DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendices for Frontline Health Workers in COVID-19 Prevention and Control: Rapid Evidence Synthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendices for Frontline Health Workers in COVID-19 Prevention and Control: Rapid Evidence Synthesis Appendices for Frontline health workers in COVID-19 prevention and control: rapid evidence synthesis This document is an appendix to the following report: Bhaumik S, Moola S, Tyagi J, Nambiar D, Kakoti M. Frontline health workers in COVID- 19 prevention and control: rapid evidence synthesis. The George Institute for Global Health, India, 23 March 2020. Appendix 1 – Search Strategy PubMed – All recent pandemics, including COVID-19 No. Search terms No. of hits #1 “community health worker*”[tw] OR “lay health worker”[tw] OR “lay 4551 health workers”[tw] OR “frontline health workers”[tw] OR “close-to- community providers”[tw] OR “frontline health providers”[tw] OR “CHW”[tw] OR “CHWs”[tw] OR “LHW”[tw] OR “LHWs”[tw] OR “lady health workers”[tw] OR “rural health worker*”[tw] OR “accredited social health activist”[tw] OR “ASHA worker”[tw] OR “ASHA workers”[tw] OR “community surveillance volunteer*”[tw] OR "female multipurpose health worker*"[tw] OR "community case management worker*”[tw] OR "health extension worker*”[tw] OR “outreach worker”[tw] OR “health extension worker*"[tw] OR “community health agent*”[tw] OR “community health aide”[tw] OR “community health aides”[tw] OR “village health worker”[tw] OR “village health workers”[tw] OR “health auxiliary”[tw] OR “health auxiliaries”[tw] OR “barefoot doctor”[tw] OR “community health practitioner”[tw] OR “community health practitioners”[tw] OR “lay health advisor”[tw] OR “lay health advisors”[tw] OR “lay health promoter”[tw] OR “lay health promoters”[tw] OR "community worker"[tw] OR "community workers"[tw] #2 ((“2019-nCoV” OR “2019nCoV” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR 1429 “SARS-2” OR (wuhan AND coronavirus))) OR (("COVID-19"[Supplementary Concept] OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"[Supplementary Concept])) OR “Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus” #3 Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola[MH] OR Ebola[tw] OR SARS[tw] OR 240235 coronavirus[tw] OR “severe acute respiratory syndrome” [tw] OR “SARS Virus”[MH] OR “SARS Virus”[tw] OR “SARS-CoV”[tw] OR “SARS-Associated Coronavirus”[tw] OR “sudden acute respiratory syndrome”[tw] OR “swine flu”[tw] OR “swine influenza”[tw] OR “HIN1”[tw] OR “Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus”[tw] OR “MERS-CoV”[tw] OR pandemic[tw] OR pandemics[tw] OR “disease outbreak”[tw] OR “disease outbreaks”[tw] OR outbreak[tw] OR “outbreaks”[tw] OR epidemic[tw] OR epidemics[tw] #4 #2 OR #3 240473 #5 #1 AND #4 211 Appendix 2 – List of organisations, other resource databases and unpublished resource articles that were hand searched Organisation and Weblink 1. European CDC: www.ecdc.europa.eu 2. Africa CDC www.africacdc.org 3. China CDC www.chinacdc.cn 4. World health Organization www.who.int 5. CDC Atlanta www.cdc.gov 6. Ministry of health and family welfare www.mohfw.gov.in 7. Ministry of health Singapore www.moh.gov.sg 8. National Institute of Communicable Disease www.nicd.ac.za 9. Australian Government Department of Health www.health.gov.au 10. U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration www.osha.gov 11. Public health England www.gov.uk 12. Centre for health protection. Department of health the Government of the Hong Kong special administration region https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/ic_advice_for_nid_in_healthcare_setting.pdf 13. New England Journal of Medicine https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus 14. Wiley Online Library https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ 15. Elsevier https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center 16. medRxiv and bioRxiv http://connect.medrxiv.org/relate/content/181 17. Oxford Academic https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/coronavirus 18. JAMA Network https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert Appendix 3 - PRISMA Flow Chart Records identified through database search (n=211) searching Identification Records excluded based on Records screened (n=211) title and abstract screening (n=175) Screening Full texts assessed for eligibility (n=36) Records excluded on full text examination (n=7) Eligibility Full texts of included research (n=29) Additional records identified through reference screening (n=7) Included Records included in the final report (n=36) Search Results and Study Selection A search in PubMed database was conducted on 21 March 2020. The search identified a total of 211 studies, with zero duplicates (Figure 1 – PRISMA flow chart). The lead reviewers selected potentially relevant studies for full text