UNIVERSITY OF AGRONOMIC SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA THE DOCTORAL SCHOOL

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

Ing. CIOCOET V. MELANIA (OLTEAN)

SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS

RESEARCH OF BIOLOGY, ECOLOGIE AND PEST CONTROL INTEGRATED OF CHESTNUT TREE , CURCULIO ELEPHAS GYLL ŞI CYDIA SPLENDANA HBN.

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR Phd. Prof. Perju Teodosie

Cluj-Napoca 2011

Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat

SUMMARY

In the climatic conditions of depression Baia Mare, with a temperate continental climate, with influences subatlantice with an annual average temperature of 9.4 ° C, and average yearly rainfall of 976 mm, chestnut find conditions favorable for development. The literature confirms that in Baia Mare is the northern limit of the species in Europe. Species indigenous to our country, chestnut is found both in spontaneous condition and cultivated. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a vital plant in some regions of the world which is of food and industrial. Chestnut is a valuable plant, such as fruit tree and the forest tree species. The importance of this species is conferitǎ by: alimentary and therapeutic value, the industrial value, landscape value and agroepedological (exploit poorer sloping land, unsuitable for other crops). PEST FRUCTIFICATION BODIES

Chestnut crop production can be greatly affected, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the various species of vermin attack. Complex species pests that are very diversified attack chestnut, often specializing in specific organs of vegetative or generative chestnut (Boguleanu, 1994;. 1979; Georgescu et al. 1994; Harapin et al., 2000, Matthias, 1963, 1965 ; Perju et al., 2001; Szemes et al. 1999; Teodoresci et al., 2003, Vázquez et al., 1990). In the environmental conditions of Baia Mare, the most dangerous pest that attack fruit species is chestnut gargle and chestnut worm. Curculio ladybug elepfas Gyll. is from 6 to 10.5 mm body length, brown-opened. Larvae has a curculionid type, at full development is 12 to 15 mm body length, yellow, and the cephalic capsule and chest plates of ginger. The insect has a genertie year. Winters in the larval stage in soil, in a pupal room. In the April-May spring, the larvae turn into pupae, and after 8-10 days, adult insects appear. Egg laying occurs during July-August when the females lay eggs in young fruits of chestnut or hazel. Incubation takes up to 8 days. Larvae feed on fruit content. In a fruit typically develops a single larva. Attacked fruits fall. The larvae leave the fruit bearing holes visible in their walls and their entire contents into a mass of debris and excrement. The complete development, in August-September, the larvae leave the fruit fall to the ground, penetrates the soil to a depth of 15-40 cm which remain in heimal diapause. Chestnuts worm, Cydia splendana Hbn. has the wingspan of 17-19 mm. Previous wings are gray-brown or gray with a darker basal field, the apical end are two silver bands, including five black lines.

245 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Caterpillar larva is true, the complete development is the body of 13-15 mm long, brown-milky. Provides generation per year. Winters as a larva in a cocoon silk, the top layer of soil. Butterflies first appear in mid-August. Eggs are deposited in isolation along the ridge and the lower leaves. Hatched larva is installed near a fruit and feeds on its mezocarpul. The complete development, in October-November, larva wall off a perforation in the fruit, which he immediately leaves and hide in the vegetation layer and penetrate into the soil. Protection chestnut pests can be achieved only through rational application of a whole complex of measures developed based on the latest achievements of science and agricultural practice.

GOALS

For elaboration of this PhD thesis, experimental research were conducted in 2007-2010. The research was conducted with chestnut forests managed by Forestry Department Baia Mare, Baia Mare forest districts respectively, Baia Sprie, Tăuţii Măgherăuş and Şomcuta, and chestnut groves near these forests. Objectives in the thematic development plan of the thesis were following: Monitoring of Depression entomofauna in Baia Mare. Study of external morphology regarding the chestnut gargle, Curculio elaphas Gyll. Studying the morphology of the worm external to chestnuts, Cydia splendana. Hbn. Study bioecology of the chestnut gargle, Curculio elaphas Gyll. Study of bioecology at chestnuts worm, Cydia splendana Hbn. Study of the bioecology Tischer eckebladella Bjerke mining moth. The study of how much damage are caused by the main pests of chestnut: Curculio elaphas Gyll., Cydia splendana Hbn. and Tischer eckebladella Bjerke. Behaviour product assortment Curculio biological attack elaphas Gyll.şi splandana Hbn Cydia. Establish biological eficacity of the various methods to fight against the chestnut pests. Develop a strategy for an integrated fight the chestnut pests

MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS USED

► Monitoring the entomofauna in zona Şomcuta Mare. To collect biological material were used the following methods: • a manual collection of species; • shaking host plants (chestnut) on sheets; • Direct collection of species on chestnut trees;

246 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat • entomofaunacollection with entomological net; • the use of synthetic pheromone traps and snares colored

• Visual inspection of the habitat. The biologic material was transported in the laboratory, where it was put under the investigation necessary for identification.

► Study of external morphology of the specie Curculio elaphas Gyll. and chestnuts worm Cydia splendana Hbn.

Species: Curculio Elephas Gyll, Laspeyres splendana Hübner, resulting external morphology or conducted research on biological material freshly harvested and examined in the laboratory binocular magnifier. The larvae were determined regarding the dimensional aspects of the body color, body shape, the development of cephalic capsule and oral apparatus, the position of cephalic capsule to the body axis, development of chest and legs chest, abdomen and legs develop abdominal.

► Study of the bioecology regarding chestnut gargle, Curculio elaphas Gyll. and chestnuts worm, Cydia splendana. Hbn.

The biological research were conducted between 2008 - 2009, on a 5 hectares of area in Şomcuta, by technical observation and collection of biological material. To report the occurrence of stage of development, we have used different methods of detection thereof.

The visual inspection of organs plantation and appeal; Collection of adults with entomological net; Capture adults with colored panels (optical trap); Capture adults with light traps; Capture in traps the adults with rings or with glue; Bait traps capture adult nonspecific synthetic pheromone.

To determine the state of hibernation, fall in September-October were infested chestnut fruits collected were stored in cages growth under natural conditions and were kept until spring in the orchard. To the appearance of adult flight curve, pairing, Ponta, larva, pupa and adult. For Hbn splendana Cydia. and Tischer eckebladella Bjerke. I use synthetic pheromones, with which I could watch the flight curve. As the Institute for Research in Chemistry, Raluca Ripan "Cluj Napoca not produce specific pheromones for pest fruit chestnut, we used traps AtraPOM, AtraBLANC, AtraFUN. Pheromone baited traps have been

247 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat assembled in the grove of chestnut from June until the readings being made until September. Observations on population dynamics was 2 times a week by recording the number of and size of the capture The visual inspection of the plantation was determined timing of various stages of development of pests and organs attacked on every 50 trees once a week .. For the ecology of species were used meteorological data from meteorological resource Phytosanitary Unit Maramures obtained through AGROEXPERT. This according to data obtained in insect biology field and laboratory conditions were used for flight preparation and parametric curves and heat retention.

► Studying how much damage was caused by Curculio elaphas Gyll., Cydia splendana Hbn. and Tischer eckebladella Bjerke.

The observations in the chestnut forest throughout the growing season and at harvesting fruit, to observ the simptomatology attack and evaluation of its parameters. Agents pest attack is the value by frequency (F%), intensity (I%) and degree of attack (GA%). The frequency of attacks is the ratio between the number of plants or plant organs attacked (n) and total (N) of plants or organs observed. Attack is the relative intensity is given by the coverage or to extend the attack on the plant, reporting total surface area appealed to the observed.

► Behavior of biological attack product assortment elaphas Gyll.şi Cydia splendana Hbn Curculio.

