335281

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PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted.

1. Teachers should see that the pupil’s name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every book issued. 2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair; Poor; Bad. STUDENT ANTHOLOGY PHOTO AND ART CREDITS Expedition 12: 199, 200, 201, SuperStock; 203-206, Russell Moore; 207-212, istockphoto Cover: Goodshoot/SuperStock Expedition 13: 219, SuperStock; 220, Corbis; 224–225, AP Images; 229, Title page: Goodshoot/SuperStock Library of Congress. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection; 230, David Expedition 1: 6 (t) AP Images/Richard Vogel; 7, 8, US Navy; 10, AP Images/ Griffin; 233, AP Images; 234, Russell Moore; 239-242, David Griffin David Karp Expedition 14: 243, SuperStock; 244, Corbis; 247, 249, AP Images; 250, Expedition 2: 18, Fotosearch; 19, Bob Daemmrich; 20, Gleb Garanich/Vasily 253, istockphoto; 256, 157, 258, AP Images; 261, flickr/Monkey Mancheeks; Fedosenko/Reuters; 24, Fotosearch; 26, SuperStock; 29, Fotosearch 267, flickr/D@LY3D; 269, Wikimedia Commons/David Shankbone Expedition 3: 31, NASA; 37, Photodisc, Inc.; 39, SETI League photo, used by Expedition 15: 271, SuperStock; 272, Corbis; 280, AP Images; 285, permission; 40, istockphoto istockphoto; 291, istockphoto Expedition 4: 47, SuperStock; 48, Courtesy United States Air Force; 50, Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/GettyImages; 51, istockphoto; 56, AP Images/Nick LITERATURE CREDITS Wass; 57, Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit; 58, istockphoto; 60, istockphoto; 62, istockphoto From Gig edited by John Bowe, Marisa Bowe, and Sabin Streeter, copyright © 2000, 2001 by John Bowe, Marisa Bowe, and Sabin Streeter. Used by permission Expedition 5: 63, Comstock; 65, Vladimir Menkov; 66, AP Images; of Crown Publishers, a division of Random House, Inc. 67 (t) AP Images/NOAA, (b) FEMA; 68, Courtesy NOAA; 69, SuperStock; 70, istockphoto; 73, Corbis; 75, SuperStock; 76, AP Images/Mark J. Terrill From Begging for Change, by Sharon G. Flake, Chapter 27, pages 143–148. Jump at the Sun Hyperion Books for Children, New York. Copyright © 2003 by Expedition 6: 79, istockphoto; 80, 82 Gettyimages, Steve Hansen/Time & Life Sharon G. Flake. Published by Hyperion Children’s Books. All rights reserved. Pictures Collection; 83, detail from image by flickr/dirkvorderstrasse; 85, Audio rights arranged with permission of the author. JosepPAL; 91, flickr/Vancouver Film School; 92, AP Images/Nick Ut; 93, flickr/ Tom Ray; 96, AP Images/IBM, Tom Way; 97, AP Images/Jerome Favre From Barrio Boy by Ernesto Galarza, pages 207–211. University of Notre Dame Press. Copyright © 1971 by University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Expedition 7: 99, AP Images/Steven Senne; 102-4, 107, istockphoto; Indiana. 108, AP Images/Steve Pope; 110, istockphoto; 111, Bizmac; 115, AP Images/ K.M. Choudary; 117, AP Images/Sebastian John From Dunk by David Lubar. Text copyright © 2002 by David Lubar. Reprinted by permission of Clarion Books, an imprint of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company. Expedition 8: 120–133, istockphoto All rights reserved. Expedition 9: 139–155, istockphoto; 156, Gettyimages, Stock Montage/ “The Stolen Bicycle” by William Saroyan as appeared in Growing Up Stories by Contributor, Hulton Archive; 157 (t) Gettyimages, Paul Nadar/Stringer, Hulton Betsy Byars. Reprinted by permission of the Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Archive University. Expedition 10: 159, istockphoto; 160, Shutterstock.com/DOPhoto; 160–162, “No League of Their Own; Barred from all-white leagues, three women found a Wikipedia Commons/William Waterway; 162, istockphoto; 183, AP Images/ place to play” by Dan Silverman, from Major League Baseball website, Graphics; 165, AP Images/Al Behrman; 167, AP Images/David Guttenfeder; www.mlb.com. Reprinted with permission of Dan Silverman. 168, flickr/Dave Bezaire & Susi Havens-Bezaire; 171, AP Images/Gerald Weaver; 172, AP Images/Rogelio Solis From The Autobiography of Malcolm X, by Malcolm X with Alex Haley. Ballantine Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. Copyright © 1965 by Alex Expedition 11: 179, SuperStock; 183, Wikimedia Commons/Luis Paganelli; Haley and Betty Shabazz. 186, Wikipedia Commons/Olivier Trudel-Languedoc; 189–190, istockphoto; 191, Corbis; 195 (l) Courtesy USAF, (r) AP Images, 196–198, AP Images