examination eligibility by scanning the titles and abstracts. Full text articles were obtained for 36 potentially relevant studies and were reviewed in detail for relevance based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion. Seven records were excluded on detailed full text examination, with 29 studies to be included in the report. An additional step was conducted that included reference screening of the 29 included studies. Ten potentially relevant studies and reports were identified; however, three records were excluded based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 36 studies were included in the final report. Relevant data was extracted from included studies; however, data extraction was not done in duplicate. Appendix 4 – Data extraction from included studies Data extraction sheet is available online here Appendix 5 – Inventory of relevant guidelines on COVID-19/pandemic control and response relevant to frontline health workers No. Title of the document Publisher and Notes Country of origin 1. Responding to community WHO, Global Provides comprehensive guidance on spread of COVID-19 response to community spread of COVID-19. Includes links and references to resources for various other aspects of COVID response. 2. Interim Guidance for Public CDC, USA Provides guidance on infection Health Personnel prevention and control practices Evaluating Persons Under when risk assessment and public Investigation (PUIs) and health management of persons with Asymptomatic Close potential COVID-19 is performed at a Contacts of Confirmed home or non-home residential Cases at Their Home or settings Non-Home Residential Settings 3. Guidance for Healthcare CDC, USA Guidance for health workers on how Worker Self-Monitoring to self-monitor themselves during and Work Restriction: In community spread of a pandemic the Presence of Sustained Community Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 4. Mental Health and WHO, Global Focusses on mental health of Psychosocial healthcare workers while responding Considerations During to COVID distress COVID-19 Outbreak 5. Pandemic Influenza Occupational Pages 15-16: Infection control Preparedness and Safety and Health precautions for healthcare workers, Response Guidelines for Administration, work practices, personal protective Healthcare Workers and USA equipment Healthcare Employers 6. What Healthcare Workers Africa CDC, Africa Provides details on precautions a Should Know (African Union) health care worker should take to protect themselves which is generic in nature and may be used as an instruction guide for CHWs. 7. Risk assessment and WHO, Global Aids in risk assessment for HCWs management of exposure after exposure and provides of health care workers in recommendations for their the context of COVID-19 management. Provides recommendations for health workers at low risk for COVID-19 (Page-6) which might be useful in the context of CHWs. 8. Public health management European CDC, This document provide guidance for of persons, including Europe EU/EEA public health authorities on health care workers having the management of persons, had contact with COVID-19 including healthcare workers, who cases in the European had contact with COVID-19 cases. Union May be applicable for community health workers (low risk exposure: page 2). 9. Protect Your Patients and CDC, USA Recommendation on infection Staff from COVID-19: CDC’s control and protecting patients and Recommended Infection staffs. The staff comprises of health Control Procedures workers, but the additional recommendations could be contextual to the CHWs as well. 10. Implementation of CDC, USA Pages 8-9: Mitigation strategies and Mitigation Strategies for activities according to level of Communities with Local community transmission or impact of COVID-19 Transmission COVID-19 by setting. 11. Australian Health Department of PPE for health workers, public health Management Plan for Health, Australia officials and other workers which Pandemic Influenza includes CHWs in direct contact with infected (symptomatic) individuals. Protecting healthcare workers by pre- exposure prophylaxis 12. Interim Summary MRI, Sri Lanka Instructions for HCWs Guidelines for Clinical Management of Patients with COVID 19 13. Community case WHO, Global Role of the CHW during an influenza management during an outbreak and conduct community influenza outbreak. A education activities and deliver Training package for appropriate messages community health workers specific to prevention and control of an influenza outbreak. CDC – Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO – World Health Organization, MRI – Medical Research Institute Appendix 6 – Inventory of other relevant resources and articles on COVID- 19/Pandemic control and response relevant to frontline health workers No Document title Document weblink Notes 1. COVID -19: protecting https://www.thelancet.com/j Adequate provision of PPE is health-care workers ournals/lancet/article/PIIS014 just the first step; other 0-6736(20)30644-9/fulltext practical measures must be considered, including cancelling non-essential