To estimate the degree assault upon fruit for the two insects, observations were made from the second decade of September and continuing until the end of October chestnut fruit harvest. Fruits were collected and examined in detail. For this we made observations in two comparative. Option 1 contains observations on biotypes and varieties of chestnut from the wild in Baia Mare. At this variant the biotypes were studied 11 cultivated on an area of 5 ha. Option 2 contains observations on chestnut biotypes of forest from Tǎuţii Mǎgherǎuş. In this variant, four biotypes were studied. Option 3, to attack the chestnut was observed the secular frequency of 5 locations: Şomcuta (biotype Şomcuta 5), Berchez (Common Berchez biotype), Baia Mare (Baia Mare biotype 6), Baia Sprie (biotype 1 bathroom Sprie ) and Upper Tǎuţii (biotype Tǎuţi).

248 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat ► Establishing biological eficacity with various methods to combat the chestnut pests.

¾ In 2008-2010, for elaborǎrii thesis, one of the objectives was to test different methods that can be used in preventing and combating the Two species studied: Curculio Elephas Gyll. And Cydia splendana Hbn .. ¾ To achieve this objective there have been used various methods of prevention and control, both alternative and Chemical control method. ¾ The working methods were following: ¾ use of corrugated cartons capcanǎ brâielor; ¾ The use of rings of glue; ¾ Use the useful entomofauna in monitoring Barber traps; ¾ Study of the behavior for chestnut biotypes attack of the pests; ¾ Testing a range of insecticides. Means –traps These are artificial shelters, on a chestnut stems, providing opportunities for refuge pests. They were made of corrugated cardboard and placed in the trunk of the chestnut in the first decade of July, period they are emerging adults Curculio Elephas Gyll. Means were checked periodically to assess population density and check the eficacy of this method in reducing the population by destruction catches. Rings with glue. They are waterproof paper strip, which lies a layer of nesicative glue applied on trunks or chestnut tree forest Quercineae family, to catch adult Curculio Elephas Gyll This work also reduces the population of species of Geometridae and defoliatori.care larvae of many species moving from one tree to another to find food. Barber traps In regulating population levels of species monitored, one presents a highly importance for useful entomofauna especially for complex natural pests. In forest ecosystems, this useful entomofauna is mainly beetles, especially Carabidae family aparţinǎtoare species. The basic method used to collect this useful entomofauna method was Barber traps soil type, through which the beetles were collected epigee operating on the surface or layer's. An insect trap consists of: burial in the ground in the litter of a vessel the size of a 800 g jar that put a lure, which may consist of fruit jam, sugar water (I used a bait and I), honey, etc.. to attract insects, and two or three days to harvest bait capture and refreshed. Collected material was brought to the laboratory where they were retained only species of beetles, carabid respectively, were identified and inventoried.

249 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Species identification was performed at the BBU Cluj-Napoca, Department of invertebrates by subscribers Prof. Dr. Teodor Lucian.

► Testing a new type of insecticide

In order to fight the pests of the two species in the study period there were tested for various pesticides in biological efcicacitǎţii avaluarii them. The products tested were applied both during activity dǎunǎtorilor by applying treatments on vegetation, and to combat biological reserve hibernating through the application of chemical treatments on the ground before the hibernation sites by subscribers the leaving adults. To combat hibernating stage treatments were performed on ground: Dozamet 90PP, Basamid granules (2), 5G and Nemasol Sinoratox (TM) 510 and the vegetation were applied two treatments: Sinoratox 35 EC, 10 EC Admiral, Mospilan 20 SG, Actara 25 WG, Calypso 480 SC and 40 EC Reldan.

OBTAINED RESULTS

MONITORING THE ENTOMOFAUNA IN ŞOMCUTA MARE AREA.

In this research, in terms of bio-species (including spaciilor phytophagous), requires a knowledge of the ecosystem as exactǎ studied, especially biotic components. It is known that between them are set a series of interelaţii (a high importmace on the trophic links) that have implications for the dynamics of the populational species studied.

► Rezults obtained with the method of shaking

After shaking the canvas entomofauna collected was determined in laboratory conditions, systematically identifying species belonged orders: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Blattodea From the material collected, were identified 17 species of insects belonging to 11 families. Most belong to the order Coleoptera insects collected (32 specimens), followed by the order Heteroptera (17 copies) and the order Orthoptera (14 copies).

