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Handbook of Industrial Engineering Equations, Formulas, and Calculations / Authors, Adedeji B CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-7627-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Badiru, Adedeji Bodunde, 1952- Handbook of industrial engineering equations, formulas, and calculations / authors, Adedeji B. Badiru, Olufemi A. Omitaomu. p. cm. -- (Industrial innovation series) “A CRC title.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-7627-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Industrial engineering--Mathematics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Engineering mathematics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Omitaomu, Olufemi Abayomi. II. Title. III. Series. T57.B33 2011 620.001’51--dc22 2010028413 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To our families for their unflinching support of our intellectual pursuits. Contents Preface .................................................................xxix Authors ................................................................xxxi 1 Computational Foundations of Industrial Engineering Efficacy of Mathematical Modeling ...............................................................................1-1 Industrial Engineering and Computations....................................................................1-1 Definition and Applications ...........................................................................................1-5 Orientation to STEM.......................................................................................................1-6 IE Catchphrases ...............................................................................................................1-6 Span and Utility of IE......................................................................................................1-6 Heritage from Industrial Revolution..............................................................................1-7 Historical Accounts.........................................................................................................1-8 Chronology of Applications..........................................................................................1-10 Importance of IE Calculations ..............................................................................1-14 Importance of Calculations Guide ...............................................................................1-16 Basic Queuing Equations ..............................................................................................1-17 Queuing Birth–Death Processes...................................................................................1-21 Laws of Motion of Queuing Birth and Death..............................................................1-21 Queuing Birth–Death Law 1 .................................................................................1-21 Queuing Birth–Death Law 2 .................................................................................1-21 Queuing Birth–Death Law 3 .................................................................................1-21 Data Types for Computational Analysis......................................................................1-22 Nominal Scale ........................................................................................................1-22 Ordinal Scale ..........................................................................................................1-22 Interval Scale ..........................................................................................................1-22 Ration Scale ............................................................................................................1-23 Cardinal Scale.........................................................................................................1-23 References ......................................................................................................................1-23 ix x Contents 2 Basic Mathematical Calculations Quadratic Equation .........................................................................................................2-1 Overall Mean....................................................................................................................2-2 Chebyshev’s Theorem .....................................................................................................2-2 Permutations....................................................................................................................2-2 Combinations ..................................................................................................................2-2 Failure.......................................................................................................................2-3 Probability Distribution..................................................................................................2-3 Probability........................................................................................................................2-3 Distribution Function .....................................................................................................2-3 Expected Value ................................................................................................................2-4 Variance ...........................................................................................................................2-5 Binomial Distribution .....................................................................................................2-5 Poisson Distribution........................................................................................................2-5 Mean of a Binomial Distribution....................................................................................2-6 Normal Distribution........................................................................................................2-6 Cumulative Distribution Function.................................................................................2-6 Population Mean .............................................................................................................2-6 Standard Error of the Mean............................................................................................2-6 t-Distribution...................................................................................................................2-7 Chi-Squared Distribution ...............................................................................................2-7 Definition of Set and Notation .......................................................................................2-7 Set Terms and Symbols ...................................................................................................2-8 Venn Diagrams................................................................................................................2-8 Operations on Sets...........................................................................................................2-9 De Morgan’s Laws ...........................................................................................................2-9 Counting the Elements in a Set.....................................................................................2-10 Permutations..................................................................................................................2-10 Combinations ................................................................................................................2-11 Probability Terminology...............................................................................................2-11
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