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transformation of Health Care in the People's Republic of China Meei-Shia Chen
    26 The Great Reversal: Transformation of Health Care in the People's Republic of China Meei-shia Chen On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from the Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tienanmen) of its capital, Beijing. During the three decades after 1949, the PRC, under Mao's leadership, developed a central planning socialist system that emphasized public ownership and welfare, mass-based collectivism and egalitarianism, and de- emphasized the role of the market in the delivery of various services and products. But in 1978 Deng Xiaoping took over the leadership of China and set China onto a new course: the PRC has been undergoing dramatic market reform, privatizing formerly public systems, enterprises, and institutions, de- collectivizing rural communes, emphasizing individual responsibilities, and allowing an increase in social inequality (Hinton 1990; Leung 1994; Wong 1994; Weil 1996; MacFarquhar 1997; Meisner 1999). This political, economic, and social transformation was described as ``the great reversal'' by Hinton (Hinton 1990), the author of the classic, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village (Hinton 1966). During Mao's era, the PRC impressed the world by developing an innovative and successful health care system, with a great emphasis on preventive public health. This system included the development of the cooperative medical system; the use of barefoot doctors; the implementation of health programs through mass movements; the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine; and increased emphasis on the health of the rural population. How- ever, during the past two decades of market reform, the PRC transformed its health care system into a very different one.
    [Show full text]
  • The Web That Has No Weaver
    THE WEB THAT HAS NO WEAVER Understanding Chinese Medicine “The Web That Has No Weaver opens the great door of understanding to the profoundness of Chinese medicine.” —People’s Daily, Beijing, China “The Web That Has No Weaver with its manifold merits … is a successful introduction to Chinese medicine. We recommend it to our colleagues in China.” —Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China “Ted Kaptchuk’s book [has] something for practically everyone . Kaptchuk, himself an extraordinary combination of elements, is a thinker whose writing is more accessible than that of Joseph Needham or Manfred Porkert with no less scholarship. There is more here to think about, chew over, ponder or reflect upon than you are liable to find elsewhere. This may sound like a rave review: it is.” —Journal of Traditional Acupuncture “The Web That Has No Weaver is an encyclopedia of how to tell from the Eastern perspective ‘what is wrong.’” —Larry Dossey, author of Space, Time, and Medicine “Valuable as a compendium of traditional Chinese medical doctrine.” —Joseph Needham, author of Science and Civilization in China “The only approximation for authenticity is The Barefoot Doctor’s Manual, and this will take readers much further.” —The Kirkus Reviews “Kaptchuk has become a lyricist for the art of healing. And the more he tells us about traditional Chinese medicine, the more clearly we see the link between philosophy, art, and the physician’s craft.” —Houston Chronicle “Ted Kaptchuk’s book was inspirational in the development of my acupuncture practice and gave me a deep understanding of traditional Chinese medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Reflections
    2 Viral Reflections Placing China in Global Health Histories Mary Augusta Brazelton There are few narratives as compelling, or as contested, as the beginning of an epidemic. Where did it come from? How did it spread? The history of medicine suggests that these questions are usually impossible to answer definitively and often only reinforce harmful stigmas and misconceptions.1 Nonetheless, the origin of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has attracted a wealth of attention and speculation from scientists, government officials, and media commentators. The exact means of zoonotic transmission remain unclear, but there is a broad consensus that the condition caused by the virus, known as COVID-19, first appeared in Wuhan in late 2019. The role attributed to the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in responding to the outbreak has varied greatly, ranging from accusations of negligence in allowing the virus to spread outside its borders to assertions of its success in controlling the