► Results obtained with visual control

Species in the area reported attack at the underground organs, belong systematically to Arthropoda (Class Insecta) and vertebrates (Class Mammalia).

250 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Species in the area reported that they attack underground organs, belong systematically încrengǎturilor Arthropoda (Class Insecta) and vertebrates (Class Mammalia). ● Class Insecta were identified: Melolontha Melolontha Linné, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L., Agriotes spp ● Class Mammalia were identified: Microtus arvalis Pall., Arvicola terrestris L.., Apodemus sylvaticus L.., Rattus norvegicus Berk. Glis glis Linnaeus and Eliomys quercinus L. The organs of plants flora in the area were systematically identified species belong to the class: Insecta, Arachnida and Aves. Almost all these species are phytophagous diet, thus falling into the category of pests species. ● Class Arachnida: Tetranychus urticae Koch., Panonychus ulmi Kokh .., Bryobria rubriculosus scaffolding. ● Class insects: Sciaphobus squalidus Gyll., Curculio Elephas Gyll., Xileborus disappear Cerambix cerdo L. Ruguloscolytus rugulosus, Tischer eckebladella Bjerkander, Operopthera nipped L. defoliaria Hibernia Cl., Apor crategi L Euproctis chrysorrhoea L., Lymantria dispar L., Orgy Antiqua L., Malacosoma Neustr L., Cydia Hübner splendana., Cossus cossus L. Zeuzera pyrina L.

► Results obtianed with the help of different traps

Entomofauna caught using pheromone traps, colored panels and traps food is part of 7 orders: Mecoptera, Lepidoptera, dipterous, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Heteroptera (Panorpa species dominantǎ is the communist, the order Mecoptera).

RESULTS REGARDING THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPECIES CURCULIO ELAPHAS Gyll. ŞI CYDIA SPLENDANA. Hbn

For species identification we aproach the elements resulting at external morphology of all stages of development (egg, larvae, pupae and adult). In this respect, the preparatory period of doctoral study we did and external morphology of the Two species of chestnut fruits frequently atacǎ.

► Extermal morphology of the specie Curculio elaphas Gyll.

Ladybug adult body length is between 6 to 10.5 mm length, light brown. Rostral is long, curved, thin and light roşcatǎ. Rostrum length is a criterion of sexual dimorphism. Thus, the male point of half the body length and the female is slightly longer than body length.

251 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Antennae are long and thin, made of 12 articule. Escape is articulated most developed of the antenna. Distal part of the scourge is easy dilatated due to the articulelor. Antenna form is sharp. The pronote is wider than long, with a well developed pubescent.The scutel is narrow and posterior long, with one small elongated recess on each side. Elitres only have the sides parallel to the upper third, then gradually narrows elitres. Elitres are covered evenly with cream-colored scales and scales yellow-brown spots. The larvae of the last age has 10-12 mm body length. The body is curved toward the ventral, yellow. The head is dark reddish-brown, rounded, with black mandibles and with obvious sutures lines. Mandible is black, set in front two teeth and the outside has 2 patties. Body segments are provided each with hairs, and last, have arranged cross-shaped bumps around the anus and is equipped with six hairs.

► External morphology of specie Cydia splendana Hübner

The adult is a butterfly with wingspan of 17-22 mm. In the worm population chestnuts, there are some variability in terms of wing color. Meet copies gray-brown with white and color copies of cǎror is dark brown. Anterioarǎ wing color ornamentation have slightly yellow ocher, with a look pudrare with 'flour'. The apical end of the previous wings are two bands silver with 5 black lines. On the coastal meet comma-shaped spots. Larva is a caterpillar, which is developing the complete length of 12-16 mm body. At hatching, the larva is a milky-white, with a cephalic capsule yellow-orange, followed stained small modificǎri suffer, depending on the age larvarǎ. From age two, the first segment receives a brown chest. Pronotul is lighter, easier sclerified. The abdomen is green-gray or yellowish-white, sometimes tinted with gray-purple on the back. Anal plate is slightly sclerotic, white-yellowish, slightly spotted with brown and ends with an anal comb.

