Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe) and some adjacent areas: 2016 K.M. Dunham & H.F. van der Westhuizen October 2016

Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe) and some adjacent areas: 2016 K.M. Dunham & H.F. van der Westhuizen October 2016

Frankfurt Zoological Society Gonarezhou Conservation Project Gonarezhou National Park, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe

This survey was conducted jointly by the Parks & Wildlife Management Authority and Frankfurt Zoological Society.

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Frankfurt Zoological Society, or the Parks & Wildlife Management Authority.

Suggested Citation: Dunham, K.M. & van der Westhuizen, H.F. (2016). Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe) and some adjacent areas: 2016. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Gonarezhou National Park, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe.

Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Summary

Elephants and other large herbivores, wild and domestic, in Gonarezhou National Park, Malapati Safari Area and Mahenye and Naivasha communal lands in south-eastern Zimbabwe were surveyed from the air during September 2016. The survey area lies within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. A fixed-wing aircraft was used to conduct a sample survey, flying transects over the area. The area surveyed totalled 5633 km2 and was divided into 10 strata. By design, sampling intensity varied between strata and ranged from 13 to 22 %. Sampling intensity averaged 21.5 % in Gonarezhou NP and 20.7 % in the entire survey area. The principal objective of the survey was to provide relatively precise and accurate estimates of the number of elephants in the survey area as a whole, using a technique that could be executed within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Secondary objectives included provision of population estimates for other large herbivores, determination of the spatial distributions of elephants and other large herbivores; and estimation of the number and spatial distribution of elephant carcasses. The methods used were suitable for meeting the survey objectives, repeatable and technically robust. Some large herbivores are not easily seen from the air and their numbers were undoubtedly underestimated. Nonetheless, population estimates are given for these species, because the estimates provide useful indices of abundance with measures of precision and can be used to determine spatial distribution, as well as temporal trends in population number. No corrections have been applied to any of the estimates to compensate for any undercounting or missed animals. The estimated population numbers of the principal large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP were: elephant 10715 (upper and lower 95% confidence limits ± 17.5 %); impala 7421 (± 27.3 %); buffalo 4797 (± 50.7 %), kudu 1789 (± 27.6 %); zebra 1830 (± 26.2 %); wildebeest 929 (± 43.4 %); giraffe 446 (± 36.8 %); eland 241 (± 81.6 %); nyala 187 (± 47.1 %); waterbuck 326 (± 60.3 %); cattle 1346 (± 45.9 %); and sheep and goats 1246 (± 65.7 %). Most domestic animals were in the Chitsa area in the north of the park, but others were seen in the very south of the park, and near the international border with Mozambique, close to the Chefu River. There were estimated to be 704 elephant carcasses in the entire survey area and 656 in Gonarezhou NP. The all-carcass ‘ratio’ (i.e. the ‘ratio’ for elephant carcasses of all age categories) was 6.0 % in the survey area as a whole and 5.8 % in Gonarezhou NP. If it is assumed that all unidentified carcasses were elephant carcasses, the all-carcass ratio increases to 9.1 % for the entire survey area and 8.5 % for Gonarezhou NP. The 1+2 carcass ‘ratio’ [based on fresh (age category 1) and recent (age category 2) carcasses of elephants] was to 0.30 % for the entire survey area and 0.26 % for Gonarezhou NP. The 2016 estimate of 10715 elephants in Gonarezhou NP is only slightly below the peak estimate of 11120 elephants during 2014, which was the highest estimate of the number of elephants in this park since sample surveys began there during 1975.

i Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table of Contents

Summary ...... i List of Tables ...... iii List of Maps ...... iii List of Figures ...... iv Introduction ...... 1 Survey Area ...... 2 Methods ...... 3 Survey Design ...... 3 Flight Procedures ...... 3 Strip Width and Calibration ...... 4 Observations ...... 5 Cameras ...... 5 Data Analysis ...... 6 Entire survey area and land units within it ...... 7 Elephant carcasses ...... 7 Search Effort ...... 8 Results ...... 9 Search Effort ...... 9 Animal Numbers ...... 9 Elephant Carcasses ...... 10 Animal Distributions ...... 10 Human Activities ...... 10 Comparison of Observers ...... 10 Trends in Animal Numbers in Gonarezhou NP ...... 13 Discussion ...... 24 Elephants ...... 24 Elephant Carcasses ...... 24 Other Large Herbivores ...... 24 Encroachment on the Parks and Wild Life Estate ...... 24 Acknowledgements ...... 25 References ...... 25 Appendix 1. Calibration of strip width ...... 60 Appendix 2. Survey flight summary ...... 62 Appendix 3. Transect start and end points, and lengths ...... 63 Appendix 4. Transect summaries of sightings ...... 72 Appendix 5. Comparison of observers ...... 85 Appendix 6. Maintenance of flying height ...... 90

ii Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 List of Tables

Table 1. Population estimates and statistics for major wildlife species, domestic livestock and elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP during September 2016 ...... 12 Table 2. Sampling statistics for the 2016 aerial survey of large herbivores in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 27 Table 3. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 35 Table 4. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 35 Table 5. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Cows in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 37 Table 6. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 1 in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 37 Table 7. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 2 in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 39 Table 8. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 3 in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 39 Table 9. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 4 in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 40 Table 10. Population estimates and statistics for Unidentified Carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 40 Table 11. Elephant carcass ratios in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 41 Table 12. Population estimates and statistics for Buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 43 Table 13. Population estimates and statistics for Eland in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 43 Table 14. Population estimates and statistics for Giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 45 Table 15. Population estimates and statistics for Impala in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 45 Table 16. Population estimates and statistics for Kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 47 Table 17. Population estimates and statistics for Nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 47 Table 18. Population estimates and statistics for Waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 49 Table 19. Population estimates and statistics for Zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 49 Table 20. Population estimates and statistics for Wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 51 Table 21. Population estimates and statistics for Warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 51 Table 22. Population estimates and statistics for Duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 53 Table 23. Population estimates and statistics for Steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 53 Table 24. Population estimates and statistics for Sable in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 55 Table 25. Population estimates and statistics for Hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 55 Table 26. Population estimates and statistics for Ostrich in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 56 Table 27. Population estimates and statistics for Ground Hornbill in and around Gonarezhou NP ..... 56 Table 28. Population estimates and statistics for Cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 58 Table 29. Population estimates and statistics for Sheep and Goats in and around Gonarezhou NP .. 58 Table 30. Population estimates and statistics for Donkeys in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 59 Table A5.1. Comparison of numbers and sizes of groups seen in the search strips by the left and right observers ...... 87 Table A5.2. The percentage of groups and individuals seen by the right observer both inside the search strip, and for in-strip and out-strip sightings combined...... 89

List of Maps

Map 1. Location of the Gonarezhou survey area in south-eastern Zimbabwe ...... 2 Map 2. Land designation in and around the Gonarezhou survey area ...... 28 Map 3. Altitude in and around the Gonarezhou survey area and surrounds ...... 29 Map 4. River systems in and around the Gonarezhou survey area ...... 30 Map 5. Vegetation of Gonarezhou National Park ...... 31 Map 6. Strata used during the 2016 aerial survey of wildlife in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 32 Map 7. Tracklogs (flight lines) indicating transects flown during the 2016 aerial survey of wildlife in and around Gonarezhou NP ...... 33 Map 8. Distribution of elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 34 Map 9. Distribution of elephant bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 36 Map 10. Distribution of elephant cows in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 36 iii Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 11. Distribution of elephant carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 38 Map 12. Distribution of unidentified carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016...... 39 Map 13. Distribution of buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 42 Map 14. Distribution of eland in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016...... 42 Map 15. Distribution of giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 44 Map 16. Distribution of impala in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 44 Map 17. Distribution of kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 46 Map 18. Distribution of nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 47 Map 19. Distribution of waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 48 Map 20. Distribution of zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 49 Map 21. Distribution of wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 50 Map 22. Distribution of warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 51 Map 23. Distribution of duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 52 Map 24. Distribution of steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 52 Map 25. Distribution of sable in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 54 Map 26. Distribution of hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 55 Map 27. Distribution of cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 57 Map 28. Distribution of sheep and goats in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 58 Map 29. Distribution of donkeys in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 ...... 59

List of Figures

Fig. 1. Number of elephant estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1980 ...... 14 Fig. 2. Number of elephant bulls estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture ...... 14 Fig. 3. Number of elephants in cow herds estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture ...... 15 Fig. 4. Number of fresh or recent carcasses of elephants estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989 ...... 15 Fig. 5. The 1+2 carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989 ...... 16 Fig. 6. Number of all elephant carcasses estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989 ...... 16 Fig. 7. All- carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989 ...... 17 Fig. 8. Number of eland estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 ...... 17 Fig. 9. Number of waterbuck estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 18 Fig. 10. Number of zebra estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 18 Fig. 11. Number of giraffe estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 19 Fig. 12. Number of wildebeest estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 ...... 19 Fig. 13. Number of nyala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986 ...... 20 Fig. 14. Number of warthog estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1996 ...... 20 Fig. 15. Number of impala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1995 ...... 21 Fig. 16. Number of buffalo estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 21 Fig. 17. Number of kudu estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 22 Fig. 18. Number of ostrich estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1993 ...... 22 Fig. 19. Number of sable estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984 ...... 23 Fig. A6.1. Frequency distribution of flying height above ground level ...... 90

iv Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Introduction

Elephants and other large herbivores, wild and domestic, were censused in Gonarezhou National Park and in some adjacent areas in south-eastern Zimbabwe (Maps 1-6). The survey was part of a continuing study to monitor the numbers of elephants and other wildlife in the Parks & Wild Life Estate of Zimbabwe. The survey area is part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). Adjacent and to the north of Gonarezhou NP is Malilangwe Estate, and Save Valley Conservancy lies northwards of that. Malilangwe Estate contains resident elephants and is fenced, but the fences hinder rather than prevent the movements of elephants. Since the 2009 Gonarezhou survey, fences have been erected in the north of Gonarezhou NP. The first is aligned southwards of the Chitsa community living inside the park (thus separating them from the rest of the park) and runs eastwards to the Save River; being a short way south of the park boundary close to the Save River (Map 2). The second is aligned to run southwards from the Runde River for approximately 16 km, close to but not on the park’s western boundary. The 2013 survey revealed relatively little wildlife in the communal lands adjacent to Gonarezhou NP and so only two areas of communal land were included in the 2016 survey: 1) the Mahenye area where elephants were often seen during previous surveys; and 2) the Naivasha communal area which is unsettled by people and hence has potential to be an area where wildlife is the principal land use. The methods used during this survey were similar to those used during five recent surveys of the wildlife populations of Gonarezhou NP (during 2001, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2014). The principal objective of the survey was to provide relatively precise and accurate estimates of the number of elephants and other large herbivores in the survey area as a whole, using a technique that could be executed within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. The use of methods that gave results comparable with previous surveys of the region was a high priority. Secondary objectives included determination of the spatial distributions of elephants and other large herbivores; and estimation of the number and spatial distribution of elephant carcasses. The methods used were suitable for meeting the survey objectives, and are repeatable and technically robust.

1 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Survey Area

The overall survey area often varied between the 2001, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2014 surveys, but all covered Gonarezhou NP (4941 km2), Malapati Safari Area and Mahenye communal land (Dunham 2002a, Dunham et al. 2007, Dunham et al. 2010, Dunham et al. 2013, Dunham & van der Westhuizen 2015). These areas were included in the 2016 survey, which covered 5633 km2. The Sengwe communal land, which lies between Gonarezhou NP and South Africa’s Kruger NP to the south, was not surveyed, but was surveyed during 2013, as were other communal lands adjacent to the northern and western borders of Gonarezhou NP.

Map 1. Location of the Gonarezhou survey area in south-eastern Zimbabwe National Parks and Safari Areas in Zimbabwe are shown in dark green and selected protected areas in neighbouring countries are shown in light green. The box highlights the survey area, which is shown in more detail in the following maps. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park includes three national parks: Gonarezhou NP (boxed) in Zimbabwe, Limpopo NP (LNP) in Mozambique and Kruger NP (KNP) in South Africa. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area does not have a formal boundary, but includes these parks and Zinave NP (ZNP) and Banhine NP (BNP) in Mozambique, as well as the communal lands lying between these parks.

2 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Methods

Survey Design The procedures used followed those well established for aerial surveys of African large herbivores (Norton-Griffiths 1978) and utilised during earlier surveys of large herbivores in Zimbabwe. Survey procedures followed the revised standards set by the CITES MIKE programme (Craig 2012). This ensured that the data collected during the survey would be comparable with that from earlier surveys. Changes to the survey design, or methods, during 2014 could have created problems, or prompted criticisms, or both, that could have compromised the analysis of the temporal variations in animal numbers. The survey area was divided into 10 strata. The boundaries of the strata within Gonarezhou NP followed those used during the 2013 and 2014 surveys (Dunham et al. 2013, Dunham & van der Westhuizen 2015). Systematic, parallel transects were positioned across each stratum, with the position of the first transect in a stratum determined randomly. Transects were arranged at right angles to the principal environmental feature within a stratum (see Map 7 and Table 2 for transect orientations). As during 2014, transect orientation in the Chefu stratum was changed, cf. the 2013 and earlier surveys, because the previous orientation resulted in a high variance for the elephant population estimate for this stratum during 2009 and 2013. In order to maximise the precision of the estimate of the total number of elephants in Gonarezhou NP, the sampling intensity varied between strata. Hence, the distance between adjacent transects varied between strata, according to the planned sampling intensity in each stratum. The overall nominal sampling intensity in Gonarezhou NP was planned to be 25 %, with a transect width (i.e. combined width of the two search strips) of 300 m. The planned sampling intensity in each GNP stratum was determined by using the mean of the elephant densities in each stratum during 2009, 2013 and 2014 (Dunham et al.2010, 2013, Dunham & van der Westhuizen 2015) as the predicted elephant densities in equation 1 of Gibson (1989a). As a consequence, those strata expected to contain high densities of elephants were sampled more intensively than strata expected to contain few elephants. However, adjacent transects in a stratum were placed no closer than 1.5 km, in order to minimise the risk of double-counting any groups of animals. In practice, the transect spacing in Gonarezhou NP and Mahenye communal land varied from 1.5 km in strata expected to contain numerous elephants, to 1.7 km in strata expected to contain few elephants (Table 2). Planned sampling intensity in the communal land strata was 12 %. The survey was designed using WWF-SARPO’s custom software (AIRDESW, version dated 29/05/97). Given a stratum boundary in the form of an ATLAS GIS bna format file, and the transect orientation and spacing, this software generates flight lines (the transects), with the first flight line offset from the end of the stratum by an entered random number. The start and end points for each transect (Appendix 3) were transferred as waypoints to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in the plane prior to flying each stratum.