ISBN 13: 978-1-4916-0206-5 ISBN: 1-4916-0206-6 335281

© 2015 Voyager Sopris Learning, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 BNG 18 17 16 15 14 17855 Dallas Parkway, Suite 400 • Dallas, Texas 75287 • 1-800-547-6747 www.voyagersopris.com Table of Contents

Expedition 1 Connections The Global Community . . . . . 1

Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 2 Made in the USA?

Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 4 It Takes a World to Make a Shoe

Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 7 It’s a Small World

Lessons 8 and 9 ...... 10 Translators: Language Pros at Work

Lesson 9 Assessment...... 13 It Must Be True—I Saw It on TV TV Connects the World

iii Expedition 2 Forensics Crime Scene Investigations. . . 17 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 18 The Science of Catching Criminals Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 20 Who Poisoned Viktor Yushchenko? Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 23 Gathering Evidence Lessons 8 and 9 ...... 26 Determining Time of Death Lesson 9 Assessment...... 29 Clues: What’s Left Behind

Expedition 3 Space What’s Out There? ...... 31 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 32 A Look into Space Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 34 Amazing Space Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 37 The Search for Life Lessons 8 and 9 ...... 40 Around the World with Satellites Lesson 9 Assessment...... 44 Space Movies: Science or Science Fiction? iv Expedition 4 Your Health Mind Over Body?...... 47 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 48 Just One Sneeze: The Fight Against Disease Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 51 It’s Your Life, Sheena B. Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 54 Seeing the Cup Half-Full: Attitude Lessons 8 and 9 ...... 57 The Teenage Brain Lesson 9 Assessment...... 60 Exercise: Stronger, Smarter, and Happier

Expedition 5 Weather Disasters Take Cover!...... 63 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 64 Wild Weather Around the World Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 67 Into the Storm Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 70 Tornado “Facts”: True or False? Lessons 8 and 9 ...... 73 Predicting the Perfect Storm Lesson 9 Assessment...... 76 Mudslide in a California Town

v Expedition 6 Computers Changing Times ...... 79

Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 80 Idea Man

Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 83 Robots

Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 87 Searching for a Job Online

Lesson 8 ...... 91 Animated Movies

Lesson 9 Assessment...... 95 What’s Next for Computers?

Expedition 7 Money What’s It Worth?...... 99 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 100 Money Through the Ages Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 103 Ways to Pay Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 107 Do You Feel Lucky? Lesson 8 ...... 111 Working by the Hour Lesson 9 Assessment...... 115 Child Labor

vi Expedition 8 The Environment Impacting Change ...... 119 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 120 Global Warming: Why Should You Care? Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 123 Wind Energy: Use It or Lose It Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 127 Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle Recycling Is Garbage Lesson 8 ...... 131 Bikes and Clean Air—A Perfect Pair A Letter to the Editor Lesson 9 Assessment...... 136 Direct Your Energy to the Energy Star® Expedition 9 Microscopic Dangers Viruses and Bacteria...... 139 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 140 The Germiest Room in Your House (It’s Not What You Think) Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 143 Aaaa-CHOO! Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 147 The Mystery of Legionnaires’ Disease Lesson 8 ...... 151 Bacteria and Viruses: Friends, Foes—or Both? Lesson 9 Assessment...... 155 Immunization: Protection Against Disease vii Expedition 10 Technology Faster and Smarter ...... 159 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 160 Feeding the World by Farming Fish Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 163 The Technology of Food and the Battle of the Bulge Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 167 Managing Waste: It Hasn’t Always Been as Easy as Flushing a Toilet Lesson 8 ...... 171 Digital War Lesson 9 Assessment...... 175 Car Culture

Expedition 11 Things in Motion ...... 179 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 180 Laid-Back or Upright?

Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 183 Against the Wind

Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 187 Legalize Skateboarding!

Lesson 8 ...... 191 A Pitching Machine

Lesson 9 Assessment...... 195 Faster than Sound

viii Expedition 12 Lens on the World ...... 199 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 200 Two Views of Chicago Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 203 Leaving Home Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 207 New York, New York Lesson 8 ...... 211 from Begging for Change Lesson 9 Assessment...... 215 I Love LA!

Expedition 13 Literature and Life ...... 219 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 220 The Stolen Bicycle Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 225 from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, with the assistance of Alex Haley Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 230 Ruthie’s Song Lesson 8 ...... 234 The Tell-Tale Heart Lesson 9 Assessment...... 239 A Town Called Hollywood

ix Expedition 14 Uncommon Heroes . . . . .243 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 244 Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America A Letter from the Mine A Young Miner’s Day Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 250 from Gig: Americans Talk About Their Jobs Helen Keller: Author, Lecturer, Social Reformer Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 258 Drama in Bahama The Greatest Lesson 8 ...... 263 No League of Their Own Lesson 9 Assessment...... 267 Lift Off, Aim High Expedition 15 The Real Me ...... 271 Lessons 1 and 2 ...... 272 from Barrio Boy Lessons 3 and 4 ...... 276 The First Annual Stuck-at-School-All- Night-Long Science Fair Lessons 6 and 7 ...... 280 from Dunk Lesson 8 ...... 285 Arthur Goes for It Lesson 9 Assessment...... 289 A Shout Out to the Internet The Internet Is No Friend to Musicians x Expedition 1 CONNECTIONS The Global Community

• How do things we use every day connect us to others around the world? • How can people who speak different languages connect with one another? • What is a “global community”?

1 Expedition 2 FORENSICS Crime Scene Investigations

• How has science changed the way we catch criminals? • What are some ways you could be identified through forensic science? • What kind of forensic work is interesting to you?

17 Expedition 2, Lessons 1 and 2

The Science of Catching Criminals 1Science is often used in courts of law to help prove a person’s guilt or innocence. This type of science is called forensics. Just one hair may bring a criminal to justice. Tiny pieces of thread can connect a thief to a burglary. 2Because such small bits of evidence can be important, police investigators are very attentive. They often spend hours at a crime scene. They examine every square inch. Fotosearch They try not to overlook anything. Even dust, pollen, or Bagging evidence seeds may help break a case. at a crime scene 3Anyone who commits a crime leaves behind evidence. A criminal may try to clean up, but usually some trace is left

18 Expedition 2, Lessons 1 and 2

behind. It could be a fingerprint or footprint. It might be a bit of blood or skin. It may be a hair or a thread. Forensic analysis of such evidence has helped catch and convict criminals.

Famous Criminal Cases 4In January 1978, a horrible crime occurred. Four women were attacked in their homes by an intruder. The attacks were very violent. Two of the women were killed, and two survived. A year later, the intruder was identified as Ted Bundy. Bundy would become one of the most infamous killers of the 20th century. 5One of the most important pieces of evidence was not what you might expect. It was not strands of hair, nor fibers from a piece of clothing. It was not a fingerprint, nor a footprint. It was a deep bite mark left on one of the women. Each person’s tooth pattern is unique. Forensic scientists matched the tooth pattern to Bundy’s. He was convicted of the murders of the women.

DNA: Proof of Guilt and Innocence 6DNA is found in the cells of living things. Each person’s DNA is unique. When blood, skin, or any other part of a person’s body is left at a crime scene, the DNA can be identified. If it matches the DNA in a blood sample or cheek swab from a suspect, it can be evidence of guilt. 7DNA also can prove innocence. In one famous case, four men were convicted of a murder in Illinois. Two were put on Death Row. Later, Examining DNA testing proved that the men were not the evidence in a forensic murderers. The Ford Heights Four went free. lab in Austin, Texas

19 Expedition 2, Lessons 3 and 4 Who Poisoned Viktor Yushchenko?

Yushchenko before and after

1Imagine that a man who is running for president suddenly becomes ill. His symptoms include pain near his stomach. He has a headache, a rash on his face and body, and a swollen liver. The cause of his sudden illness is a mystery. 2This is what happened to Viktor Yushchenko in 2004. He was running for president of Ukraine, a country in eastern Europe. A few weeks after his illness began, Yushchenko got much worse. He had severe back pain. It hurt so much he could hardly move. His face became swollen with a type of acne. Before his illness, Yushchenko had been described as having the good looks

20 Expedition 2, Lessons 3 and 4

of a movie star. A few weeks after his illness began, he looked like a very sick man. What was happening to Viktor Yushchenko? 3Forensic science helped answer that question.