REZSULTS OBTAINED REGARDING THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE SPECIES CURCULIO ELAPHAS Gyll. AND CYDIA SPLENDANA. Hbn

Knowledge of the biological cycle of a species and places of hibernation, has a great practical importance, more control measures (especially green ones) apply in relation to these two aspects.

252 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat ► Bioecology of the chestnut gargle Curculio elaphas Gyll.

Species prefer warmer regions where living on chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), But the species of oak (Quercus spp) of which most often is found on Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Matt. (Dieckmann, 1988 ). These conditions are common in depression Baia Mare, affecting a significant proportion of chestnut fruits every year. Research on the biology of the species Elephas Gyll Curculio. or conducted during the 2008-2009 in căstănişurile of Şomcuta.

● Biological cycle of specie Curculio elephas Gyll. in anul 2008

In 2008, the first kiss was reported on 23 July and the last kiss on 4 August. The first adults were observed from 6 August, when the average temperature of the day was 21.2 ° C and average air humidity of 84%. Adults fly and feed on leaves and fruits begin their activity in fruits ponte submission formats. Maximum adult emergence curve occurs at about 2 weeks of the onset of flight. The presence of adults is eşaloneazǎ plantation for a period of about three months, average daily temperatures perioadǎ that are between 12-18 ° C, the last adult chestnut meeting on 30 October. After a feeding period of about 5-8 days, sexually mature and begin mating and then deposit laying. In 2008, oviposition period was spread over the period August 14 to 27. The incubation period lasts 5-10 days. The climatic conditions in the monitorizatǎ, the first larvae were seen in 11 days from filing laying. Thus, the first larvae were reported in fruits on 25 August. Larvae live inside the fruit, which feed on their contents and larval development takes 4-6 weeks. The complete development, the larvae leave the fruit through a hole in the wall chew them. The larvae leave the fruits of chestnut in September-November and down into the soil to 60 cm depth, where hibernate. ● Biological cycle of the specie Curculio elephas Gyll. in anul 2009

In 2009, hibernating larvae broke on 21 July, and continued until 9 August.

The date insect emergence was recorded on August 9 (at the time of an average daily temperature of 20.8 ° C and average air relative humidity of 70%.) Three days later from the previous year, as result of higher average daily temperatures in this period and low precipitation. Maximum curve has been developing hibernating adults within 17 to 27 August. The last adults were captured on 2 November.

253 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat First we reported eggs on 17th August. The infested fruits, larvae were first reported on August 30. The first active larvae, larvae that have started to withdraw the attacked fruits in the soil were observed on 20 September and was staggered by the end of October when the entire population of larvae and the withdrawn of hiemal diapause soil.

► Bioecology of chestnut worm Cydia splendana Hủb.

Chestnuts worm is a species, showing a year generation alone. The insect winters as a mature larvae in the soil layer (at an average depth of 5-6 cm). Hiemal diapause period is long, the larvae retraiting for diapause in late October - early November and lasts until next summer (until August), when larvae start hatching.

● Biological cycle of the specie Cydia splendana Hủbner in 2008

Transforming larvae hibernating in pupae occurs in July. The transformation time for the larva is 20-30 days, depending on ambient temperature. In 2008, the first flight of the butterfly was recorded on 15 August and was staggered by the last decadǎ of September. Latest seizures were made on 27 September. Submission Ponte began on 20 August to 5 days After adult emergence. Incubation lasts 9-12 days, After that larvae enters on fruit. This year first larvae were reported on 29 August. The complete development, the larvae make a hole in the wall of the fruit, where they come out to remove the soil, where they enter diapauza hiemală. Duration of larval stage lasts 30-40 days. The first larvae to retire for diapause were reported on 28 September. Larvae exit the fruit was staggered until October-November.