Flight Procedures All strata were surveyed during the period 7-12 September 2016 (Table 2). The aircraft used for the survey was a Cessna 185. A laser rangefinder (with specifications similar to the AgLaser laser height measuring device) was mounted with a custom bracket, pointing downwards, on the right wing strut, just below the wing. The height above ground level (in feet) was displayed at 1 second intervals on a digital display mounted in the cockpit and usually also on a tablet computer. The latter used the Flightlogger system, which included custom software (version 0.7.4-b) that smoothed the reported temporal fluctuations in height by displaying the height averaged within a 5 second window (Frederick et al. 2015).

3 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 The aircraft was usually equipped with a Garmin GPSMAP 296 GPS receiver and this was used by the pilot for general navigation and when turning and the start and end of transects. But for navigation along transects, he used Garmin Aera 500 GPS receiver. During the survey, the aircraft was flown at approximately 170 km per hour at about 300 feet above ground level. Waypoints denoting the start and end points of transects were entered into the GPS receivers and used to form routes. Navigation along the transects was undertaken by the pilot, with reference to the HIS display of the Aera 500 GPS receiver, with the course deviation scale set to 0.25 nautical miles. The track of the aircraft was recorded using the track log facility of Garmin GPSMAP 64 GPS receiver, set to note the aircraft’s location at 1 second intervals. The aircraft crew consisted of a pilot (Hugo van der Westhuizen), a recorder (Kevin Dunham) who sat next to the pilot, and two observers who sat behind the pilot and recorder. All four crew members could talk to one another through an intercom system. The two observers were Julius Shimbani and Ezekiel Mungoni, who were also the observers during the 2009, 2013 and 2014 surveys. All animals seen by the observers within the search strips (see section Strip Width and Calibration below) were called to the recorder, who wrote down the species, the number of individuals of the group that were within the strip, and the GPS location against the time (to the nearest 30 seconds) after the start of the transect. Locations were recorded as waypoints by the recorder using a Garmin III GPS receiver. During the survey, the actual height of the plane above ground level (agl), as determined by the laser rangefinder, was noted by the recorder every 30 seconds (of time) while flying along the transects. Usually the height as displayed by the Flightlogger system was noted, but on occasions when this system failed because of a connection problem, the height as displayed by the rangefinder’s own digital display was noted. Later the mean height above ground level for each transect was calculated. The recorder used a stopwatch to record the time (to the nearest second) taken to fly each transect. The GPS tracklog provided an additional record of times. The Garmin III GPS receiver (also loaded with routes defining the transects) displayed a moving map, as well as the ground speed of the aircraft, the cross-track error (the distance between the intended route and the actual flight path), and the distance and time to the next transect waypoint. Thus, throughout the flight, the recorder could monitor adherence to the intended route, ground speed, and height about ground level.

Strip Width and Calibration Two fishing rods were attached with custom brackets to each wing strut of the aircraft, so that the rods pointed backwards and parallel to the ground during level flight. The distance between the rods on each strut was arranged so that, when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet agl, this distance represented a strip about 150 m wide on the ground. Each outer rod was marked with a small piece of tape to provide the observers with a “decision point” (it was at this point that the observer decided whether an animal was inside his search strip). When deciding if animals were inside or outside the strip, the observer moved his eye so as to align the tape on the outer rod with a small piece of tape on his window, thereby ensuring that all his decisions were made at the same viewing angle. Prior to and during the survey, the strip widths were calibrated by flying the aircraft at right angles across an airstrip that had two sets of large-sized numbers (from 0 to 35) arranged at 10-metre intervals along the side of the airstrip. The numbers were arranged as 35 34 33….2 1 0 1 2…..33 34 35, with 0 near the centre of the airstrip. Each observer noted the largest and smallest number within his strip and the recorder noted the aircraft’s height above ground level (as recorded by the laser rangefinder and displayed by the Flightlogger system). For each flight passing over the calibration numbers, the combined strip width (in metres) was adjusted to 300 feet above ground level as follows:

4 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Actual combined strip width x 300 Combined strip width at 300 feet = Actual flying height

The combined strip widths, after adjustment to 300 feet above ground level, were then averaged to give the nominal (calibrated) combined strip width at 300 feet. This was 323 m (Appendix 1).

Observations As during previous surveys of this region, the observers were instructed to search for elephants but to count also other wild large herbivores and domestic livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys). Sheep and goats are not readily distinguished during aerial surveys and so both were recorded as ‘shoats’. If any animal group was too large for all the individuals within it to be counted, group size was estimated by the observer. Groups of elephant bulls were differentiated from elephant cow herds (i.e. herds containing calves), although the latter may have included some bulls. The observers were instructed to note any carcasses seen. All elephant carcasses noted were classified using four age categories as follows:

Carcass Definition category

1 Fresh Carcass still had flesh, giving the body a rounded appearance. Vultures were probably present and the ground was still moist from body fluids. 2 Recent Rot patch and skin still present. Skeleton not scattered. 3 Old Clean bones; skin usually absent; vegetation regrown in rot patch. 4 Very Old Bones scattered and turning grey.

These carcass categories differ from those used the 2001 survey of this region, when only three categories were used (Dunham 2002). The new categories are those used by Douglas- Hamilton & Hillman (1981) and now recommended by MIKE for elephant surveys (Craig 2012). MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) is a CITES programme that uses aerial and ground surveys of elephant populations, and data collected by law-enforcement patrols, to monitor the illegal killing of elephants at representative sites across Africa and Asia. For most practical purposes, the new categories 1 and 2 are the same as the former categories 1 and 2 respectively. The new categories 3 and 4 include all carcasses that previously were placed in the former category 3. Carcasses that could not be identified as elephant carcasses were recorded as ‘unidentified carcasses’. Poachers’ camps were also counted – they were identified by the presence of a fire used to dry meat or fish, and drying racks or stones. Ground hornbills are large and conspicuous birds and any seen were counted, as were ostriches. Huts (thatched structures constructed of wooden poles and grass) and houses (brick structures with a tin roof) were counted in Chitsa S stratum in the north of Gonarezhou NP.

Cameras Each observer was equipped with a Nikon D3200 digital camera fitted with an AF Nikkor 24 mm f/2.8 D lens and an electronic remote shutter release cable. With this camera-lens combination, the lens does not focus automatically. Instead, the lens was manually focused at 5 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 infinity and the lens barrel taped in that position. The camera was set to use aperture priority, matrix metering with the aperture set to f/3.5, and to take a single photograph with each press of the button on the shutter release cable. Prior to the survey, the date and time setting on the cameras were synchronised with that displayed by the Garmin GPSMAP 64 GPS receiver. Each camera was fitted on a PanaVise suction cup action camera mount with a 7.5 cm extension, that attached it to the window at a position just forward of the observer. The camera was mounted upside down in order not to obstruct the observer’s view of the search strip. The camera mount was adjusted so that, as far as was possible, the camera viewed the search strip at the same angle as the observer. While the aircraft was on the ground, the observer adopted the seating position that he used when utilizing the decision point tape to determine if an animal group was in or out of the search strip. In this position, the observer directed the placement of two objects (namely handy tools, such as screwdrivers) on the ground outside the aircraft such that one object was aligned with each of the rods that demarcated his search strip. The camera was then aligned - by adjusting the position and rotation of the suction cup, the angle of the extension arm and rotation of the ball joint – so that, when viewed via the camera, each rod was in line with the appropriate object on the ground. The cameras were aligned before the survey and again during the survey. The observers were instructed to take two photographs each time that they called an observation (a group of animals, or a carcass) to the recorder, regardless of whether they judged the sighting to be inside or outside their search strip. The arrangement outlined above allowed each observer to take photographs without the need to take his eyes off the search strip, or to pay any attention to the camera other than pressing the button on the remote switch.

Data Analysis Two strata (Chipinda Pools and Mabalauta) were both flown as single strata, but subdivided prior to data analysis. Chipinda Pools was divided into the area occupied by the Chitsa community (substratum Chitsa S) and the remainder of the park northwards of the Runde River (a substratum also called Chipinda Pools). Mabalauta stratum was divided into areas of national park and safari area, substrata named Mabalauta NP and Malapati respectively. Population estimates and 95 % confidence limits for individual strata were calculated using Jolly’s (1969) method 2 for unequal-sized sample units. Given the mean combined strip width when the plane was flying at 300 feet (i.e. the calibrated strip width), and the mean flying height for each transect, the actual combined strip width for each transect was determined. The actual combined strip width was the product of the nominal strip width at 300 ft and the mean height for the transect, divided by 300. The area of each transect was calculated as the product of the actual combined strip width and the transect length. Transect lengths were provided by the survey design software (Appendix 3). Transects near a stratum boundary were sometimes broken into two or more sections. This was often the case when a winding river formed the stratum boundary. Land between the transect sections was in the neighbouring stratum. For analysis, data for all sections of a transect were combined (instead of treating each section as a separate transect, as the design software does). Calculation of the variance of a population estimate required the calculation of N, an integer that is the total number of transects that could have been used in the survey of a stratum. The value of N for a stratum was found by dividing the baseline length by the overall mean actual strip width for that stratum. Thus, for each stratum, N was calculated as:

6 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Baseline length x 1000 x 300 N = Nominal strip width x Average flying height where: Baseline length = length (in km) of a straight line aligned at right angles to the orientation of the transects, and running from one end of the stratum to the far end; Nominal strip width = calibrated combined strip width (in m) when flying at 300 feet agl; and Average flying height = Mean of the mean flying heights (in feet) for all transects in the stratum. The calculated value of N was rounded to the nearest integer. The value of Student’s t used to calculate the 95 % confidence limits of a population estimate was tn-1 for P = 0.05 (Rohlf & Sokal 1981), where n = number of surveyed transects in the stratum. The 95 % confidence interval is the difference between the mean population estimate and the upper (or lower) 95 % confidence limit. The lower 95 % confidence limit is zero if the calculated value is negative.

Entire survey area and land units within it Population estimates for the entire survey area and for various land units within it (e.g. Gonarezhou NP) were calculated as the sum of the estimates for the individual strata within the survey area or land unit. The upper and lower 95% confidence limits for population estimates for the entire survey area or land unit were calculated as:

Population estimate ± [tv x Square root of (Sum of Variances for individual strata) ] where: v = the degrees of freedom estimated by Satterthwaite’s rule (Snedecor & Cochran 1980, Gasaway et al. 1986). v was an integer, calculated using the formula:

(Sum of Variances for individual strata)2 v = Sum of [(Variance for individual stratum)2 / (n-1)] with the outcome of this formula rounded down to the nearest integer. tv was calculated using the EXCEL function TINV(0.05, v).

Elephant carcasses The elephant carcass “ratio” sensu Douglas-Hamilton & Burrill (1991) - although it is a proportion or percentage, not a ratio - was calculated as the estimated number of all elephant carcasses (i.e. age categories 1, 2, 3 and 4 summed) as a percentage of the estimated number of all elephants (i.e. live + dead). Because these carcass ratios are based on all elephant carcasses, regardless of age category, the elephant carcass ratios and densities given here are directly comparable with the ratios and densities from previous surveys of this region. When interpreting the results of this survey, it is reasonable to assume that all category 1 or 2 carcasses represent elephants that died during 2016. Hence, the 1+2 carcass ratio provides an index of elephant mortality (both natural and anthropogenic) during 2016 and it was calculated as the estimated number of elephant carcasses in age categories 1 or 2 as a percentage of the sum of the estimated number of live elephants and the estimated number of carcasses in age category 1 or 2.

7 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Search Effort The greater the time spent searching each square kilometre of a transect, the greater the probability that the observer saw all the animals that were there. Search effort (in minutes per square kilometre) for a stratum was defined as the total time spent flying all transects within that stratum, divided by the total area of those same transects. Search effort is influenced by the speed of the aircraft and its height above ground level. The average ground speed of the aircraft for each transect was calculated as the transect length divided by the time taken to fly that transect. A mean ground speed was calculated for each stratum by averaging the transect speeds for that stratum. The recordings of the aircraft height from the radar altimeter were used to determine the mean flying height and the distribution of flying heights for the survey as a whole. Even the largest herbivores are not easily seen from the air and the numbers of all species were probably underestimated, with the degree of underestimation greater for small or cryptic species than for large species. However, population estimates are given for all species, because the estimates provide useful indices of abundance (with measures of precision) that can be used to determine spatial distribution, as well as temporal trends in population number. No corrections have been applied to any of the estimates to compensate for any undercounting or missed animals.

8 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Results

Search Effort Search effort averaged 1.12 minutes km-2 both for Gonarezhou NP and for the entire survey area (Table 2). The mean ground speed along transects was 163 km per hour both for Gonarezhou NP and for the entire survey area (Table 2). Mean ground speed exceeded 190 km per hour for twelve transects: six in Naivasha stratum, four in Chefu and two in Mabalauta NP stratum. To determine if this might have biased the results, observed elephant density along each of these fast transects was compared with the observed elephant density along the next (and adjacent) transect, which was flown in the opposite direction and more slowly. For three fast transects, no elephants were seen along either the fast transect, or the next transect. For another three fast transects, elephant density was less along the fast transect than on the next, slower transect. And for six fast transects, elephant density was greater along the fast transect than along the slow transect. Taken together, these observations would suggest that the fast transects were not so fast as to bias the results (at least not for elephant). Mean flying height was 304 feet above ground level (Appendix 6).

