensive operating environment that packs the power of mainframe relation database management system into user’s micro computer. It provides a set of functional programs that user can use as tools to build structures and perform tasks. Because applications are developed on oracle are completely portable to the other versions of the programmer can create a complex application in a single user, environment and them move it to a multi user platform.Users do not have to be an expert to appriciate Oracle but the better user understand the program,the more productively and creatively he can use the tools it provides Relational Database Management system A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) can perform a wide range of tasks. It acts as a transparent interface between the physical storage and the logical presentation of data.It provides a set of more or less flexible and sofesticated tools for handling information. Users can use the tools to • Define a Database • Query the Database • Add,Edit and Delete data. • Modify the structure of the Database. • Communicate with in the Networks. • Exports and Imports the data. • Security. Oracle the Right Tool To keep track of records is often the best reason to consider buying a software package.Choosing a proven product increase the chance that we will get a system capable of meeting all our needs .Oracle has had many years in the relational market to often on the large,Complex applications. Although Oracle demands greater expertise on the part of the application developed,an application developed oracle will be able to keep pace with growth and change in the world at large. Oracle Gives You Security and Control Oracle has several features that ensure the integrity of the data base. If an interruption occurs in processing, a Rollback can reset the database to a point before the disaster. If a restore is necessary, Oracle has a Roll forward command for recreating your database to its mast resent save point. Oracle provides user with several functions for securing data. Grant and Revoke commands limit access to information down to the row and column levels. Views are valuable feature for limiting access to the primary tables in the database. The Oracle Environment Oracle is a modular system that consists of the Oracle database and several functional programs. Oracle’s tools do four major things of work. 1. Database Management. 2. Data access and Manipulation. 3. Programming 4. Connectivity. Database Management Tools This (is usually known as RDBMS by oracle) includes the core programs for Oracle’s database management system, the Oracle database with its associated tables and views, which are stores information related to every fact of the database system.User name, user access rights, table attribute, storage information and auditing data for disaster recovery are stored in the data dictionary. The Database Administrator The person responsible for a Database is called the DatabaseAdministrator(DBA).The DBA has a special set of previleges and has complete over the database.Any system with more than one user should have a DBA.The function of DBA include. Creating primary database storage structures. Modifying the structure of the database. Backing up and restoring the database. Monitoring database performance and efficiency. Transfering data between database and external files. Manipulating the phisical location of the database. THE END USER End user have less complex but equally important tasks.They must be able to • Query the database. • Generate printed output. • Share data with or secure data from others. • Use non-export methods to update the database. • Define applications from a user point of view. WHY ORACLE ? Oracle is an open system i.e. the database is accessing by different data access languages like SQL, Visual Basic, Power Builders,Delphi,VC++,JAVA etc. Oracle supports database upto gigabytes in size. * Oracle supports large number of concurrent users. * Oracle supports true client/server environment.if enable processing to be spilt between database server and the client application programs. * Oracle provides high levelof data security in terms of users, passwords privileges, and permissions. * Oracle database behaves same on all platform line Windows,Unix,Dos,Mainframes etc. Structure of Oracle Database: physical structure: one or more data files, Two of more log files, One control file. Logical structure: Table spaces, Segments, Extents, Data blocks. The data files contain all user data in terms of tables, index, and views. The log files contain the information to open and be recovered, of Undone after a transaction(Rollback). The control file physical data, media information to open and manage data files .If the control file is damaged the server will not be able to open are use the database even if the database is undamaged. What are the Back ground processes in Oracle and what are they. ? There are basically 9 Processes but in a general system we need to mention the first five background processes. They do the house keeping activities for the Oracle and are common in any system.