Solving the Mystery 4At first, doctors did not know why Yushchenko was ill. The pain near his stomach suggested that he had been poisoned. So did his swollen liver. Doctors thought he was suffering from food poisoning, which can be a result of eating spoiled food. However, food poisoning does not change a person’s appearance, and Yushchenko’s face was definitely changing. 5As a public figure, Yushchenko’s picture was in the news around the world. His photographs provided an important clue. One area of forensic science deals with poisons. This area is called toxicology. A scientist who studies poisons is a toxicologist. Forensic toxicologists noticed that Yushchenko’s face had been swollen out of shape. They knew that this was a symptom of a specific type of poisoning. 6Another important clue was provided by Yushchenko’s wife. She told reporters she noticed something the evening his illness began. After dinner, she had kissed him and tasted medicine. She asked him if he had taken any medicine, but he had not. 7These two pieces of evidence suggested a cause for Yushchenko’s illness. Scientists and doctors believed that Yushchenko might have been poisoned.

What Poison Was Used? 8A substance called dioxin had caused the same acne in other people. Many people have very small amounts of dioxin in their blood. However, a large amount of dioxin can cause poisoning. It is unlikely that anyone would take in a poisonous dose naturally. 9A large dose of dioxin could explain Yushchenko’s symptoms. It also would explain the medicine taste reported by his wife. To test for dioxin, a sample of Yushchenko’s blood was sent to a laboratory. 10The normal levels of dioxin in human blood are 15 to 45 units per gram of blood. Yushchenko’s blood test showed that he had 100,000 units per gram

21 Expedition 2, Lessons 3 and 4

of blood. This was the second-highest dose ever recorded in a person. 11The scientists were right. Yushchenko had been poisoned.

Who Did It? 12Running for political office in some countries can be dangerous. Yushchenko was challenging the Ukrainian president. The night his wife had tasted medicine on his lips, they had dined with the president’s security officers. Then Yushchenko became very ill. Was there a connection? 13Many people have suggested that Yushchenko was poisoned on purpose. They think that the Ukraine president’s security officers poisoned him. Dioxin could be put in a person’s soup. This is how many people believe Yushchenko was poisoned. However, this would be very difficult to prove. 14Some people claim that the Ukrainian president’s supporters wanted Yushchenko dead. It looked as if Yushchenko would win the election. If he was not alive, the old president would stay in office. This makes some people believe the poisoning was a murder attempt. 15Other people have their doubts. The poison was sure to be discovered eventually. Also, dioxin has a delayed effect, causing long-term illness. If someone had wanted to kill Yushchenko, other poisons would have been faster. Perhaps the goal was to make him too ill to run. 16Over time, Yushchenko’s face cleared up, and most of the toxins were eliminated from his body. However, his chances of getting cancer, liver disease, and other illnesses remain higher than normal. They have increased because of the dioxin poisoning. 17Whoever tried to kill Viktor Yushchenko in 2004 had failed. Yushchenko eventually won the Ukranian presidential election. He served as president for almost six years. But his term in office was difficult. He often had trouble with political opponents. In 2010, he was not reelected. Yet, the questions remain. Who poisoned Viktor Yushchenko, and why? We may never know.

22 Expedition 2, Lessons 6 and 7

Gathering Evidence

Member of the Team 1Crimes usually are not solved by one person. Each member of a team works to solve the crime. For example, the detective looks for information. Detectives want to know the facts of the case. They note the time, the place, the victims, and the events. Detectives may form an idea about the crime, about what happened and how. But these ideas must be supported by facts. 2Many of those facts are gathered by the evidence technician, or ET. The ET is an important member of the crime-solving team. ETs look for physical evidence of the crime and the criminal. They look for fingerprints, footprints, fibers—anything a criminal may have left behind. Evidence technicians are careful to collect and transport this evidence back to the crime lab. There it can be tested and may help lead police to the criminal. ETs also are called forensic science technicians or crime scene investigators.