outbreak through extensive quarantine and rapid resource mobilization. Distinct cultures and politics of science and medicine have contributed to strikingly variable national responses to this global crisis. In South Korea and Taiwan, epidemiologists have employed contact tracing, border surveillance, and increased dissemination of face masks. In the United States, federal authorities imposed barriers to early diagnostic testing, and President Donald Trump promoted 24 : THE PANDEMIC: PERSPECTIVES ON ASIA the drug hydroxychloroquine despite a lack of evidence for its therapeutic efficacy. Swedish officials have articulated the concept of herd immunity, in contrast to standard epidemiological usage, as a means by which the majority of a population might gain immunity to COVID-19 by contracting it.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases
    China’s Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Global Implications CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES A Report of the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies 1800 K Street | Washington, DC 20006 PROJECT DIRECTOR Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Charles W. Freeman III E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org PROJECT EDITOR Xiaoqing Lu March 2009 ISBN 978-0-89206-580-6 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Ë|xHSKITCy065806zv*:+:!:+:! CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES China’s Capacity to Manage Infectious Diseases Global Implications A Report of the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies PROJECT DIRECTOR Charles W. Freeman III PROJECT EDITOR Xiaoqing Lu March 2009 About CSIS In an era of ever-changing global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and Inter- national Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and practical policy solutions to decisionmak- ers. CSIS conducts research and analysis and develops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to the simple but urgent goal of finding ways for America to survive as a nation and prosper as a people. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent public policy institutions. Today, CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. More than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focus their expertise on defense and security; on the world’s regions and the unique challenges inherent to them; and on the issues that know no boundary in an increasingly connected world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Faces of the 'Doctor' During the Cultural Revolution
    Med. Hist. (2018), vol. 62(3), pp. 333–359. c The Author 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press 2018 doi:10.1017/mdh.2018.23 Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the ‘Doctor’ during the Cultural Revolution MIRIAM GROSS* Departments of History & International and Area Studies, University of Oklahoma, 729 Elm Ave., Farzaneh Hall, Room 304, Norman, OK 73019, USA Abstract: During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao’s vision of a new ‘revolutionary medicine’, there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine’s ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors’ provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers.
    [Show full text]
  • Mao's Bestiary
    Mao’s Bestiary Medicinal Animals and Modern China / Liz P. Y. Chee Mao’s Bestiary Mao’s experimental futures Technological lives, scienTific arTs, anThropological voices A series edited by Michael M. J. Fischer and Joseph Dumit Bestiary Medicinal Animals and Modern China / Liz P. Y. Chee duke universiTy press ​durham and london ​2021 © 2021 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Aimee C. Harrison Typeset in Portrait Text by Westchester Publishing Ser vices Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Chee, Liz P. Y., [date] author. Title: Mao’s bestiary : medicinal animals and modern China / Liz P. Y. Chee. Other titles: Experimental futures. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2021. | Series: Experi- mental futures | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2020031117 (print) lccn 2020031118 (ebook) isbn 9781478011903 (hardcover) isbn 9781478014041 (paperback) isbn 9781478021353 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Materia medica, Animal— China. | Pharmacognosy— China. | Animals— Therapeutic use— China. | Traditional medicine. Classification: lcc rs162 .c445 2021 (print) | lcc rs162 (ebook) | ddc 615.3/60951— dc23 lc rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2020031117 lc ebook rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2020031118 To my “ uncle” and cat contents Acknowl edgments / ix Introduction / 1 1 “Abandon Chinese Medicine, Retain Chinese Drugs” Creating a State Phar ma ceu ti cal Sector ​/ 27 2 “To Learn
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 China Press