Animal Numbers The estimated numbers of elephants, elephant bulls in bull groups, elephants in cow herds, elephant carcasses (age categories 1, 2, 3 and 4), unidentified carcasses, buffalo, eland, giraffe, impala, kudu, nyala, waterbuck, zebra, wildebeest, warthog, common duiker, steenbok, sable, hippopotamus, cattle, sheep and goats, and donkeys are given in Tables 3 -10, 12 - 25 and 28 - 30 respectively. Estimates are given for each stratum, for various land units within the survey area and for the entire survey area. In addition, a separate summary table is provided for Gonarezhou NP (Table 1). The columns in these tables give (from left to right):  the name of the stratum;  the estimate of the number of animals of that species (or of carcasses, camps, etc.) in that stratum, in other words the population estimate;  the number of individuals of that species seen (No. seen) inside the search strips during the survey of that stratum;  the variance of the estimated number of animals in that stratum;  the 95 % confidence interval of the population estimate for that species in the stratum, as a percentage of the population estimate for that stratum (% CI);  the lower 95 % confidence limit of the population estimate (Lower CL); and  the upper 95 % confidence limit of the population estimate (Upper CL). The last row of each table gives the same measures for the entire survey area and additional rows give subtotals for Gonarezhou NP, and the communal land strata. There may appear to be small arithmetical errors in some tables, but these are simply rounding errors: all numbers in the tables were calculated to three decimal places before they were rounded to the required number of decimal places. If the number of individuals seen (No. seen) was greater than the calculated lower confidence limit (Lower CL), then it is biologically meaningful to replace the calculated lower confidence limit with the number seen. For practical purposes, it can be assumed that the number of a given species in a given land unit lies between the lower and upper confidence limits, with the ‘estimate’ providing the best estimate of the number there. For example, from Tables 1 and 3, it can be said that there were between 8837 and 12593 elephants in Gonarezhou NP, with 10715 being the best estimate of the number of elephants in the park. For practical purposes, one might say that there were

9 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 between 9000 and 13000 elephants in Gonarezhou NP during the late dry season of 2016, with 11000 being the best estimate of the number of elephants there. Small numbers of bushbuck, bushpig, klipspringer and wild dog were seen during the survey, but no attempt has been made to estimate the numbers of these species. No reedbuck, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest, roan antelope, or poachers’ camps were seen during the survey.

Elephant Carcasses Six fresh or recent carcasses of elephants (i.e. age categories 1 or 2) were seen in Gonarezhou NP (Table 1) and one was observed in Malapati SA. Hence the 1+2 carcass ratio was 0.26 % for the national park and 0.30 % for the entire survey area (Table 11). The estimated number of all elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP was 656 during 2016, which produces an all- carcass ratio of 5.8 %. If it is assumed that all unidentified carcasses were in fact elephant carcasses, then the all-carcass ratio increases to 8.5 %.

Animal Distributions The spatial distribution of the principal wild herbivores is shown in Maps 8 to 10 and 13 to 26. The distribution is shown in two ways. First, each stratum is shaded to represent the average density of the given species in that stratum. Secondly, the locations of sightings of groups of the given species are shown, together with an indication of the size of the group. The strata were sampled with systematically-arranged transects and so maps of the locations of animal sightings provide information on the spatial distribution of the animal groups. However, it must be remembered that the recorded number of groups of any species was determined by both group density and the sampling intensity – which, by design, varied between strata (Table 2). The spatial distribution of elephant carcasses is shown in Map 11 and of unidentified carcasses in Map 12.

Human Activities No poachers’ camps were seen in Gonarezhou NP, or elsewhere in the survey area. The spatial distributions of domestic livestock during 2016 are shown in Maps 27 to 29.

Comparison of Observers Compared with the left observer, the right observer saw significantly more groups of impala, kudu and elephant carcasses category 3; and saw significantly larger groups of elephant cows (Appendix 5). The other comparisons between the observers were not statistically significant, but nonetheless are examined further in Appendix 5. Except for cattle and elephant bull groups, the right observer saw more groups inside the strip than the left observer. For elephant carcass 3, elephant carcass 4, all elephant carcasses and unidentified carcasses, the right observer saw both more groups and more individuals inside the strip than the left observer. (Carcasses did not often have a group size greater than one.) Also for elephant cow groups, all elephant groups, impala, kudu and zebra, the right observer saw inside the strip both more groups (52 – 61 % of all groups) and more individuals (58 – 62 % of all individuals) than the left observer. When the analysis was extended to consider all sightings by an observer, regardless of whether the sightings were judged to be inside or outside the search strip, the right observer still saw more elephant carcasses 3, all elephant carcasses and unidentified carcasses than the left observer, as well as more groups and more individuals of impala and zebra. As for elephant: the right observer saw in total fewer bull groups and individuals than the left observer; but the two observers saw similar total numbers of elephant cow groups and individuals.

10 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 The differences between the observers are a concern. The photographs are being examined to see if they provide an explanation. (Although, animals inside the strip but missed by an observer are not photographed.) The observers for this survey were the same individuals as for the 2009, 2013 and 2014 surveys and so comparisons with other recent surveys should be valid.

11 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 1. Population estimates and statistics for major wildlife species, domestic livestock and elephant carcasses in Gonarezhou NP during September 2016 Species Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower CL Upper CL Density (km-2) Elephant 10715 2337 894925 17.5 8837 12593 2.17 Elephant bull 983 214 9567 19.8 788 1177 0.20 Elephant cow 9734 2123 885358 19.2 7866 11601 1.97 Elephant carcass 1 5 1 18 184.3 1 13 0.001 Elephant carcass 2 23 5 80 78.6 5 41 0.005 Elephant carcass 3 271 59 880 21.8 212 330 0.05 Elephant carcass 4 357 77 1590 22.1 278 436 0.07 Elephant carcass all 656 142 2568 15.3 556 756 0.13 Unidentified carcass 336 73 2250 28.0 242 430 0.07 Buffalo 4797 1054 1474543 50.7 2364 7229 0.97 Cattle 1346 298 84992 45.9 728 1964 0.27 Donkey 171 38 3810 76.7 40 303 0.03 Duiker 79 17 540 58.8 32 125 0.02 Eland 241 52 9588 81.6 52 437 0.05 Giraffe 446 96 6892 36.8 282 611 0.09 Ground hornbill 280 58 4024 45.2 153 406 0.06 Hippopotamus 109 24 2948 100.3 24 219 0.02 Impala 7421 1607 1028450 27.3 5398 9443 1.50 Kudu 1789 384 60406 27.6 1295 2282 0.36 Nyala 187 41 1972 47.1 99 275 0.04 Ostrich 14 3 79 133.9 3 32 0.003 Poachers' camp 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Sable 146 30 9463 135.9 30 345 0.03 Sheep / Goats 1246 276 147593 65.7 427 2065 0.25 Steenbok 38 8 135 61.5 14 61 0.01 Warthog 204 44 2852 52.2 97 310 0.04 Waterbuck 326 71 9704 60.3 130 523 0.07 Wildebeest 929 201 40883 43.4 526 1332 0.19 Zebra 1830 397 58635 26.2 1350 2309 0.37

12 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Trends in Animal Numbers in Gonarezhou NP

Nineteen aerial surveys of the elephant population of Gonarezhou NP have been conducted since 1980 (Coulson 1980, 1981; Sharp 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987; Gibson 1989b; Jones 1991; Bowler 1995; Davies 1996; Davies et al. 1996; Mackie 1999; Dunham 2002; Dunham et al. 2007; Dunham et al. 2010; Dunham et al. 2013, Dunham & van der Westhuizen 2015, and this survey). The surveys before 1984 reported only elephants. From 1984, a range of large mammal species (but not all) were included in the survey reports. But for some species it was not clear if animals were not seen, or seen but not reported. Since 1993, reporting has been more consistent in terms of the species covered. Since 1995, the surveys have provided separate estimates of the numbers of elephants in cow herds and in bull groups. During 1991/92, there was a severe drought in south-eastern Zimbabwe and many wild animals in Gonarezhou NP died, or were captured. Dunham et al. (2010) discuss the pre- drought trends in animal numbers in the park.. During 1993, approximately 600 elephants were captured in Gonarezhou NP and the aerial survey that year occurred while the capture programme was in progress. During the period between the 2009 and 2013 surveys, some buffalo, eland, giraffe, impala, wildebeest and zebra were released into Gonarezhou NP (Dunham et al. 2013). Most of these animals came from privately-owned ranches in Save Valley Conservancy, where they were considered surplus to management requirements. All these species were already numerous in Gonarezhou NP, or increasing in number, or both, prior to the releases (Dunham et al. 2010). For buffalo, giraffe, impala and zebra, the number released was only 3-7 % of the 2013 survey mean estimate of the number in the park. For eland and wildebeest, the number released formed a greater proportion of the 2013 estimated population number and so could possibly have had – depending on the rates of mortality and immigration of the released animals - a greater impact on the rate of population change calculated immediately following the 2013 survey (Dunham et al. 2013). The time series of population estimates for each species and for elephant carcasses are graphed below.

13 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 1. Number of elephant estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1980

Mean population estimates and 95% confidence intervals shown. Elephants were culled (killed or captured) in Gonarezhou NP during 1983, 1986, 1992 and 1993 (DNPWLM 1997?; but see also Booth et al. 1997).

Fig. 2. Number of elephant bulls estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture

14 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 3. Number of elephants in cow herds estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since the 1993 elephant capture

Fig. 4. Number of fresh or recent carcasses of elephants estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989

Mean estimates and 95 % confidence intervals shown for age category 1 (fresh) and category 2 (recent) carcasses combined. The lower confidence limit is taken as the greater of the calculated confidence limit and the number of category 1 or 2 carcasses seen in the search strips.

15 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 5. The 1+2 carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989

The 1+2 carcass ratio provides an index of the mortality rate of elephants during the year of the survey.

Fig. 6. Number of all elephant carcasses estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP during surveys since 1989

There were two surveys during 1995, which gave different estimates of the total number of elephant carcasses.

16 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 7. All- carcass ratio for elephants in Gonarezhou NP since 1989

Fig. 8. Number of eland estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

No population estimates for eland were given for the 1984 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported. The lower 95% confidence limit is displayed as the number of animals seen in the sample strips if this number exceeds the calculated lower confidence limit. Ninety-six individuals were released in the park shortly before the 2013 survey.

17 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 9. Number of waterbuck estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

No waterbuck population estimates were given for the 1989 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported.

Fig. 10. Number of zebra estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

Ninety-seven individuals were released in the park shortly before the 2013 survey.

18 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 11. Number of giraffe estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

Thirty-four individuals were released in the park shortly before the 2013 survey.

Fig. 12. Number of wildebeest estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

Three hundred and ninety individuals were released in the park shortly before the 2013 survey.

19 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 13. Number of nyala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1986

No nyala population estimates were given for the 1995 and 1996 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported.

Fig. 14. Number of warthog estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1996

No warthog population estimate was given for the 1998 survey: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported.

20 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 15. Number of impala estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1995

The 1995 survey was the first aerial survey to provide an estimate of the number of impala in the park. Three hundred and seventy-six individuals were released in the park shortly before the 2013 survey.

Fig. 16. Number of buffalo estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

One hundred individuals were released in the park during 2012 and another 100 were released shortly before the 2013 survey.

21 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 17. Number of kudu estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

No kudu population estimates were given for the 1989 and 1991 surveys: it is not clear if none were seen (in which case the population estimate = 0); or if some were seen but not reported.

Fig. 18. Number of ostrich estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1993

22 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Fig. 19. Number of sable estimated to be in Gonarezhou NP since 1984

23 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Discussion

Elephants There were estimated to be 10715 (+/- 1878) elephants in Gonarezhou NP during 2016. This is slightly less than the previous estimate of 11120 during 2014.

Elephant Carcasses The 1+2 carcass ratio of 0.26 % during 2016 compares with zero during 2014 and 0.39 % during 2013 (Fig. 5). The estimated number of all elephant carcasses increased from 446 during 2013, to 511 during 2014, to 656 during 2016. The all-carcass ratio increased from 4.2 % during 2013, to 4.4 % during 2014, to 5.8 % during 2016. If it is assumed that all unidentified carcasses were in fact elephant carcasses, then the all-carcass ratio increased from 6.6 % during 2014, to 8.5 % during 2016.

Other Large Herbivores The estimated numbers of the other large herbivores in Gonarezhou NP are generally similar to the estimates from other recent surveys and confirm that there have been significant increases in these populations since the 1992 drought.

Encroachment on the Parks and Wild Life Estate Coincident with the occupation of Zimbabwean commercial farms during 2000, the Chitsa people illegally occupied land in the north of Gonarezhou NP. Their action stemmed from dissatisfaction dating from when they (or their ancestors) were removed from the area of the current national park when the land that they then occupied was incorporated into a hunting area, established possibly as part of a programme to control tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis. Between the 2009 and 2013 surveys, a game fence has been erected to separate the area occupied by the Chitsa community from the remainder of the park. All sightings of domestic livestock in the north of the park during the 2016 survey were northwards of this fence, either in the stratum Chitsa S (Map 6), or close to the Save River where the fence cuts off a small area of park from the remainder of the national park (Map 2). Domestic livestock (cattle, sheep/goats and donkeys), huts, houses and fields were seen inside Gonarezhou NP near the southern tip of the park, c.22 km south of Mabalauta station. Cattle – presumably from Mozambique – were seen in Chefu stratum just west of the international border, also inside the national park. Cattle were seen in Malapati Safari Area.

24 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Acknowledgements

Is there any one that we need to mention here ?