23 Expedition 2, Lessons 6 and 7

What Makes a Good Evidence Technician? 3Evidence technicians have unusual hours. They have to be ready to work at all times. They may be called at 3:00 in the morning. They may be called during a holiday dinner. They always have to be ready to go to work. 4Evidence technicians also need to be in good shape. They have to kneel to reach some pieces of evidence. They have to stoop over, reach high, or climb to gather other evidence. They also may have to lift heavy objects to uncover evidence. 5The best evidence technicians have many skills. What is their most important ability? Most ETs will say they need to pay attention to the smallest details. They need to be thorough. Some evidence is obvious, but much of it is hidden or difficult to see. To solve a crime, ETs cannot ignore anything. 6In the United States, most evidence technicians graduate from college or from a police academy. They then may take a two-year college course in crime scene technology.

Special Tools for a Special Job 7The ET carries a kit provided by his or her police department. It is the size of a small suitcase. Each kit includes the following items: • white fingerprint powder to use on dark surfaces • black fingerprint powder to use on light surfaces • brushes for dusting the powder on surfaces • a camera • evidence envelopes • surgical gloves • bright yellow chalk to outline bodies or mark bullet holes

24 Expedition 2, Lessons 6 and 7

8Every ET adds his or her own materials. These might be evidence rulers, tweezers, or sharp knives called scalpels. Technicians carry all kinds of tools.

At the Scene of the Crime 9However, the main tool of ETs is their ability to observe a crime scene. When ETs arrive, they might stand in a doorway and just look around. They examine everything. They take photographs and make exact sketches. All the information they can gather about the crime scene helps them. They use it to reconstruct the crime. They try to understand how the crime was committed. 10Evidence technicians collect evidence very carefully. Their work is needed to solve cases. Sometimes they can even solve a case themselves. For example, in the 1980s an ET was called to what seemed to be a murder. A man was dead with a gunshot wound to his head. There was no weapon. Next to the body was a small pile of dirt. 11The ET had doubts. The dirt made him question whether it really was a murder. How did it get there? A small hole was in the ceiling. The ET wondered if a gun had been fired from above. Above the ceiling he found a gun attached to an elastic strap. Next to the gun was a broken flowerpot. The dead man had killed himself. But he had tried to make it look like a murder.

After Evidence Has Been Gathered 12The job of an evidence technician does not end at a crime scene. Once ETs have collected evidence, they may test it. The analysis of substances or tissues they have gathered may help solve the crime. 13Evidence technicians work together with experts in many fields. A fingerprint expert may help them match fingerprints. A chemist will give them information on fibers, hairs, and other evidence. An ET will review test results and explain them to the detectives trying to solve the crime. They will also prepare reports to use in court. 14At a trial, the ETs explain the evidence they collected. They try to describe to the judge and the jury how the crime seemed to happen. From start to end, evidence technicians use science.

25 Expedition 2, Lessons 8 and 9

Determining Time of Death

1People who investigate murders collect all kinds of evidence. They look for many kinds of clues. One thing they want to know is when the victim died. 2Why do police need to know when a person was murdered? They need to prove or disprove that a suspect could have been at the scene when the crime was committed. Knowing the time of death can prove that some suspects are innocent. Suppose someone was killed 24 hours ago. A suspect might show he was someplace else, such as in another state, at that time. Then that person will no longer be a suspect. 3Forensic scientists find the time of death in several ways. Some methods are used for recent murders. Other methods are used for murders that are days or weeks old. Recent Time of Death 4A murder victim may be discovered soon after the crime. A medical examiner then tries to estimate how many hours have passed. The medical examiner is a doctor. He or she checks the body in an autopsy. This examination is done in a laboratory.

26 Expedition 2, Lessons 8 and 9

5When living things die, they eventually rot away. Scientists know how they decompose. It is a slow process. First, muscles become rigid. Then they become soft again. Scientists know how long each step takes. They also know how the temperature of a dead body drops. It falls to match the temperature of its surroundings. This can vary with conditions. A body that is outside during winter cools more quickly than a body that is sheltered. Still, examiners can estimate when a person died. They take outside temperature and location of the body into account. Is it close to heat? Is it beneath an air conditioning vent? Other factors also play a part. In the end, they can get a good idea of when the person died. 6A dead body cools at a rate of about 1.5 degrees per hour. A medical examiner will take the temperature of a murder victim. The temperature is taken from a large organ inside the body, such as the liver. The scientist can then estimate the time of death. For example, the liver’s temperature might be 88 degrees Fahrenheit. That is about 10.5 degrees cooler than normal body temperature. So the person died about 7 hours earlier. 7Medical examiners also can make a guess about the time of death at the site where a body is found. The estimate comes from the condition of the body. It is not precise, but it can give police a general time for the victim’s death. This chart shows guidelines that medical examiners use.