    Press Press Release EMBARGO: 02:00H (UK time) Monday October 20, 2008 THE LANCET SERIES ON HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM IN CHINA: PRESS RELEASE AND LAUNCH EVENT In the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on October 20, 2008, an unprecedented scientific pressoffi[email protected] collaboration on China and global health is being launched by the The Lancet, Peking University Please mention The Lancet as the source of this Health Sciences Centre, and the China Medical Board. This Lancet Series on Health System material Issued by Tony Kirby, Reform in China consists of 19 commissioned research papers (7 papers and 12 comments) Press Officer, The Lancet that bring together the most recent scientific evidence on China’s major health challenges, its health strategies, and China’s health future. The Series was produced by a team of 63 scientists, with Chinese scientists constituting two-thirds of the authors, collaborating with an international team from 10 different countries. This Series aims to initiate long- term collaboration between The Lancet and China, together with the China Medical Board and WHO, including critically important partners, such as scientists both inside and outside China. The purpose of this collaboration is to introduce China’s health system, achievements, and predicaments to the world and to foster scientific and institutional alliances that can strengthen the health of the Chinese people. The launch event features keynote speeches by Professor Han Qide, Vice Chair of the People’s Congress; Health Minister Chen Zhu; Vice Health Minister Huang Jiefu; and former Vice Health Minister Wang Longde—all of whom are also contributing authors of scientific papers in the Series.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of U.S.-China Collaborations on Global Health Issues
    Testimony Implications of U.S.-China Collaborations on Global Health Issues Jennifer Bouey CT-516 Testimony presented before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission on July 31, 2019. For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT516.html Testimonies RAND testimonies record testimony presented or submitted by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees; government-appointed commissions and panels; and private review and oversight bodies. Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. www.rand.org Implications of U.S.-China Collaborations on Global Health Issues Testimony of Jennifer Bouey1 The RAND Corporation2 Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission July 31, 2019 hank you, Senator Talent and Commissioner Wessel and distinguished members of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, for inviting me to testify Ttoday. My testimony on China and global health will have five sections: The first provides a brief history of China’s engagement with global health assistance in the pre–market reforms era (1950s to 1980s).
    [Show full text]
  • Barefoot Doctors and the ￢ﾀﾜhealth Care Revolution￢ﾀﾝ in Rural China
    Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Endeavour Vol. 41 No.3 ScienceDirect Barefoot Doctors and the ‘‘Health Care Revolution’’ in Rural China: A Study Centered on Shandong Province a b Sanchun Xu and Danian Hu a Liaoning Shihua University, No. 1, West Dandong Road, Wanghua District, Fushun 113001, Liaoning Province, China b The City College of The City University of New York, 160 Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031, USA Barefoot doctors were rural medical personnel trained decades of wars, epidemics ran rampant, health situations en masse, whose emergence and development had a were extremely poor, modern medical resources were de- particular political, economic, social, and cultural back- ficient, and peasants’ medical care relied primarily on ground. Like the rural cooperative medical care system, various folk medical practitioners. The state thus orga- the barefoot doctor was a well-known phenomenon in nized traditional folk medical practitioners to set up “unit- the Cultural Revolution. Complicated regional differ- ed clinics.” Most of these united clinics became commune ences and a lack of reliable sources create much difficulty clinics after 1958 when the People’s Communes were for the study of barefoot doctors and result in differing widely established in the country. Meanwhile, mobile opinions of their status and importance. Some scholars urban medical teams and higher-level clinics or hospitals, greatly admire barefoot doctors, whereas others harshly such as united clinics, also trained many rural health criticize them. This paper explores the rise and develop- workers ( ), who were responsible for vaccination, ment of barefoot doctors based on a case study of patriotic hygiene campaigns, reporting epidemic out- Shandong province.