References

Booth, V.R., Martin, R.B., Child, B. & Chingwendere, L. 1997. The number of elephants killed in Zimbabwe: 1960-1991. In: Elephant Management in Zimbabwe. Third edition. Eds Martin, R.B., Craig, G.C. & Booth, V.R. pp. 45-49. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. Bowler, M. 1995. The aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in north-west Matabeleland, Zambezi Valley, and Gona re Zhou National Park, Zimbabwe. August-October 1993. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 45 pp. Coulson, I.M. 1980. Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population 16-20 August 1980. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 13 pp. Coulson, I.M. 1981. Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population 17-21 August 1981. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 13 pp. Craig, G.C. 2012. Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants: Aerial Survey Standards for the MIKE Programme. Version 2.0. CITES MIKE Programme, Nairobi. 25 pp. Cunliffe, R., Muller, T. & Mapaura, A. 2012. Vegetation Survey of Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Gonarezhou National Park, Chiredzi, & Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, 170 pp. Davies, C. 1996. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in the north west Matabeleland and Gonarezhou regions of Zimbabwe. August/September 1996. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. Davies, C., Craig, C., Mackie, C., Chimuti, T. & Gibson, D. 1996. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in the Gonarezhou, Zambezi Valley, north-west Matabeleland, Sebungwe, Dande and communal land regions of Zimbabwe. July to November 1995. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 136 pp. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management. 1997?. Gonarezhou National Park Management Plan 1998-2002. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 170 pp + appendices & maps. Douglas-Hamilton I. & Burrill, A. 1991. Using elephant carcass ratios to determine population trends. In: African Wildlife: Research and Management. Eds Kayanja, F.I.B. & Edroma, E.L. pp. 98-105. International Council of Scientific Unions, Paris. Douglas-Hamilton, I. & Hillman, A.K.K. 1981. Elephant carcasses and skeletons as indicators of population trends. In: Low Level Aerial Survey Techniques. Report of an International Workshop, 6-11 November 1981, Nairobi. Pp. 113-129. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa. ILCA Monograph 4. Dunham, K.M. 2002. Aerial Census of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park and some Bordering Lands, Zimbabwe: 2001. Occasional Paper 4. WWF-SARPO, Harare. 46 pp. Dunham, K.M., Mackie, C.S., Musemburi, O.C., Zhuwau, C., Nyaguse, G.H., Taylor, R.D. & Chimuti, T. 2007. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe: 2007. Occasional Paper 18. WWF-SARPO, Harare. 49 pp. Dunham, K.M., van der Westhuizen, E., van der Westhuizen, H.F. & Gandiwa, E. 2010. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe), Zinave National Park (Mozambique) and Surrounds: 2009. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Chiredzi. 140 pp. Dunham, K.M., van der Westhuizen, E., van der Westhuizen, H.F. & Ndaimani, H. 2013. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park (Zimbabwe) and surrounding areas: 2013. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Gonarezhou Conservation Project, Chiredzi. 113 pp. Dunham, K.M. & van der Westhuizen, H.F. 2015. Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Large Herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park and Save Valley Conservancy (Zimbabwe): 2014. Great Elephant Census, Vulcan Inc., Seattle. 115 pp.

25 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Frederick, H., Kohi, E., Lorenzo, J., Coyote, M., Schmitt, T. & Larsen, K. 2015. Improving Flight Accuracy for Aerial Wildlife Surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium on Computing for Development (ACM DEV 2015), 1-2 December 2015, London. Pages 77-78. Gasaway, W.C., DuBois, S.D., Reed, D.J. & Harbo, S.J. 1986. Estimating moose population parameters from aerial surveys. Biological Paper of the University of Alaska 22. 108 pp. Gibson, D.St.C. 1989a. Formulae for aerial survey analysis. In: Elephant Management in Zimbabwe. Eds Martin, R.B., Craig, G.C. & Booth, V.R. pp. 63-64. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. Gibson, D. St C. 1989b. Aerial census of larger mammals in the National Parks estate of Zimbabwe. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 48 pp. Jolly, G.M. 1969. Sampling methods for aerial censuses of wildlife populations. East African Agriculture & Forestry Journal 34, 46-49. Jones, M.A. 1991. Aerial census of elephant and other large mammals in Gonarezhou National Park and adjacent areas. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Harare. 8 pp. Mackie, C. 1999. Aerial census of elephants and other large herbivores in the Sebungwe region and Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, 1998. Project Paper 71, WWF-SARPO, Harare. 80 pp. Norton-Griffiths, M. 1978. Counting Animals. Second edition. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi. Rohlf, F.J. & Sokal, R.R. 1981. Statistical Tables. Second edition. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco. Sharp, G.J. 1982. 1982 Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 9 pp. Sharp, G.J. 1983. 1983 Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 20 pp. Sharp, G.J. 1984. 1984 (Dry season) Aerial survey of the Gonarezhou elephant population. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 19 pp. Sharp, G.J. 1986. 1986 Aerial survey – Gonarezhou National Park. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 16 pp. Sharp, G.J. 1987. 1987 (Early Season) Aerial survey – Gonarezhou National Park. Unpublished report. Department of National Parks & Wild Life Management, Chiredzi. 17 pp. Snedecor, G.W. & Cochran, W.G. 1980. Statistical Methods. Seventh edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

26 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Table 2. Sampling statistics for the 2016 aerial survey of large herbivores in and around Gonarezhou NP

Stratum name Stratum Transect Transect Number Percent of Time and date Flying time (hours) a Ground Search area (km2) spacing orientation of stratum sampled speed (km effort (km) () transects sampled hour-1) (minutes -2 [= n] Transect Stratum Total km ) Gonarezhou National Park Chitsa S c 91 1.5 0 12 22.2 am & pm 7 Sept 0.39 - - 158 1.15 Chipinda Pools c 1075 1.5 0 39 21.5 am & pm 7 Sept, 4.53 5.77 6.53 159 1.18 am 8 Sept Chilojo A 451 1.5 45 16 22.4 am 9 Sept 1.85 2.27 2.73 162 1.10 Chilojo B 603 1.5 134 (-46) 32 22.2 am & pm 8 Sept 2.52 3.05 3.40 161 1.13 Naivasha 895 1.7 134 (-46) 24 19.6 am & pm 10 Sept 3.24 3.85 4.50 164 1.11 Chefu 1012 1.5 134 (-46) 26 21.9 pm 10 Sept, 4.02 4.45 5.85 169 1.09 am & pm 11 Sept Mabalauta NP d 814 1.5 90 29 21.8 pm 11 Sept, 3.26 4.53 6.02 167 1.10 am 12 Sept

Subtotal / mean 4941 21.5 b 163 1.12

Malapati Safari Area Malapati d 177 1.5 90 22 21.5 pm 11 Sept, 0.72 - - 165 1.13 am 12 Sept

Communal land Mahenye 221 2.5 90 10 13.4 pm 8 Sept 0.52 0.73 1.22 163 1.05 Naivasha CA 294 2.5 90 10 13.0 pm 9 Sept 0.72 0.98 1.50 165 1.13

Subtotal / mean 515 13.2 164 1.09

TOTAL / MEAN 5633 20.7 b 21.76 25.63 31.75 163 1.12 a Transect time is the time spent searching the transects; stratum time is the transect time, plus the time spent travelling between transects in the same stratum; and total time is the stratum time, plus the time spent travelling between the stratum and the airstrip. b Weighted mean, with stratum area as a proportion of the total area as weight. c, d Strata with the same superscript were treated as a single stratum during survey execution, but treated as two strata during the analysis

27 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 2. Land designation in and around the Gonarezhou survey area The main PWMA management stations at Chipinda Pools and Mabalauta are shown.

28 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 3. Altitude in and around the Gonarezhou survey area and surrounds Bold white lines indicate stratum boundaries. ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA.

29 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 4. River systems in and around the Gonarezhou survey area The Runde and Save Rivers are perennial. Dry-season flow in the Mwenezi River is controlled by the release of water through Manyuchi Dam, c.130 km north-west of where the river enters the park. Water flow is seasonal in other rivers.

30 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 5. Vegetation of Gonarezhou National Park (Cunliffe et al. 2012)

31 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 6. Strata used during the 2016 aerial survey of wildlife in and around Gonarezhou NP Bold lines indicate stratum boundaries and labels give stratum names.

32 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 7. Tracklogs (flight lines) indicating transects flown during the 2016 aerial survey of wildlife in and around Gonarezhou NP Bold lines indicate stratum boundaries. Thin parallel lines indicate flight lines along the transects.

33 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 8. Distribution of elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 Colouring indicates the mean density of elephants within each stratum. The dots indicate the locations of elephants seen within the search strips, together with an indication of the size of each group. Small dots overlaying large dots indicate two or more groups of elephants in close proximity. Variation in dot density between strata reflects differences between strata in both the density of elephant groups and the sampling intensity (given in Table 2). The red dashed line indicates the international border.

34 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 3. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 3432 737 222973 27.8 2476 4388 3.19 Chilojo A 2089 468 265932 52.6 990 3188 4.63 Chilojo B 2651 588 230927 37.0 1671 3631 4.40 Naivasha 515 101 33023 73.0 139 891 0.58 Chefu 920 201 71920 60.0 368 1472 0.91 Mabalauta NP 1108 242 70150 49.0 566 1650 1.36 Subtotals 10715 2337 894925 17.5 8837 12593 2.17 Malapati SA Malapati 176 38 8830 111.1 38 371 0.99 Communal land Mahenye 45 6 1583 200.0 6 135 0.20 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 45 6 1583 200.0 6 135 0.09 Totals 10936 2381 905338 17.3 9048 12824 1.94

Table 4. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 484 104 5597 31.3 333 636 0.45 Chilojo A 187 42 1690 46.7 100 275 0.42 Chilojo B 140 31 1230 51.2 68 211 0.23 Naivasha 15 3 124 150.5 3 38 0.02 Chefu 5 1 17 184.1 1 13 0.005 Mabalauta NP 151 33 909 40.8 89 213 0.19 Subtotals 983 214 9567 19.8 788 1177 0.20 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 983 214 9567 19.8 788 1177 0.17

35 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 9. Distribution of elephant bulls in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Map 10. Distribution of elephant cows in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 36 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 5. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Cows in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 2948 633 217376 32.0 2005 3892 2.74 Chilojo A 1902 426 264241 57.6 806 2997 4.22 Chilojo B 2511 557 229698 38.9 1533 3488 4.16 Naivasha 500 98 32899 75.0 125 876 0.56 Chefu 915 200 71903 60.4 363 1468 0.90 Mabalauta NP 957 209 69241 56.3 419 1496 1.18 Subtotals 9734 2123 885358 19.2 7866 11601 1.97 Malapati SA Malapati 176 38 8830 110.8 38 372 1 Communal land Mahenye 45 6 1583 200.3 6 135 0.20 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 45 6 1583 200.3 6 135 0.09 Totals 9955 2167 895770 18.9 8077 11833 1.77

Table 6. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 1 in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 5 1 18 184.2 1 13 0.004 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 5 1 18 184.3 1 13 0.001 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 5 1 18 184.3 1 13 0.001

37 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 11. Distribution of elephant carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

38 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 12. Distribution of unidentified carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 7. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 2 in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 9 2 34 130.3 2 21 0.01 Mabalauta NP 14 3 47 102.1 3 28 0.02 Subtotals 23 5 80 78.6 5 41 0.005 Malapati SA Malapati 5 1 17 182.1 1 13 0.03 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 28 6 97 71.4 8 47 0.005

Table 8. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 3 in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 5 1 17 179.4 1 13 0.004 Chilojo A 36 8 94 57.9 15 56 0.08 Chilojo B 18 4 60 87.3 4 34 0.03 Naivasha 15 3 57 101.7 3 31 0.02 Chefu 124 27 286 28.2 89 158 0.12 Mabalauta NP 73 16 366 53.5 34 112 0.09 Subtotals 271 59 880 21.8 212 330 0.05 Malapati SA Malapati 9 2 30 123.1 2 21 0.05 Communal land Mahenye 7 1 43 197.5 1 22 0.03 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 7 1 43 197.6 1 22 0.01 Totals 287 62 953 21.3 226 349 0.05

39 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 9. Population estimates and statistics for Elephant Carcasses 4 in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 4 1 20 218.3 1 14 0.05 Chipinda Pools 75 16 229 41.1 44 105 0.07 Chilojo A 36 8 133 68.8 11 60 0.08 Chilojo B 95 21 480 47.2 50 139 0.16 Naivasha 56 11 348 68.7 18 95 0.06 Chefu 50 11 173 53.8 23 77 0.05 Mabalauta NP 41 9 207 71.5 12 71 0.05 Subtotals 357 77 1590 22.1 278 436 0.07 Malapati SA Malapati 5 1 17 182.1 1 13 0.03 Communal land Mahenye 22 3 252 159.9 3 58 0.10 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 22 3 252 159.9 3 58 0.04 Totals 384 81 1858 22.2 299 469 0.07

Table 10. Population estimates and statistics for Unidentified Carcasses in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 19 4 62 85.3 4 35 0.02 Chilojo A 45 10 282 80.1 10 80 0.10 Chilojo B 50 11 215 60.3 20 79 0.08 Naivasha 36 7 158 72.7 10 62 0.04 Chefu 110 24 812 53.4 51 169 0.11 Mabalauta NP 78 17 723 70.7 23 133 0.10 Subtotals 336 73 2250 28.0 242 430 0.07 Malapati SA Malapati 19 4 63 89.1 4 35 0.10 Communal land Mahenye 7 1 51 215.3 1 24 0.03 Naivasha CA 31 4 243 115.0 4 66 0.10 Subtotals 38 5 294 97.9 5 76 0.07 Totals 393 82 2608 25.7 292 494 0.07

40 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 11. Elephant carcass ratios in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum 1+2 carcass ratio All-carcass ratio All-carcass ratio (all (elephant carcasses (all elephant elephant carcasses and in age category 1 or 2) carcasses) unidentified carcasses) Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S - 100.0 100.0 Chipinda Pools 0.15 2.4 2.9 Chilojo A 0.00 3.3 5.3 Chilojo B 0.00 4.1 5.8 Naivasha 0.00 12.1 17.2 Chefu 0.97 16.6 24.2 Mabalauta NP 1.25 10.4 15.7 Entire NP 0.26 5.8 8.5 Malapati SA Malapati 2.76 9.7 17.8 Communal land Mahenye 0.00 39.2 44.4 Naivasha CA - - 100.0 All communal areas 0.00 39.2 59.8 Entire survey area 0.30 6.0 9.1