Temperature of Body Body Condition Time Since Death Warm Not stiff 0 to 3 hours Warm Stiff 3 to 8 hours Cold Stiff 8 to 36 hours Cold Not stiff 36 hours or more

Older Crimes 8Some murders are committed days or weeks before the body is found. Taking the body’s temperature is unlikely to be helpful. Examiners may depend on insects. Many insects are useful for determining the time of death.

27 Expedition 2, Lessons 8 and 9

The first insects used are often fly larvae. This is because the larvae of certain flies grow in dead bodies. Larvae are a young stage in the life of a fly. Maggots are a kind of fly larva. 9Scientists know how long it takes maggots to reach different sizes. They also know when different kinds of flies arrive. 10For example, blowflies usually arrive first. They often find a corpse in a few days or even sooner. Then they lay eggs. After about a day, the eggs hatch. Maggots crawl out. Examiners can measure the maggots in a body. A blowfly maggot is about 10 millimeters in length after about 2 days. The same maggot will measure 17 millimeters after 4 or 5 days. 11The next stage in a fly’s life is the pupa stage. This is the last stage before the adult fly. A blowfly pupa appears between 18 and 24 days after the eggs were laid. Suppose a body is found with the pupa shells in it. This tells a scientist that the body has been where it is for at least 20 days. 12Other insects also help date the time of death. It is almost like teamwork among the insects. Different insects arrive at different times. Scientists know the order in which they come and when they come. They examine the insects that are found in or near the body. In this way, they can estimate how many days the body has been where it was found.

28 Expedition 2, Lesson 9 Assessment

Clues: What’s Left Behind

1Every crime scene investigation has the same goal. Police basically are looking for clues. This evidence may help them solve the crime. Almost all clues come from a “transfer of material,” things that a criminal leaves behind at the scene. 2This is one of the main ideas behind forensic science. Whenever two people or objects touch each other, material is transferred from one to the other. Two cars crash. A burglar climbs through a window. A thief grabs a woman’s purse. In each case, some material—paint, fingerprints, hair, fibers—moves between the people or objects. It always happens.

How Clues Move from Criminal to Crime Scene 3Suppose a man walks across a carpet and sits on a cloth couch. His cat is there. For just a few seconds, his hand moves along the cat’s back. A lot of material is transferred in this short span of time. 4Any number of hairs from the cat might now be attached to the man’s sleeve. He also has fibers from the carpet on his shoes, socks, and the cuffs of his pants. Fibers from the couch are attached to his clothes. 5What if the man then steals something from a store? He might lean on the counter. If so, he will leave behind a print of his palm. He may also leave cat hair. Fibers from his carpet or couch might be found someplace on the floor. Every fiber, hair, or fingerprint is evidence. Each shows that he was there. Any might be useful in helping investigators identify him as the thief.

Kinds of Clues 6Transfer of material is not a new idea. Police in England first understood it in the 1800s. That’s when they discovered fingerprints. Almost any contact between a fingertip and a surface—just the slightest touch—leaves

29 Expedition 2, Lesson 9 Assessment

a fingerprint behind. Since then, investigators have learned many other ways that criminals leave evidence of themselves at crime scenes. 7Successful investigations may rest on tiny clues. It could be the thickness of a hair. It could be almost invisible pieces of glass. After a burglary, a homeowner may be unable to make any sense of the mess. However, an investigator quickly can see how the burglar got in the house. Investigators can learn a lot about a burglar from the way he or she broke through a door or window. They know the type of tool that was used by the marks left. The tool might make dents in the wooden door frame or window frame. No two tools will make exactly the same dents. If a burglar is arrested, police will check his or her tools. 8Evidence technicians collect samples of everything. This includes paint chips. A tool used to break a lock may leave paint chips on the door. An investigator will be careful to collect the chips. Or, paint from the door frame may remain on the tool. When a suspect is arrested, the paint chips may link the person’s tools to the crime.