● Biological cycle of the specie Cydia splendana Hủbner in 2009

In 2009, the first appearance of butterflies in the orchard were observed on 11 August 2009. Flight phase coincides with adult onset growth phenological fuctelor, they have a diameter of 2-3 cm. Following comments made in the field, found the presence of eggs on the underside of leaves as of August 16, 2009. The first hatched larvae hatch after a period of 10-12 days deposit eggs. Larvae were apǎrut on 28 August., After that reported attack on fruits. The complete development, larvae parǎsesc fruit to remove the soil, where they enter diapause hiemal.

254 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat The first larvae emerging from fruits were observed on 30 September 2009. As the larvae exit fruit last year was staggered until October-November.

THE WAY TO ATTACK THE FOLLOWING SPECIES: CURCULIO ELAPHAS GYLL., ŞI CYDIA SPLENDANA HB.

Pest plant products look different, being caused by pests, either during feeding or breeding period in `or other activities by them.

►The way to attack the specie Curculio elaphas Gyll.

Hibernating gargle, during preovipozitară feed on flower buds and foliar as well as green shoots emerging pepunând egg per involucre. Larvae feed on fruit content. The entire content is converted into a mass of debris and excrement. The larvae leave the fruit bearing holes visible in their walls. Attacked fruits fall. Produce extensive damage to fruit chestnut, oak and hazel in the case of strong infestations. Following the analysis performed shows that the attack was within the limits of low to middle attack with a rate of 3-5% fruit attacked.

► The way to attack the specie Cydia splendana Hb.

Damage caused by larvae rather than adults. Larvae bearing a circular perforation, usually in the fruit and feed on damaged fruit.Fruit of mezocarpul are recognized, whereas it shows a slight depression in the area damaged. Consumes chestnuts worm partially inside the fruit, which he turns into a floury mixed with extrements, while chestnut gargle affects the entire contents of the fruit. Fully developed larvae leave fruits attacked. After leaving the fruit, it has side a circular hole 1.5 mm in diameter, sealing part of silky threads. After examining the fruit of the species Cydia splendana atacte Hb. Degree assault in 2008 was 5% and in 2009, 7%.

RESULTS OBTAINED REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHESNUT CULTVARS AT THE ATTACK PRODUCED BY CYDIA SPLANDANA HBN. AND CURCULIO ELEPHAS GYLL.

To estimate the degree assault fruit for the two insects, observations were made from the second decade of September and continuing until the end of October chestnut harvest fruit.

255 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat ► Behavior of the chestnut cultivars at the attack produced by Curculio elephas Gyll.

Following comments made in the first variantǎ, we found cǎ to attack gărgăriţei chestnuts, biotypes behave differently ● In 2008, the attack frequency was between1% (biotypes: Iza, biotype 4, biotype 13, biotype biotype 14 and 18) and 20% (biotype 9); ● In 2009, the attack frequency was of 1% (biotypes: Iza, biotype 4, biotype 12, biotype 13, biotype biotype 14 and 18) and 20% (biotype 2); ● In 2010, the attack frequency was of 1% (biotypes: Iza, biotype 4, biotype 12, biotype 13, biotype biotype 14 and 18) and 23% (biotype 9);

From observations made during the three years, it that the least affected are biotypes 1, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 18 and 19; East affected biotypes: 2 and 6, very strongly affected copies of biotype 9.

► Behavior of the chestnut cultivars to the attack of Cydia splandana Hbn.

● In 2008, the attack frequency was between 1% (Mara, Iza, biotype 4, biotype 12, biotype 13, biotype 14, biotype biotype 18 and 19) and 8% (biotype 9); ● In 2009, the attack frequency was between 1% (Iza, biotype 4, biotype 12, biotype 13, biotype 14, biotype biotype 18 and 19) and 10% (biotype 6), and ● In 2010 the frequency of attack was between 1% (Iza, biotype 4, biotype 12, biotype 13, biotype 14, biotype biotype 18 and 19) and 9% (biotype biotype 6 and 9).