41 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 13. Distribution of buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Map 14. Distribution of eland in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 42 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 12. Population estimates and statistics for Buffalo in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 1053 226 74810 52.6 499 1606 0.98 Chilojo A 1022 229 616798 163.7 229 2696 2.27 Chilojo B 1460 324 225407 66.3 492 2429 2.42 Naivasha 26 5 619 201.6 5 77 0.03 Chefu 897 196 534198 167.9 196 2403 0.89 Mabalauta NP 339 74 22711 91.0 74 648 0.42 Subtotals 4797 1054 1474543 50.7 2364 7229 0.97 Malapati SA Malapati 9 2 66 182.1 2 26 0.05 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 4806 1056 1474609 50.6 2374 7239 0.85

Table 13. Population estimates and statistics for Eland in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 116 25 2443 85.9 25 216 0.11 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 95 21 6954 179.7 21 265 0.16 Naivasha 20 4 122 112.1 4 43 0.02 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 9 2 69 185.0 2 26 0.01 Subtotals 241 52 9588 81.6 52 437 0.05 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 241 52 9588 81.6 52 437 0.04

43 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 15. Distribution of giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Map 16. Distribution of impala in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 44 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 14. Population estimates and statistics for Giraffe in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 168 36 2098 55.3 75 260 0.16 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 59 13 861 102.1 13 118 0.10 Naivasha 46 9 501 100.8 9 92 0.05 Chefu 105 23 2243 92.7 23 203 0.10 Mabalauta NP 69 15 1189 102.8 15 139 0.08 Subtotals 446 96 6892 36.8 282 611 0.09 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 446 96 6892 36.8 282 611 0.08

Table 15. Population estimates and statistics for Impala in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 4649 998 697460 36.4 2958 6339 4.32 Chilojo A 522 117 54194 95.0 117 1018 1.16 Chilojo B 1334 296 254127 77.1 306 2363 2.21 Naivasha 174 34 5836 91.0 34 332 0.19 Chefu 247 54 4848 58.0 104 391 0.24 Mabalauta NP 495 108 11985 45.3 271 719 0.61 Subtotals 7421 1607 1028450 27.3 5398 9443 1.50

Malapati SA Malapati 255 55 36612 155.8 55 653 1.44 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 7676 1662 1065062 26.8 5620 9732 1.36

45 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 17. Distribution of kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

46 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 18. Distribution of nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 16. Population estimates and statistics for Kudu in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 1267 272 51544 36.3 807 1726 1.18 Chilojo A 94 21 1083 74.8 24 164 0.21 Chilojo B 153 34 2596 67.8 49 257 0.25 Naivasha 133 26 3627 93.8 26 257 0.15 Chefu 55 12 503 84.1 12 101 0.05 Mabalauta NP 87 19 1053 76.3 21 153 0.11 Subtotals 1789 384 60406 27.6 1295 2282 0.36 Malapati SA Malapati 33 7 700 169.3 7 88 0.18 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 8 1 47 202.9 1 23 0.03 Subtotals 8 1 47 202.9 1 23 0.01 Totals 1829 392 61153 27.1 1333 2325 0.32

Table 17. Population estimates and statistics for Nyala in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 61 13 626 83.6 13 111 0.06 Chilojo A 40 9 483 116.6 9 87 0.09 Chilojo B 45 10 516 102.8 10 91 0.07 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 14 3 155 186.7 3 39 0.01 Mabalauta NP 27 6 192 103.3 6 56 0.03 Subtotals 187 41 1972 47.1 99 275 0.04 Malapati SA Malapati 9 2 63 177.8 2 26 0.05 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 196 43 2035 45.5 107 286 0.03

47 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 19. Distribution of waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

48 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 20. Distribution of zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 18. Population estimates and statistics for Waterbuck in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 214 46 7095 79.6 46 385 0.20 Chilojo A 49 11 552 102.0 11 99 0.11 Chilojo B 63 14 2056 146.6 14 156 0.10 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 326 71 9704 60.3 130 523 0.07 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 8 1 50 208.4 1 24 0.03 Subtotals 8 1 50 208.4 1 24 0.01 Totals 334 72 9753 59.0 137 531 0.06

Table 19. Population estimates and statistics for Zebra in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 848 182 25844 38.4 522 1173 0.79 Chilojo A 112 25 6062 148.7 25 278 0.25 Chilojo B 311 69 11076 69.0 96 526 0.52 Naivasha 51 10 1082 133.3 10 119 0.06 Chefu 311 68 11789 71.9 88 535 0.31 Mabalauta NP 197 43 2782 54.8 89 305 0.24 Subtotals 1830 397 58635 26.2 1350 2309 0.37 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 38 5 1327 214.9 5 121 0.13 Subtotals 38 5 1327 214.9 5 121 0.07 Totals 1868 402 59962 26.0 1383 2353 0.33

49 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 21. Distribution of wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

50 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 22. Distribution of warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 20. Population estimates and statistics for Wildebeest in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 638 137 23438 48.6 328 948 0.59 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 234 52 16244 110.9 52 494 0.39 Naivasha 15 3 109 140.9 3 37 0.02 Chefu 5 1 17 183.7 1 13 0.005 Mabalauta NP 37 8 1075 183.2 8 104 0.05 Subtotals 929 201 40883 43.4 526 1332 0.19 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 929 201 40883 43.4 526 1332 0.16

Table 21. Population estimates and statistics for Warthog in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 107 23 1849 81.2 23 194 0.10 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 23 5 178 120.7 5 50 0.04 Naivasha 10 2 40 128.1 2 23 0.01 Chefu 64 14 785 90.1 14 122 0.06 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 204 44 2852 52.2 97 310 0.04 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 204 44 2852 52.2 97 310 0.04

51 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 23. Distribution of duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Map 24. Distribution of steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 52 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 22. Population estimates and statistics for Duiker in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 5 1 16 180.5 1 13 0.007 Naivasha 10 2 88 189.8 2 30 0.01 Chefu 41 9 250 79.1 9 74 0.04 Mabalauta NP 23 5 186 122.0 5 51 0.03 Subtotals 79 17 540 58.8 32 125 0.02 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 15 2 103 150.0 2 38 0.05 Subtotals 15 2 103 150.0 2 38 0.03 Totals 94 19 644 53.6 44 145 0.02

Table 23. Population estimates and statistics for Steenbok in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 5 1 16 183.5 1 13 0.007 Naivasha 10 2 41 129.4 2 23 0.01 Chefu 14 3 46 101.5 3 28 0.01 Mabalauta NP 9 2 32 127.3 2 21 0.01 Subtotals 38 8 135 61.5 14 61 0.01 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 38 8 135 61.5 14 61 0.01

53 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 25. Distribution of sable in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

54 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 26. Distribution of hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 24. Population estimates and statistics for Sable in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 45 10 1356 175.8 10 123 0.10 Chilojo B 5 1 16 180.5 1 13 0.007 Naivasha 97 19 8091 191.8 19 283 0.11 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 146 30 9463 135.9 30 345 0.03 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 38 5 1406 221.2 5 123 0.13 Subtotals 38 5 1406 221.2 5 123 0.07 Totals 185 35 10869 114.5 35 396 0.03

Table 25. Population estimates and statistics for Hippopotamus in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 33 7 480 136.1 7 77 0.03 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 77 17 2468 132.2 17 178 0.13 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 109 24 2948 100.3 24 219 0.02 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 109 24 2948 100.3 24 219 0.02

55 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 26. Population estimates and statistics for Ostrich in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 14 3 79 134.0 3 32 0.02 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 14 3 79 133.9 3 32 0.003 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.00 Totals 14 3 79 133.9 3 32 0.002

Table 27. Population estimates and statistics for Ground Hornbill in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chipinda Pools 56 12 788 101.6 12 113 0.05 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 36 8 507 127.3 8 82 0.06 Naivasha 133 26 2054 70.6 39 227 0.15 Chefu 37 8 509 126.9 8 83 0.04 Mabalauta NP 18 4 167 144.4 4 45 0.02 Subtotals 280 58 4024 45.2 153 406 0.06 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha CA 15 2 189 202.9 2 46 0.05 Subtotals 15 2 189 202.9 2 46 0.03 Totals 295 60 4214 43.8 166 424 0.05

56 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Map 27. Distribution of cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

57 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Map 28. Distribution of sheep and goats in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016

Table 28. Population estimates and statistics for Cattle in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 1066 237 68973 54.2 488 1644 11.71 Chipinda Pools 47 10 1724 180.4 10 131 0.04 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 73 16 4274 183.9 16 208 0.07 Mabalauta NP 160 35 10021 127.9 35 365 0.20 Subtotals 1346 298 84992 45.9 728 1964 0.27 Malapati SA Malapati 260 56 14732 97.1 56 512 1.47 Communal land Mahenye 2119 283 316309 60.0 847 3391 9.59 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 2119 283 316309 60.0 847 3391 4.11 Totals 3725 637 416032 37.1 2341 5108 0.66

Table 29. Population estimates and statistics for Sheep and Goats in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 958 213 122328 80.4 213 1728 10.52 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 289 63 25265 112.8 63 614 0.35 Subtotals 1246 276 147593 65.7 427 2065 0.25 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 517 69 69249 115.2 69 1112 2.34 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 517 69 69249 115.2 69 1112 1.00 Totals 1763 345 216842 54.5 802 2724 0.31

58 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Table 30. Population estimates and statistics for Donkeys in and around Gonarezhou NP Stratum Estimate No. Seen Variance % CI Lower Upper Density CL CL (km-2)

Gonarezhou NP Chitsa S 139 31 3152 88.6 31 263 1.53 Chipinda Pools 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo A 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chilojo B 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Naivasha 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Chefu 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Mabalauta NP 32 7 659 163.9 7 85 0.04 Subtotals 171 38 3810 76.7 40 303 0.03 Malapati SA Malapati 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Communal land Mahenye 52 7 751 118.3 7 114 0.24 Naivasha CA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 Subtotals 52 7 751 118.3 7 114 0.10 Totals 224 45 4562 62.7 83 364 0.04

Map 29. Distribution of donkeys in and around Gonarezhou NP during 2016 59 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 1. Calibration of strip width

For each run (i.e. flight over the calibration numbers):  Strip width (in metres) for one observer = 10 x (1 + Difference between outer and inner);  Combined strip width (in metres) at flying height = Left strip width + right strip width; and  Combined strip width at 300 ft agl1 = Actual combined strip width x 300 / (Flying height) 1 agl: above ground level

Calibration flights were flown at Chipinda Pools on 6 September 2016 (runs 1-25 and on 9 September (runs 26-33).

Run Left observer: Right observer: Combined Flying Combined strip no. Julius Shimbani Ezekiel Mungoni strip width (m) height width (m) when at flying agl (ft) flying at 300 ft Outer Inner Strip Outer Inner Strip height marker marker width marker marker width (m) (m)

1 26 13 140 21 8 140 280 276 304 2 27 12 160 27 10 180 340 316 323 3 29 8 a 26 12 150 - 287 - 4 30 15 160 22 8 150 310 313 297 5 24 7 180 30 16 150 330 298 332 6 29 13 170 20 5 160 330 308 321 7 18 2 170 21 - 307 - 8 29 14 160 27 10 180 340 284 359 9 19 6 140 26 14 130 270 263 308 10 22 11 120 20 8 130 250 256 293 11 24 11 140 17 8 100 240 249 289 12 26 12 150 25 9 170 320 265 362 13 18 4 150 28 15 140 290 242 360 14 25 10 160 24 8 170 330 270 367 15 24 9 160 28 12 170 330 273 363 16 34 18 170 23 7 170 340 348 293 17 28 10 190 35 18 180 370 383 290 18 25 19 1 190 - 359 - 19 29 12 180 35 14 220 400 367 327 20 19 24 8 170 - 371 - 21 25 9 170 28 12 170 340 300 340 22 30 17 140 22 5 180 320 299 321 23 30 12 190 26 12 150 340 308 331 24 28 14 150 31 10 220 370 334 332 25 24 10 150 29 13 170 320 300 320 26 24 10 150 23 10 140 290 257 339 27 18 5 140 26 14 130 270 268 302 28 26 13 140 25 10 160 300 314 287 29 26 10 170 26 14 130 300 302 298 30 27 13 150 23 9 150 300 289 311 31 23 9 150 25 11 150 300 279 323 32 32 13 200 33 13 210 410 353 348 33 30 12 190 28 13 160 350 334 314

60 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Mean combined strip width (in metres) when flying at 300 feet agl = 323 Standard error of mean combined strip width as a percentage of the mean 1.4 a The value of 220 m was an obvious outlier on the regression of actual strip width on flying height for the left observer and so this run was omitted from the determination of the calibrated mean strip width

61 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 2. Survey flight summary

Date Time Time Flight time Duty take off land (hours) 06-Sep-16 10:33 10:42 0.15 Calibration 06-Sep-16 10:56 11:03 0.12 Calibration 06-Sep-16 11:04 11:22 0.30 Calibration 06-Sep-16 11:40 11:53 0.22 Calibration 06-Sep-16 12:03 12:35 0.53 Calibration 06-Sep-16 16:04 16:41 0.62 Calibration 07-Sep-16 7:07 10:13 3.10 Stratum Chipinda Pools, transects 1-17 07-Sep-16 14:31 16:53 2.37 Stratum Chipinda Pools, transects 18-28 08-Sep-16 6:38 9:34 2.93 Stratum Chipinda Pools, transects 29-39 & Stratum Chilojo B, transects 1-20 08-Sep-16 14:09 16:54 2.75 Stratum Chilojo B, transects 21-32 & Stratum Mahenye 09-Sep-16 6:49 9:33 2.73 Stratum Chilojo A 09-Sep-16 14:52 16:22 1.50 Stratum Naivasha communal area (CA) 10-Sep-16 6:37 9:45 3.13 Stratum Naivasha, transects 1-16 10-Sep-16 14:21 17:27 3.10 Strata Naivasha, transects 17-24 & Stratum Chefu, transects 1-8 11-Sep-16 7:57 11:24 3.45 Stratum Chefu transects 9-22 11-Sep-16 13:55 17:02 3.12 Stratum Chefu, transects 23-26 & Stratum Mabalauta, transects 1-12 12-Sep-16 6:37 10:11 3.57 Stratum Mabalauta, transects 13-29