Don’t Overlook Anything 9Investigators examine a crime scene and its surroundings with great care for a simple reason. Even an experienced criminal may make a mistake. 10For example, a thief might rob stores. He works late at night. The stores are closed. He has done it many times. He always wears gloves. He never leaves fingerprints. Yet at one store, a few fibers from his clothing have been found. At another, three of his hairs are left behind. On such tiny pieces of evidence, criminals have been convicted. Fingerprint 11What if the criminal is interrupted during a crime? He might leave his tools behind. Investigators will check a flashlight, for instance, looking for fingerprints. Then they will open the flashlight to check the batteries for fingerprints, and they may find them there. A jewel thief in Chicago was caught this way. 12This is just one more example of transfer of material. It shows how clues may be left on almost anything. It also shows why criminals can never be sure they won’t be caught.

30 Vocabulary

A abdomen the front, middle part of the body that contains the stomach and other organs ability a talent or skill abnormal not usual abrupt sudden absolutely without a doubt absorb take in; suck in acceptable thought to be good enough accuracy correctness accurate correct accustomed used to or familiar with achieve to gain something by hard work acre a unit of measure for land acute extremely serious adjust to change or fix something so that it works better advantage a benefit; a plus aeronautics the science of building and using aircraft agree to have the same opinion alternative something that can be used or done in place of something else ample large; plenty amplify to make bigger, stronger, or louder anchorage a safe or secure place ancient very old; from the distant past animated made from a series of drawings or images that are shown rapidly one after the other annoyance something that bothers or causes mild anger approaching coming near articulate able to express ideas clearly

293 artificial made by humans assemble to put together assembly the putting together of something assortment a collection of different kinds astronaut someone trained to travel and work in space astronomy the scientific study of space attitude way of thinking that affects the way you act audience people gathered to see or hear something B bacteria a very small life-form; germ baffle to cause to be confused barrier something that is in the way basement part of a house or building below ground level behavior the way someone acts bemoan to complain about biosphere the land and sea that cover the earth, and all the life in them bonus something beyond what is expected boon a good thing brew a mix buckle to bend or crumple under pressure bulk large amounts C career a job or life’s work category a group of things, actions, or people that have something in common cell phone a mobile telephone chef a cooking expert client a person or group to whom goods or services are provided clutter to crowd or litter column a tall, pole-shaped object commerce the buying and selling of goods commercial related to making money commit to do or perform

294 communication having to do with sending or exchanging information compiled gathered together complicated made up of many different but related parts concerned worried condemn to state that someone or something is wrong conditioning training confront to come face to face consider to think about considerate thoughtful of others contaminate to add something harmful converge to meet convict to find someone guilty of a crime in a court of law convince to make a person agree or believe cope to deal with a problem culprit someone or something guilty of doing wrong cyclone a large, circular storm that forms over the ocean D damage to cause loss or harm data facts that can be used in planning defense protection from attack definite exact; certain delay to make happen or start later than expected demolish to destroy completely dependent needing someone or something derive to get from a source design a plan from which copies can be made despite even with; in spite of destroy to put an end to; ruin detective someone, usually a police officer, who gathers evidence at a crime scene determine decide devastate to shock and upset

295 develop to bring into being device a tool or machine used for a particular task dimension a measurement in one or more directions direct simple and straightforward disagree to put forward a different idea or opinion disaster something that causes horrible things to happen discard to throw away discount an amount taken off the full price disprove to show that something is untrue disregard to ignore distribution the delivery of things to a number of people doubt an unsure feeling E edible able to be eaten effect change caused by something else efficient able to achieve something without a waste of time or energy embrace to take up willingly emotion a strong feeling employee a person who is paid to do work emulate to imitate; to try to be like engrossing taking one’s full attention environment the natural world in which people, animals, and plants live estimate to make a careful guess about evaluation a test or inspection to judge someone’s condition evidence something that proves or disproves something examine to look carefully at something excel to do better than others exist to be alive or real expression a look on someone’s face extinct having died out extraordinary very unusual or remarkable