    [Show full text]
  • Barefoot Doctors: a Narrative Review Article
    Iran J Public Health, Vol. 47, Suppl. 1, 2018, pp.1-8 Review Article The Turning Point of China’s Rural Public Health during the Cultural Revolution Period: Barefoot Doctors: A Narrative Review Article Youngsub LEE 1, *Hyoungsup KIM 2 1. Asia Contents Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 2. College of Humanities, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] (Received 10 Jan 2018; accepted 19 Mar 2018) Abstract Background: According to Mao Zedong’s orders, the Communist Party of China made efforts to per- form the system of ‘barefoot doctors’ even during the political mayhem of the Cultural Revolution. This pioneering medical system made a great contribution to medical services for rural communities and the public health system from 1960s to 1970s. Attracting new attention in the beginning of the 21st century, the barefoot doctor system influenced the formation of the Chinese medical system of unique structure. Methods: Utilizing and analyzing the currently existing research outcomes on ‘barefoot doctors’, we in- vestigated the two overlooked characteristics in the Chinese medical system originated from the bare- foot doctor system; i) why the barefoot doctor system attracts new attention in the 21st century and ii) why and how Western and Chinese medicine could systematically be combined, which is the unique phenomenon in the world. Results: The barefoot doctor system satisfied the Chinese government’s political aims and realistic re- quest under the banner of Cultural Revolution simultaneously. In reality, this system gratified preven- tion-oriented modernized public health policy, reducing serious gap of medical services between cities and rural areas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Barefoot Doctors: China's Rural Health Care Revolution, 1968-1981
    Wesleyan University The Honors College The Barefoot Doctors: China’s Rural Health Care Revolution, 1968-1981 by Cedric Howshan Bien Class of 2008 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in the East Asian Studies Program Middletown, Connecticut April, 2008 1 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………5 Chapter 1: Characteristics of Rural Health Care in China, 1950-1981………...…..13 1.1 Patriotic Health Campaigns, 1950-1968 1.2 China’s Rural Health Care System, 1968-1981 1.3 Characteristics of the Barefoot Doctor Model, 1968-1981 1.4 Responsibilities and Interventions of the Barefoot Doctor Chapter 2: Barefoot Doctors, Human Development and Health Outcomes………...36 2.1 Processes, Functions, and Agency 2.2 Evaluating Basic Health Care Provision and Early-Age Mortality 2.3 Quality of Infant Mortality Data, 1955-1995 2.4 Chief Determinants of Infant Mortality Trends, 1955-1995 2.5 Health Personnel and Infant Mortality: A Thirteen-Province Study 2.6 Efficacy of Specific Interventions Chapter 3: Determinants of the Barefoot Doctors Program……...…………………65 3.1 Emulation of Foreign Models 3.2 Yan’an and the Formation of Maoist Ideology 3.3 Local Self-Sufficiency: The Cooperative Medical System and Chinese Medicine 3.4 Egalitarianism, Labor Surplus, and Incentives 3.5 Gender Equality, Female Empowerment, and Female Barefoot Doctors 3.6 Limits of Political and Ideological Determinants: The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Reflections: Placing China in Global Health Histories
    The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 79, No. 3 (August) 2020: 579–588. © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 2020 doi:10.1017/S0021911820002284 Viral Reflections: Placing China in Global Health Histories MARY AUGUSTA BRAZELTON Public health in China has become a global concern as a consequence of the outbreak and worldwide spread of COVID-19. This article examines the historical place of China in international and global health. Contrary to prevalent narratives in the history of medicine, China and Chinese historical actors played key roles in this field throughout the twentieth century. Several episodes illustrate this argument: the Qing organization of the International Plague Conference in 1911; the role of China in the work of the inter- war League of Nations Health Organization and postwar establishment of the World Health Organization; Cold War medical diplomacy; and Chinese models of primary health care during the 1970s. These case studies together show that Chinese physicians and administrators helped shape concepts and practices of “global health” even before that term rose to prominence in the 1990s, and current events are best understood in the context of this history. Keywords: global health, international health, medical diplomacy, twentieth-century China, primary health care, World Health Organization, plague, COVID-19 HERE ARE FEW NARRATIVES as compelling, or as contested, as the beginning of an epi- Tdemic. Where did it come from? How did it spread? The history of medicine suggests that these questions are usually impossible to answer definitively, and often only reinforce harmful stigmas and misconceptions.1 Nonetheless, the origin of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has attracted a wealth of attention and speculation from scientists, govern- ment officials, and media commentators.
    [Show full text]