Total 33.68

62 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 3. Transect start and end points, and lengths

Degrees and decimal minutes; datum WGS84

Chipinda Pools Number of transects : 39 Transect Bearing : 0.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km

Transect # : 1 Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.037 Start Lon : E 31 : 52.282 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.734 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.823 Finish Lat : S 21 : 14.748 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.282 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.847 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.823 Length : 0.53 km Length : 31.69 km

Transect # : 2 Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.906 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.150 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.920 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.690 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.924 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.150 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.393 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.690 Length : 5.59 km Length : 34.31 km

Transect # : 3 Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.324 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.017 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.167 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.558 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.970 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.017 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.229 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.558 Length : 8.06 km Length : 35.30 km

Transect # : 4 Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.740 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.884 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.749 Start Lon : E 32 : 4.425 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.697 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.884 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.942 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.425 Length : 12.88 km Length : 36.68 km

Transect # : 5 Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.823 Start Lon : E 31 : 55.752 Start Lat : S 21 : 6.716 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.292 Finish Lat : S 21 : 10.678 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.752 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.613 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.292 Length : 16.93 km Length : 36.85 km

Transect # : 6 Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 10.258 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.619 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.607 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.159 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.320 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.619 Finish Lat : S 21 : 6.491 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.159 Length : 18.63 km Length : 33.55 km

Transect # : 7 Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.466 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.486 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.647 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.027 Finish Lat : S 21 : 9.837 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.486 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.321 Finish Lon : E 32 : 7.027 Length : 19.68 km Length : 30.88 km

Transect # : 8 Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 9.417 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.354 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.198 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.894 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.073 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.354 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.579 Finish Lon : E 32 : 7.894 Length : 21.59 km Length : 28.92 km

Transect # : 9 Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.269 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.221 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.988 Start Lon : E 32 : 8.761 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.996 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.221 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.175 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.761 Length : 24.58 km Length : 28.13 km

Transect # : 10 Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.576 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.088 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.165 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.629 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.063 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.088 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.718 Finish Lon : E 32 : 9.629 Length : 26.83 km Length : 28.61 km

Transect # : 11 Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.791 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.956 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.447 Start Lon : E 32 : 10.496 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.155 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.956 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.817 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.496 Length : 28.96 km Length : 26.61 km

63 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Transect # : 23 Transect # : 31B Start Lat : S 21 : 22.103 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.363 Start Lat : S 21 : 12.586 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.302 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.177 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.363 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.178 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.302 Length : 25.79 km Length : 0.76 km

Transect # : 24 Transect # : 32 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.844 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.231 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.746 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.169 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.592 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.231 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.576 Finish Lon : E 32 : 19.169 Length : 25.46 km Length : 10.79 km

Transect # : 25 Transect # : 33 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.432 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.098 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.420 Start Lon : E 32 : 20.037 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.487 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.098 Finish Lat : S 21 : 14.716 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.037 Length : 23.97 km Length : 8.71 km

Transect # : 26 Transect # : 34 Start Lat : S 21 : 6.301 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.965 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.019 Start Lon : E 32 : 20.904 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.903 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.965 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.307 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.904 Length : 25.19 km Length : 7.94 km

Transect # : 27 Transect # : 35 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.389 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.832 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.479 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.771 Finish Lat : S 21 : 5.964 Finish Lon : E 32 : 14.832 Finish Lat : S 21 : 15.284 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.771 Length : 24.86 km Length : 7.77 km

Transect # : 28 Transect # : 36 Start Lat : S 21 : 5.939 Start Lon : E 32 : 15.700 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.897 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.638 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.513 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.700 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.943 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.638 Length : 23.28 km Length : 5.64 km

Transect # : 29 Transect # : 37 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.476 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.567 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.826 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.506 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.754 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.567 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.641 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.506 Length : 19.86 km Length : 4.05 km

Transect # : 30 Transect # : 38 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.335 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.435 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.452 Start Lon : E 32 : 24.373 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.790 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.435 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.770 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.373 Length : 13.80 km Length : 2.44 km

Transect # : 31A Transect # : 39 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.354 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.302 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.901 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.240 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.803 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.302 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.281 Finish Lon : E 32 : 25.240 Length : 12.13 km Length : 1.15 km

Mahenye Number of transects : 10 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km

Transect # : 1 Finish Lat : S 21 : 16.490 Finish Lon : E 32 : 27.070 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.190 Start Lon : E 32 : 27.881 Length : 6.46 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.190 Finish Lon : E 32 : 28.746 Length : 1.50 km Transect # : 4 Start Lat : S 21 : 15.140 Start Lon : E 32 : 25.947 Transect # : 2 Finish Lat : S 21 : 15.140 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.419 Start Lat : S 21 : 17.840 Start Lon : E 32 : 28.018 Length : 7.82 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 17.840 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.779 Length : 5.60 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 13.790 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.242 Transect # : 3 Finish Lat : S 21 : 13.790 Finish Lon : E 32 : 25.419 Start Lat : S 21 : 16.490 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.329 Length : 10.67 km 64 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Transect # : 6 Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 12.440 Start Lon : E 32 : 24.025 Start Lat : S 21 : 8.390 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.828 Finish Lat : S 21 : 12.440 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.331 Finish Lat : S 21 : 8.390 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.861 Length : 9.84 km Length : 8.70 km

Transect # : 7 Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 11.090 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.349 Start Lat : S 21 : 7.040 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.847 Finish Lat : S 21 : 11.090 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.931 Finish Lat : S 21 : 7.040 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.467 Length : 11.37 km Length : 11.02 km

Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 9.740 Start Lon : E 32 : 23.495 Finish Lat : S 21 : 9.740 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.138 Length : 10.98 km

Chilojo A Number of transects : 16 Transect Bearing : 45.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km

Transect # : 1 Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.949 Start Lon : E 31 : 50.760 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.766 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.132 Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.209 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.772 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.757 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.725 Length : 9.79 km Length : 20.97 km

Transect # : 2 Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.153 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.989 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.300 Start Lon : E 32 : 0.371 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.640 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.102 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.310 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.777 Length : 14.37 km Length : 20.98 km

Transect # : 3 Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.675 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.930 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.046 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.290 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.835 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.486 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.843 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.018 Length : 25.77 km Length : 18.86 km

Transect # : 4 Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.169 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.356 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.466 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.578 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.875 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.871 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.992 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.577 Length : 28.04 km Length : 17.09 km

Transect # : 5 Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.785 Start Lon : E 31 : 46.196 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.199 Start Lon : E 31 : 55.583 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.440 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.295 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.182 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.039 Length : 27.09 km Length : 15.76 km

Transect # : 6 Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.793 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.145 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.878 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.521 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.439 Finish Lon : E 31 : 47.796 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.509 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.480 Length : 25.26 km Length : 14.75 km

Transect # : 7 Transect # : 15A Start Lat : S 21 : 30.298 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.176 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.954 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.232 Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.512 Finish Lon : E 31 : 58.602 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.326 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.197 Length : 23.01 km Length : 12.12 km

Transect # : 8 Transect # : 15B Start Lat : S 21 : 22.169 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.127 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.638 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.935 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.480 Finish Lon : E 31 : 50.211 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.445 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.143 Length : 21.77 km Length : 0.51 km

65 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Transect # : 15C Transect # : 16B Start Lat : S 21 : 26.391 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.200 Start Lat : S 21 : 32.079 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.326 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.157 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.451 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.595 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.773 Length : 0.61 km Length : 1.35 km

Transect # : 16A Start Lat : S 21 : 28.212 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.475 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.273 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.337 Length : 2.78 km

Chilojo B Number of transects : 32 Transect Bearing : -46.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km

Transect # : 1 Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.833 Finish Lon : E 32 : 14.127 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.737 Start Lon : E 32 : 24.167 Length : 12.80 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.224 Finish Lon : E 32 : 24.708 Length : 1.30 km Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 20.257 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.347 Transect # : 2 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.236 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.878 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.824 Start Lon : E 32 : 24.125 Length : 13.27 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.883 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.080 Length : 2.51 km Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 25.838 Start Lon : E 32 : 18.296 Transect # : 3 Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.838 Finish Lon : E 32 : 12.742 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.203 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.183 Length : 13.33 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 20.424 Finish Lon : E 32 : 23.540 Length : 3.26 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.557 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.290 Transect # : 4 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.439 Finish Lon : E 32 : 17.713 Start Lat : S 21 : 21.025 Start Lon : E 32 : 22.957 Length : 13.01 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.344 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.089 Length : 4.48 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 27.041 Start Lon : E 32 : 17.130 Transect # : 5 Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.003 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.533 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.437 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.942 Length : 13.43 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 21.626 Finish Lon : E 32 : 22.374 Length : 5.84 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.517 Start Lon : E 32 : 10.854 Transect # : 6 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.642 Finish Lon : E 32 : 16.548 Start Lat : S 21 : 22.228 Start Lon : E 32 : 21.791 Length : 13.66 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 19.624 Finish Lon : E 32 : 18.898 Length : 6.94 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 28.244 Start Lon : E 32 : 15.965 Transect # : 7 Finish Lat : S 21 : 23.158 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.315 Start Lat : S 21 : 18.366 Start Lon : E 32 : 16.250 Length : 13.56 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 22.830 Finish Lon : E 32 : 21.209 Length : 11.90 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.898 Start Lon : E 32 : 9.886 Transect # : 8 Finish Lat : S 21 : 28.846 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.382 Start Lat : S 21 : 23.431 Start Lon : E 32 : 20.626 Length : 13.19 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 18.639 Finish Lon : E 32 : 15.302 Length : 12.78 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.447 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.800 Transect # : 9 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.187 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.956 Start Lat : S 21 : 19.355 Start Lon : E 32 : 14.847 Length : 14.02 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.033 Finish Lon : E 32 : 20.043 Length : 12.47 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.220 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.742 Transect # : 10 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.049 Finish Lon : E 32 : 14.217 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.634 Start Lon : E 32 : 19.461 Length : 15.54 km 66 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Transect # : 20 Transect # : 27 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.650 Start Lon : E 32 : 13.634 Start Lat : S 21 : 28.434 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.417 Finish Lat : S 21 : 24.373 Finish Lon : E 32 : 6.661 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.861 Finish Lon : E 32 : 9.556 Length : 16.73 km Length : 17.13 km

Transect # : 21 Transect # : 28 Start Lat : S 21 : 24.899 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.995 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.463 Start Lon : E 32 : 8.974 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.252 Finish Lon : E 32 : 13.052 Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.296 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.123 Length : 16.94 km Length : 16.44 km

Transect # : 22 Transect # : 29 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.853 Start Lon : E 32 : 12.469 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.751 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.378 Finish Lat : S 21 : 25.863 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.815 Finish Lat : S 21 : 36.064 Finish Lon : E 32 : 8.391 Length : 15.97 km Length : 16.83 km

Transect # : 23 Transect # : 30 Start Lat : S 21 : 26.586 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.367 Start Lat : S 21 : 36.666 Start Lon : E 32 : 7.808 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.455 Finish Lon : E 32 : 11.887 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.947 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.455 Length : 15.64 km Length : 15.25 km

Transect # : 24 Transect # : 31 Start Lat : S 21 : 33.056 Start Lon : E 32 : 11.304 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.670 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.007 Finish Lat : S 21 : 26.610 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.143 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.268 Finish Lon : E 32 : 7.226 Length : 17.19 km Length : 14.92 km

Transect # : 25 Transect # : 32A Start Lat : S 21 : 26.635 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.919 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.670 Start Lon : E 32 : 4.200 Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.658 Finish Lon : E 32 : 10.722 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.584 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.994 Length : 18.72 km Length : 2.89 km

Transect # : 26 Transect # : 32B Start Lat : S 21 : 34.260 Start Lon : E 32 : 10.139 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.578 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.987 Finish Lat : S 21 : 27.144 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.233 Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.066 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.307 Length : 18.97 km Length : 4.03 km

Naivasha Number of transects : 24 Transect Bearing : -46.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.70 km

Transect # : 1 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.349 Finish Lon : E 32 : 2.653 Start Lat : S 21 : 29.237 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.227 Length : 0.83 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.579 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.607 Length : 0.91 km Transect # : 4C Start Lat : S 21 : 33.284 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.469 Transect # : 2 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.134 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.079 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.786 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.530 Length : 5.73 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 29.672 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.291 Length : 2.97 km Transect # : 5 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.856 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.462 Transect # : 3 Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.585 Finish Lon : E 32 : 5.945 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.423 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.707 Length : 17.94 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.614 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.031 Length : 3.17 km Transect # : 6A Start Lat : S 21 : 39.266 Start Lon : E 32 : 5.283 Transect # : 4A Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.655 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.932 Start Lat : S 21 : 37.905 Start Lon : E 32 : 6.608 Length : 17.62 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.691 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.146 Length : 5.90 km Transect # : 6B Start Lat : S 21 : 32.333 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.573 Transect # : 4B Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.268 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.501 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.659 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.998 Length : 0.17 km 67 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Transect # : 6C Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 32.047 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.255 Start Lat : S 21 : 33.411 Start Lon : E 31 : 43.161 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.668 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.834 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.750 Finish Lon : E 31 : 57.996 Length : 1.01 km Length : 35.56 km

Transect # : 7 Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.004 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.676 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.431 Start Lon : E 31 : 57.333 Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.946 Finish Lon : E 32 : 4.620 Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.154 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.569 Length : 23.84 km Length : 35.39 km

Transect # : 8 Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.627 Start Lon : E 32 : 3.958 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.899 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.977 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.056 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.315 Finish Lat : S 21 : 48.111 Finish Lon : E 31 : 56.671 Length : 25.51 km Length : 35.22 km

Transect # : 9 Transect # : 20A Start Lat : S 21 : 31.411 Start Lon : E 31 : 52.291 Start Lat : S 21 : 48.792 Start Lon : E 31 : 56.008 Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.307 Finish Lon : E 32 : 3.295 Finish Lat : S 21 : 48.041 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.174 Length : 26.38 km Length : 2.00 km