296 F factory a building or group of buildings where things are manufactured fascinate to hold someone’s attention fully feature a part, quality, or point feign to pretend fiber a thread that makes up cloth or materials flexible able to change or bend focus to give all your attention to something forecaster a person who uses information to predict something that might happen formidable awesome or remarkable frantically in a hurried, out-of-control way function to serve a particular purpose functional able to read and write at the most basic level fund a sum of money for a certain purpose G generator a machine that changes energy into electricity genius great natural talent or ability geologist a scientist who studies the earth gesticulate to express something by moving the arms and hands global of the entire world gross extreme; large-scale guideline a suggestion for how something should be done H–J hazard something that may cause harm humorous funny hurtle to travel at a high speed illogical not following the rules of logic, or sound reasoning; not logical illustrate to explain or show using pictures imitation something that is made to look like something else immensely to a huge extent immigrant a person who leaves one country to settle in another immune protected against disease impair to weaken

297 imperfect not perfect impossible not able to be done impress to make someone think well of something incentive a reason to do something indignation anger at something that does not seem fair inevitable certain to happen infectious caused by germs inhale to breathe in inspiration something that moves the mind to be creative intelligence the ability to learn skills and facts, and to apply them in some way international involving two or more nations Internet a system connecting computers around the world for sharing information interpret to explain the meaning of invade to enter and spread throughout investigator someone who looks carefully at a crime scene in order to figure out what happened invisible not able to be seen irregular not even or regular in shape or form; not regular justice the use of the law L–N likelihood the chance of something happening linger to stay longer than usual livelihood the way a person earns a living logic common sense maneuver to move in a skillful way manufacture to make or process, especially using machines menace a source of danger or trouble merchant someone who owns and runs a store method a way of doing something microscope a device that makes very small objects appear larger

298 minimum as few or as small as can be misfortune bad luck misguided led to believe something untrue nasal related to the nose nausea a feeling of sickness in the stomach navigate to guide nonsense pointless talk, actions, or ideas O–P observe to see obvious very clear option a choice oral having to do with spoken words orbit the path one object takes as it moves around another organize to group together outrageous shocking pamphlet a short printed work that gives information or supports a position paralysis loss of the ability to move particular having to do with a certain person, thing, or activity penetrate to pass through or push an opening through something perish to die, especially from an accident persistently without tiring or slowing down personnel related to the people employed by a business phase a stage or part plea a request calling for immediate attention poignant stirring up strong, usually sad feelings political having to do with government pollute to harm by making dirty position the place where something is positive happy, sure, and upbeat possession ownership precaution an action taken in order to be prepared for something

299 prehistoric before human beings recorded events in writing primitive of or relating to early human culture; of the distant past principally mainly process a series of steps or actions production the actions involved in making something for sale professional someone whose job requires special skill and training public belonging to the people purchase something that is bought pursue to try to achieve; to seek R radiant glowing with happiness rally to bring people together random without a plan or pattern react to respond to something recent happening in a time just before the present recklessness a lack of care or caution reconstruct to build again recover to get better recycle to collect and prepare materials to be used again region a broad area of land reliance the act of counting on remit to send money as payment repetition doing something again and again replace to fill the place of something with something else representation something that stands for something else research careful study of something, such as a particular problem, in order to discover facts resentment a feeling of being used or treated unfairly response a reaction to something that happens reveal to show or make known revenue money made by a business risky dangerous

300 routine usual; ordinary S security related to keeping someone or something safe sensible reasonable sensibly reasonably sequence in order, one after another severe serious; awful shelter a place that provides cover from the weather shortage a lack of something sickness a disease or condition of being ill smirk a mean or conceited smile solitary without other people someplace in a place that is not known or named standard widely used or accepted; a level of excellence that others try to meet staple a main food product; a main feature of something stress strain on the mind or body structure the way something is put together sturdy well built; strong superb excellent support to supply with the things needed for life; to help hold up surface the outside part of something surge a sudden rise in ocean water levels surroundings the things or the area around somebody or something survive to stay alive survivor one who manages to stay alive after a terrible event, such as an earthquake or a flood sustain to keep up sympathy a shared feeling of pain symptom a change in the body that may be a sign of illness system a set of things acting together T–U tactile able to be understood through the sense of touch

301 technology the use of scientific knowledge to build or make something temptation something that makes someone want to do something foolish or wrong traditional related to ways that are passed down through time translate to say or write in another language transporting carrying people or goods from one place to another turbulent causing unrest unique being the only one of its kind unit a standard amount by which things are measured unusual not common or usual urgent needing attention right away V–W vacuum using a process that draws air from a space vast very, very large verbal using words version a particular form of something vex to upset or make anxious vital necessary for life wage payment for work watery having the quality of water

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