Transect # : 10 Transect # : 20B Start Lat : S 21 : 41.987 Start Lon : E 32 : 2.633 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.325 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.377 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.310 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.648 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.379 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.325 Length : 31.13 km Length : 2.52 km

Transect # : 11 Transect # : 20C Start Lat : S 21 : 30.438 Start Lon : E 31 : 48.370 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.511 Start Lon : E 31 : 46.799 Finish Lat : S 21 : 42.668 Finish Lon : E 32 : 1.970 Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.647 Finish Lon : E 31 : 41.391 Length : 32.60 km Length : 12.97 km

Transect # : 12 Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.348 Start Lon : E 32 : 1.308 Start Lat : S 21 : 36.412 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.822 Finish Lat : S 21 : 30.577 Finish Lon : E 31 : 47.105 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.541 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.414 Length : 34.05 km Length : 11.01 km

Transect # : 13 Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 21 : 30.836 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.974 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.714 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.187 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.029 Finish Lon : E 32 : 0.645 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.179 Finish Lon : E 31 : 40.255 Length : 35.17 km Length : 9.42 km

Transect # : 14 Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.709 Start Lon : E 31 : 59.983 Start Lat : S 21 : 37.939 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.682 Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.109 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.860 Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.975 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.058 Length : 36.25 km Length : 8.09 km

Transect # : 15 Transect # : 24 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.898 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.317 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.111 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.790 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.390 Finish Lon : E 31 : 59.320 Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.814 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.235 Length : 35.97 km Length : 6.12 km

Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.070 Start Lon : E 31 : 58.658 Finish Lat : S 21 : 32.657 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.742 Length : 35.76 km

68 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Chefu Number of transects : 26 Transect Bearing : -46.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km

Transect # : 1 Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.877 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.310 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.854 Start Lon : E 31 : 47.967 Length : 35.00 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.420 Finish Lon : E 31 : 53.052 Length : 12.17 km Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 42.425 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.667 Transect # : 2 Finish Lat : S 21 : 55.607 Finish Lon : E 31 : 49.348 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.008 Start Lon : E 31 : 55.794 Length : 35.14 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.617 Finish Lon : E 31 : 46.448 Length : 22.37 km Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 56.207 Start Lon : E 31 : 48.762 Transect # : 3 Finish Lat : S 21 : 42.974 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.024 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.640 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.220 Length : 35.28 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 49.608 Finish Lon : E 31 : 55.208 Length : 23.91 km Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.522 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.380 Transect # : 4 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.807 Finish Lon : E 31 : 48.176 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.207 Start Lon : E 31 : 54.622 Length : 35.41 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.747 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.086 Length : 25.22 km Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 57.406 Start Lon : E 31 : 47.590 Transect # : 5 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.071 Finish Lon : E 31 : 32.737 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.979 Start Lon : E 31 : 43.089 Length : 35.55 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.807 Finish Lon : E 31 : 54.036 Length : 26.20 km Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 45.404 Start Lon : E 31 : 32.967 Transect # : 6A Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.006 Finish Lon : E 31 : 47.004 Start Lat : S 21 : 51.407 Start Lon : E 31 : 53.450 Length : 33.60 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.080 Finish Lon : E 31 : 41.947 Length : 27.53 km Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 58.606 Start Lon : E 31 : 46.418 Transect # : 6B Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.203 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.717 Start Lat : S 21 : 38.617 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.204 Length : 30.40 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.565 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.147 Length : 0.14 km Transect # : 19 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.002 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.466 Transect # : 7 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.206 Finish Lon : E 31 : 45.832 Start Lat : S 21 : 39.120 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.511 Length : 27.20 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.007 Finish Lon : E 31 : 52.864 Length : 34.35 km Transect # : 20 Start Lat : S 21 : 59.806 Start Lon : E 31 : 45.246 Transect # : 8 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.799 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.215 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.607 Start Lon : E 31 : 52.278 Length : 24.01 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.675 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.874 Length : 34.48 km Transect # : 21 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.599 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.965 Transect # : 9 Finish Lat : S 22 : 0.406 Finish Lon : E 31 : 44.660 Start Lat : S 21 : 40.227 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.235 Length : 20.81 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.207 Finish Lon : E 31 : 51.692 Length : 34.60 km Transect # : 22 Start Lat : S 22 : 1.006 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.074 Transect # : 10 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.400 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.717 Start Lat : S 21 : 53.807 Start Lon : E 31 : 51.106 Length : 17.61 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 40.778 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.594 Length : 34.73 km Transect # : 23 Start Lat : S 21 : 56.202 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.469 Transect # : 11 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.606 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.488 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.329 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.954 Length : 14.41 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.407 Finish Lon : E 31 : 50.520 Length : 34.86 km Transect # : 24 Start Lat : S 22 : 2.206 Start Lon : E 31 : 42.902 Transect # : 12 Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.003 Finish Lon : E 31 : 38.222 Start Lat : S 21 : 55.007 Start Lon : E 31 : 49.934 Length : 11.20 km 69 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Transect # : 25 Transect # : 26 Start Lat : S 21 : 59.805 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.974 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.402 Start Lon : E 31 : 41.727 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.804 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.315 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.607 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.727 Length : 8.00 km Length : 4.79 km

Mabalauta Number of transects : 29 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 1.50 km

Transect # : 1A Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Start Lon : E 31 : 32.567 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.923 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.266 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.579 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.923 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.424 Length : 5.14 km Length : 25.54 km

Transect # : 1B Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Start Lon : E 31 : 24.241 Start Lat : S 21 : 51.733 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.402 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.476 Finish Lat : S 21 : 51.733 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.603 Length : 3.04 km Length : 26.16 km

Transect # : 1C Transect # : 11 Start Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.307 Start Lat : S 21 : 52.543 Start Lon : E 31 : 35.941 Finish Lat : S 21 : 44.443 Finish Lon : E 31 : 18.619 Finish Lat : S 21 : 52.543 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.254 Length : 4.62 km Length : 25.27 km

Transect # : 2 Transect # : 12 Start Lat : S 21 : 45.253 Start Lon : E 31 : 19.571 Start Lat : S 21 : 53.353 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.458 Finish Lat : S 21 : 45.253 Finish Lon : E 31 : 32.905 Finish Lat : S 21 : 53.353 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.279 Length : 22.94 km Length : 25.50 km

Transect # : 3 Transect # : 13 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.063 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.242 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.163 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.618 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.063 Finish Lon : E 31 : 19.732 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.163 Finish Lon : E 31 : 21.660 Length : 23.25 km Length : 25.74 km

Transect # : 4 Transect # : 14 Start Lat : S 21 : 46.873 Start Lon : E 31 : 19.504 Start Lat : S 21 : 54.973 Start Lon : E 31 : 21.871 Finish Lat : S 21 : 46.873 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.579 Finish Lat : S 21 : 54.973 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.956 Length : 24.22 km Length : 25.96 km

Transect # : 5 Transect # : 15 Start Lat : S 21 : 47.683 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.917 Start Lat : S 21 : 55.783 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.294 Finish Lat : S 21 : 47.683 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.034 Finish Lat : S 21 : 55.783 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.092 Length : 23.89 km Length : 26.16 km

Transect # : 6 Transect # : 16 Start Lat : S 21 : 48.493 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.377 Start Lat : S 21 : 56.593 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.306 Finish Lat : S 21 : 48.493 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.254 Finish Lat : S 21 : 56.593 Finish Lon : E 31 : 37.633 Length : 23.88 km Length : 26.37 km

Transect # : 7 Transect # : 17 Start Lat : S 21 : 49.303 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.592 Start Lat : S 21 : 57.403 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.971 Finish Lat : S 21 : 49.303 Finish Lon : E 31 : 20.602 Finish Lat : S 21 : 57.403 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.512 Length : 24.07 km Length : 26.60 km

Transect # : 8 Transect # : 18 Start Lat : S 21 : 50.113 Start Lon : E 31 : 20.634 Start Lat : S 21 : 58.213 Start Lon : E 31 : 22.718 Finish Lat : S 21 : 50.113 Finish Lon : E 31 : 34.929 Finish Lat : S 21 : 58.213 Finish Lon : E 31 : 38.309 Length : 24.60 km Length : 26.83 km

70 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Transect # : 19 Transect # : 24B Start Lat : S 21 : 59.023 Start Lon : E 31 : 38.647 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.073 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.703 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.023 Finish Lon : E 31 : 22.924 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.073 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.745 Length : 27.05 km Length : 22.44 km

Transect # : 20 Transect # : 25 Start Lat : S 21 : 59.833 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.125 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.883 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.556 Finish Lat : S 21 : 59.833 Finish Lon : E 31 : 38.986 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.883 Finish Lon : E 31 : 26.540 Length : 27.29 km Length : 18.96 km

Transect # : 21 Transect # : 26 Start Lat : S 22 : 0.643 Start Lon : E 31 : 39.324 Start Lat : S 22 : 4.693 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.380 Finish Lat : S 22 : 0.643 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.356 Finish Lat : S 22 : 4.693 Finish Lon : E 31 : 35.368 Length : 27.48 km Length : 15.47 km

Transect # : 22 Transect # : 27 Start Lat : S 22 : 1.453 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.587 Start Lat : S 22 : 5.503 Start Lon : E 31 : 33.180 Finish Lat : S 22 : 1.453 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.662 Finish Lat : S 22 : 5.503 Finish Lon : E 31 : 26.225 Length : 27.66 km Length : 11.97 km

Transect # : 23 Transect # : 28 Start Lat : S 22 : 2.263 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.001 Start Lat : S 22 : 6.313 Start Lon : E 31 : 26.070 Finish Lat : S 22 : 2.263 Finish Lon : E 31 : 23.814 Finish Lat : S 22 : 6.313 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.992 Length : 27.85 km Length : 8.47 km

Transect # : 24A Transect # : 29 Start Lat : S 22 : 3.073 Start Lon : E 31 : 23.965 Start Lat : S 22 : 7.123 Start Lon : E 31 : 28.804 Finish Lat : S 22 : 3.073 Finish Lon : E 31 : 24.815 Finish Lat : S 22 : 7.123 Finish Lon : E 31 : 25.918 Length : 1.46 km Length : 4.96 km

Naivasha CA Number of transects : 10 Transect Bearing : 90.00 Degrees Transect Spacing : 2.50 km

Transect # : 1 Finish Lat : S 21 : 37.089 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.503 Start Lat : S 21 : 31.689 Start Lon : E 31 : 44.476 Length : 18.64 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 31.689 Finish Lon : E 31 : 42.225 Length : 3.88 km Transect # : 6 Start Lat : S 21 : 38.439 Start Lon : E 31 : 30.065 Transect # : 2 Finish Lat : S 21 : 38.439 Finish Lon : E 31 : 39.292 Start Lat : S 21 : 33.039 Start Lon : E 31 : 36.460 Length : 15.90 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 33.039 Finish Lon : E 31 : 43.452 Length : 12.05 km Transect # : 7 Start Lat : S 21 : 39.789 Start Lon : E 31 : 37.743 Transect # : 3A Finish Lat : S 21 : 39.789 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.630 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.389 Start Lon : E 31 : 42.382 Length : 12.26 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.389 Finish Lon : E 31 : 30.588 Length : 20.32 km Transect # : 8 Start Lat : S 21 : 41.139 Start Lon : E 31 : 31.193 Transect # : 3B Finish Lat : S 21 : 41.139 Finish Lon : E 31 : 36.175 Start Lat : S 21 : 34.389 Start Lon : E 31 : 30.282 Length : 8.59 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 34.389 Finish Lon : E 31 : 29.704 Length : 1.00 km Transect # : 9 Start Lat : S 21 : 42.489 Start Lon : E 31 : 34.593 Transect # : 4 Finish Lat : S 21 : 42.489 Finish Lon : E 31 : 31.755 Start Lat : S 21 : 35.739 Start Lon : E 31 : 29.430 Length : 4.89 km Finish Lat : S 21 : 35.739 Finish Lon : E 31 : 41.319 Length : 20.49 km Transect # : 10 Start Lat : S 21 : 43.839 Start Lon : E 31 : 32.317 Transect # : 5 Finish Lat : S 21 : 43.839 Finish Lon : E 31 : 33.009 Start Lat : S 21 : 37.089 Start Lon : E 31 : 40.322 Length : 1.19 km

71 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 4. Transect summaries of sightings

Species codes:

Code Species Bbk Bushbuck Buff Buffalo Catt Cattle Dkr Common or Bush Duiker Donk Donkey ElC1 Elephant carcass, age category 1 ElC2 Elephant carcass, age category 2 ElC3 Elephant carcass, age category 3 ElC4 Elephant carcass, age category 4 Eld Eland EleF Elephant cow EleM Elephant bull Ghb Ground hornbill Grf Giraffe Hipo Hippopotamus Hse House Hut Hut Imp Impala Kudu Kudu Nyl Nyala Ost Ostrich Sab Sable antelope Sbk Steenbok Shoa Sheep and/or goats UnCa Unidentified carcass Wbk Waterbuck Wbst Wildebeest Wdog Wild dog Whog Warthog Zeb Zebra

Other abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning

n number of transects sampled N possible number of transects in stratum t Student’s t value, P = 0.05 T # transect number - no animals were seen in search strips

72 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 The following tables list, for each stratum, the number of individuals of each species that were seen inside the search strips on each transect.

Date of Survey : 08/09/16 Stratum Name : Mahenye Stratum Locality : South East Lowveld Base Line Length : 25.5 km Stratum Area : 221 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 74 n : 10 t : 2.262 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Catt Shoa Donk 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 60 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 21 34 0 4 0 0 0 0 29 18 1 5 0 0 0 0 42 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 49 2 3 10 0 1 0 0 67 15 0

Sighting Totals EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Catt Shoa Donk 6 1 3 1 283 69 7

Date of Survey : 09/09/16 Stratum Name : Naivasha CA Stratum Locality : South East Lowveld Base Line Length : 24.5 km Stratum Area : 294 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 77 n : 10 t : 2.262 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # UnCa Kudu Wbk Zeb Dkr Sab Ghb 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals UnCa Kudu Wbk Zeb Dkr Sab Ghb 4 1 1 5 2 5 2 Date of Survey : 11-12/09/16 Stratum Name : Malapati

73 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Stratum Locality : Malapati Safari Area Base Line Length : 32.1 km Stratum Area : 177 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 100 n : 22 t : 2.08 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Imp Kudu Nyl Catt 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 15 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 7 0 0 16 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 17 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 24 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13

Sighting Totals EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Imp Kudu Nyl Catt 38 1 2 1 4 2 55 7 2 56

74 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Date of Survey : 07/09/16 Stratum Name : Chitsa S Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 18.2 km Stratum Area : 91 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 56 n : 12 t : 2.201 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # ElC4 Catt Shoa Donk Hut Hse 8 0 16 0 0 11 0 9 0 28 84 0 14 0 10 0 7 25 14 29 2 11 0 0 19 0 18 3 12 0 10 0 5 10 2 13 0 2 16 7 12 3 14 0 46 0 5 20 3 15 0 16 13 0 2 1 16 0 35 17 0 8 5 17 0 49 30 0 14 3 18 0 20 9 0 8 0 19 1 8 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals ElC4 Catt Shoa Donk Hut Hse 1 237 213 31 146 22

75 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Date of Survey : 07-08/09/16 Stratum Name : Chipinda Pools Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 58.3 km Stratum Area : 1075 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 183 n : 39 t : 2.024 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC1 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Wbst Whog Hipo Ghb Catt Wdog 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 12 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 3 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 8 0 14 4 15 0 0 0 0 0 6 10 13 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 14 12 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 23 6 0 4 1 13 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 21 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 71 5 0 14 25 17 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 14 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 3 29 5 0 1 14 0 0 0 3 0 13 11 2 28 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 30 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 29 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 13 8 47 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 37 5 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 14 6 13 0 0 2 0 6 0 6 6 7 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 13 1 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 35 0 0 1 1 51 0 0 12 13 0 0 14 13 3 0 0 0 0 17 0 17 0 0 1 0 23 1 0 22 35 0 1 10 8 4 0 0 0 0 18 1 41 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 22 49 0 0 25 1 9 0 0 0 0 19 1 11 0 0 0 0 13 1 4 33 16 0 0 15 13 0 0 0 0 0 20 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 23 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 3 0 0 1 1 0 3 5 2 59 17 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 1 12 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 12 6 0 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 0 23 2 58 0 0 0 0 21 1 1 6 6 0 0 2 12 1 1 0 0 0 24 3 48 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 13 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 3 42 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 18 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 21 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

28 7 21 0 0 1 0 44 0 4 14 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 29 0 18 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 1 21 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 83 6 0 0 5 18 0 0 0 0 0 33 2 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 148 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 35 1 37 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 52 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC1 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Wbst Whog Hipo Ghb Catt Wdog 104 633 1 1 16 4 226 25 36 998 272 13 46 182 137 23 7 12 10 13

77 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Date of Survey : 09/09/16 Stratum Name : Chilojo A Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 24.7 km Stratum Area : 451 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 73 n : 16 t : 2.131 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Sab 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 6 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 1 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 5 40 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 6 43 1 1 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 24 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 23 2 2 1 4 16 1 2 0 0 0 9 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 3 0 1 10 3 2 1 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 11 4 77 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 12 0 36 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 0 0 13 1 53 1 1 1 1 6 0 0 0 6 9 14 1 104 1 0 1 0 37 4 0 0 0 0 15 0 17 0 0 0 1 43 1 5 0 18 0 16 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Sab 42 426 8 8 10 229 117 21 9 11 25 10

78 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Date of Survey : 08/09/16 Stratum Name : Chilojo B Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 48.4 km Stratum Area : 603 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 147 n : 32 t : 2.04 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Sab Hipo Ost Ghb 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 19 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 0 2 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 16 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 6 0 23 0 4 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 1 0 12 0 0 117 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 84 0 1 0 61 0 0 17 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 12 1 0 1 35 0 0 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 3 55 0 0 0 70 0 0 25 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 20 0 0 1 70 0 0 10 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 7 22 1 0 0 0 0 2 12 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 15 0 41 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 16 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 21 0 1 0 30 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 8 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 67 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 15 0 2 1 8 0 0 2 2 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 1 34 1 1 3 0 0 6 6 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 22 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 23 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 24 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 2 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 26 2 26 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 11 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

28 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 1 18 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Wbk Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Sab Hipo Ost Ghb 31 557 4 21 11 324 21 13 296 34 10 14 69 52 5 1 1 1 17 3 8

Date of Survey : 10/09/16 Stratum Name : Naivasha Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 41.3 km Stratum Area : 895 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 127 n : 24 t : 2.069 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Sab Ghb 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 21 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 80 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 8 16 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 14 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 17 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Sab Ghb 3 98 3 11 7 5 4 9 34 26 10 3 2 2 2 19 26

Date of Survey : 10-11/09/16 Stratum Name : Chefu Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 39.4 km Stratum Area : 1012 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 121 n : 26 t : 2.06 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Ghb Catt 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 10 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 9 0 2 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 81 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

6 0 13 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 6 0 1 1 1 8 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 8 0 49 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 4 16 10 0 12 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 6 0 1 1 1 180 0 0 3 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 13 0 43 0 2 1 1 2 0 7 0 0 21 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 0 6 0 1 0 0 4 11 4 0 0 12 0 5 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 17 0 38 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 0 0 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 0 6 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 19 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Zeb Wbst Whog Dkr Sbk Ghb Catt 1 200 2 27 11 24 196 23 54 12 3 68 1 14 9 3 8 16

82 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Date of Survey : 11-12/09/16 Stratum Name : Mabalauta NP Stratum Locality : Gonarezhou NP Base Line Length : 44.2 km Stratum Area : 814 sq km Calibrated Strip Width at 300 ft : 323 m N : 135 n : 29 t : 2.048 Pilot : Hugo van der Westhuizen Observers : Julius Shimbani, Ezekiel Mungoni

Transect summary table : T # EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Zeb Wbst Dkr Sbk Ghb Catt Shoa Donk 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 20 0 2 5 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 3 6 12 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 9 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 1 0 30 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 55 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 22 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 3 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 27 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 8 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 7 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 12 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 1 14 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 1 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 15 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 3 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 26 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 83 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 15 6 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 28 1

Sighting Totals EleM EleF ElC2 ElC3 ElC4 UnCa Buff Eld Grf Imp Kudu Nyl Zeb Wbst Dkr Sbk Ghb Catt Shoa Donk 33 209 3 16 9 17 74 2 15 108 19 6 43 8 5 2 4 35 63 7

84 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 5. Comparison of observers

Introduction The numbers of groups and animals counted by the two observers were compared to determine if the observers appeared to be similarly efficient.

Methods For each of the commoner species, the total numbers and the average sizes of the groups seen by each observer in all transects were determined. For each observer/species, the numbers of groups that an observer was expected to see (if the observers were equally efficient and animals similarly distributed on the two sides of the aircraft) were calculated as:

Total Number x Observer’s Strip Width Expected Number = Total Strip Width for both Observers where: Expected Number = the number of groups of a given species that an observer was expected to count if the two observers saw similar numbers; Total Number = the total number of groups of a given species actually counted by both observers; Observer’s Strip Width = the width (in metres) of the search strip of one observer when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet above ground level; and Total Strip Width for both Observers = the combined calibrated strip width (in metres) for both observers when the aircraft was flying at 300 feet above ground level (Appendix 1). The left and right strip widths were identical (161 m). For each species, the observed and expected numbers of groups were compared using a chi-square one-sample statistical test with 1 degree of freedom (Siegel 1956). No test was conducted for a species if either expected number was <5. For each species, the average sizes of the groups seen by the two observers were compared with a Mann-Whitney U two-tailed test.

Results Compared with the left observer, the right observer saw significantly more groups of impala, kudu and elephant carcasses category 3; and saw significantly larger groups of elephant cows (Table A5.1). The other comparisons between the observers were not statistically significant, but nonetheless are examined further here. First, we eliminate any species (or observation) with a small sample size by considering only species and observations for which the total number of groups seen inside the search strips by the left or right observer was greater than 50 (Table A5.2). Between-observer differences for buffalo can be compounded by large variations in buffalo group size (ranging from 1 to >100) and so buffalo sightings are not considered further here. Except for cattle and elephant bull groups, the right observer saw more groups inside the strip than the left observer. Differences between observers in group number can occur if the observers differ in their mental definition of a group. This may have been the case for cattle, because the right observer saw just 43 % of the cattle groups within the strips, but 52 % of the individual cattle. For elephant carcass 3, elephant carcass 4, all elephant carcasses and unidentified carcasses, the right observer saw both more groups and more individuals inside the strip than the left observer. (Carcasses did not often have a group size greater than one.)

85 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Also for elephant cow groups, all elephant groups, impala, kudu and zebra, the right observer saw inside the strip both more groups (52 – 61 % of all groups) and more individuals (58 – 62 % of all individuals) than the left observer. We can now extend the analysis to consider all sightings by an observer, regardless of whether the sightings were judged to be inside or outside the search strip (Table A5.2). The right observer still saw more elephant carcasses 3, all elephant carcasses and unidentified carcasses than the left observer, as well as more groups and more individuals of impala and zebra. As for elephant: the right observer saw in total fewer bull groups and individuals than the left observer; but the two observers saw similar total numbers of elephant cow groups and individuals.

Discussion The photographs taken by the observers during the survey are now being examined to see if they offer any explanation for the differences between the observers. However, the photographs are generally of poor quality, perhaps a result of the photographs being taken through Perspex windows of the plane, combined with vibration of the cameras mounted on relatively long support arms.

Reference Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo. 312 pp.

86 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Table A5.1. Comparison of numbers and sizes of groups seen in the search strips by the left and right observers Expected numbers of groups were proportional to the observers’ strip widths. No chi-square test was conducted if any expected number was <5. PN indicates the probability of the observed numbers of groups if there was no difference in the efficiency of the two observers. Ps indicates the probability of the observed sizes of groups if there was no difference in the efficiency of the two observers. ns = not significant.

Species Observed Expected Mean size of Chi-square PN U PS Number of Number of groups Groups Groups Left Right Left Right Left Right Buffalo 36 51 44 44 17.4 8.5 2.6 ns 741 ns Carcass elephant 1 1 0 1 1 1.0 -

Carcass elephant 2 3 3 3 3 1.0 1.0

Carcass elephant 3 18 43 31 31 1.0 1.0 10.1 0.001 378 ns

Carcass elephant 4 33 47 40 40 1.0 1.0 2.5 ns 752 ns Carcass unidentified 31 46 39 39 1.0 1.1 2.9 ns 674 ns

Cattle 39 29 34 34 7.8 11.4 1.5 ns 438 ns

Donkey 3 10 7 7 4.3 3.2 3.6 ns 7 ns

Duiker 6 9 8 8 1.3 1.2 0.6 ns 27 ns

Eland 9 7 8 8 2.6 4.1 0.3 ns 27 ns

Elephant bull 65 63 64 64 1.8 1.6 0.0 ns 1782 ns

Elephant cow 103 122 113 113 8.4 10.6 1.6 ns 5328 0.025

Giraffe 18 20 19 19 2.6 2.5 0.1 ns 174 ns

Ground hornbill 7 11 9 9 3.6 3.2 0.9 ns 31 ns

House 9 2 6 6 2.2 1.0 4.2 0.041 3 ns

Hut 14 11 13 13 6.4 5.1 0.4 ns 58 ns

Impala 94 140 117 117 7.4 6.9 9.0 0.003 6019 ns

87 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Species Observed Expected Mean size of Chi-square PN U PS Number of Number of groups Groups Groups Left Right Left Right Left Right Kudu 52 80 66 66 2.9 3.0 5.9 0.015 1936 ns

Nyala 8 15 12 12 2.0 1.8 2.1 ns 57 ns

Sable 3 3 3 3 1.0 10.7 0 0.018

Sheep/Goat 13 22 18 18 9.2 10.2 2.3 ns 133 ns

Steenbok 4 4 4 4 1.0 1.0

Warthog 10 9 10 10 2.8 1.8 0.1 ns 33 ns

Waterbuck 10 10 10 10 4.3 2.9 0.0 ns 42 ns

Wildebeest 12 19 16 16 6.7 6.4 1.6 ns 107 ns

Zebra 36 51 44 44 4.3 4.9 2.6 ns 813 ns

88 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016

Table A5.2. The percentage of groups and individuals seen by the right observer both inside the search strip, and for in-strip and out-strip sightings combined This table includes only species/ observations for which the total number of groups seen by the left or right observer inside the strips was greater than 50. The left and right observers had identical strip widths and so it was expected that both observers would see c.50 % of groups and individuals of these common species: in practice, it may be a concern if the right observer saw <45 % or >55 % of groups or individuals.

Species/ Observation Sightings inside search All sightings (i.e. inside or strip outside search strip) Groups Individuals Groups Individuals Buffalo 59 41 54 54 Carcass elephant 3 70 71 65 66 Carcass elephant 4 59 58 52 52 Carcass elephant all 63 63 56 57 Carcass unidentified 60 61 57 58 Cattle 43 52 37 47 Elephant bull 49 46 40 38 Elephant cow 54 60 48 52 Elephant all 52 59 45 51 Impala 60 58 56 56 Kudu 61 62 53 56 Zebra 59 62 56 60

89 Aerial Survey of Elephants and other Herbivores in Gonarezhou NP (Zimbabwe) & surrounds: 2016 Appendix 6. Maintenance of flying height

The intended height for flying the survey was 300 feet agl. The mean height flown was 304 feet agl (SD = 34.1 feet, n = 1883 observations). Variation in flying height is influenced by both the pilot’s ability to maintain the given height.and by the undulating nature of the terrain in the survey area. The variation in terrain height is illustrated by the range in altitude within strata, which was 444 m in Chipinda Pools stratum, 361 m in Mahenye stratum, 348 m in Chilojo A stratum, 323 m in Naivasha and >200 m in all other strata except Chitsa S (125 m). The range for each stratum was calculated here as the difference in altitude between the highest and lowest points within a stratum, as determined from ASTER GDEM data (Map 3).

Fig. A6.1. Frequency distribution of flying height above ground level

90