The data presented rezultǎ cǎ biotype 9 is the least attacked, so gǎrgǎriţa chestnuts, chestnuts worm.

► Behavior of the ocal cultivars of chestnut at the attcak produced by Cydia splandana Hbn. and Curculio elephas Gyll.

To achieve this, observations were made during the three years of study in 5 different locations to examine all local varieties: Baia Mare, Tăuţii Upper, Şomcuta Mare and Baia Berchez Sprie ● In 2008, the frequency produced by the attack ridicatǎ Two species studied, was reported in Şomcuta, where 21.4% of fruits were attacked. Chestnut gargle affected 14.6% and biotype is the strongest attack of the five biotypes studied, and a worm attack chestnuts 6.8%. The Common Berchez biotype, attack frequency was 8.2% and 3.2% in gargle the worm chestnuts. Baia Mare biotype 6, showed the frequency of attack low with each pest product basis. Thus, the frequency of attack by subscribers gǎrgǎriţa fruit was 4% and chestnuts worm

256 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat attacked fruits at a rate of 3%. La Baia Sprie biotype 1, the attack made by any third gargle was 9.4% and 7.8% of worm chestnuts. The biotype Tǎuţi, fruits were attacked at a rate of 11.2% to Elephas Curculio and Cydia splandana 7%. In 2009, the average frequency of attack produced by subscribers gargle chestnut was 3% (the Common Berchez biotype) and 9.6% (in Baia Sprie biotype 1). There wea a high frequency at the sample, of13%, at the biotype Tǎuţi. Worm chestnuts in 2009 attacked the fruit in a 1% (the biotype of Berchez) and 7.4% (in Baia Sprie biotype 1). IF frequency which we raportǎm May ridicatǎ semnalatǎ to the analizǎ probǎ it was 8%, to biotype of Baia întǎlnitǎ Sprie 1. 2010 was the year the most frequent low with the attack made by the Two species studied. Thus, chestnuts gargle, varied between 2.4% (the Common Berchez biotype) and 6.8%. (In Baia Sprie biotype 1). In this species, the frequency of a sample was signaled at 10%, to biotype met in Şomcuta 5. Chestnuts fruit worm affected in a proportion between 0.8% cuprinsǎ (Baia Mare to biotype 6) and 4.6% (in Baia Sprie1 biotypes and Tǎuţi). In this species, the frequency of a sample signaled was 9%, to biotype Tǎuţi. The data presented can be seen cǎ chestnut biotypes behave differently in terms of attack produced by the Two species. Biotype 6 and Common Berchez, biotypes that would be allowed to be used as genetic material for improving the initial activity chestnut.

ESTABLISHING THE BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF THE DIFFERENT METHODS TO FIGHT THE PESTS OD EATTEABLE CHESTNUT

In 2008-2010, for thesis elaboration, one of the objectives was to test different methods urmǎrite can sǎ be used in preventing and combating the Two species studied: Curculio Elephas Gyl. and Cydia splandana Hbn. To achieve this objective have been used various methods of prevention and control, so alternative methods (measure by agrofitotehnice and mechanical) and Chemical control method.

► Results of te fighting fisical methods appliance

If Cydia splandana worm Hbn chestnuts., Fighting harvesting and destruction of pest fruit is attacked. An efficient method is watering fruit (immersion in water), before being employed as seed material. By this method, the larvae inside the fruit in various stages of development die for 6-9 days.

257 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Fight for insect ladybug Curculio Elephas Gyll chestnuts. Consists in collecting and destroying fruit worm attacked as with chestnuts.

► Results obtained by applying the mechanical fighting methods for the chestnut gargle Curculio elephas Gyll.

Mechanical pest control methods consist of direct collection of adults and larvae or isolated by various means. Among them are practice: capturing insects omizitul, applying glue traps or rings, shaking chestnut, etc..

● Efficacy of the usage in the case of traps in fighting chestnut gargle Was used to capture adult corrugated, the width of 15-20 cm, which was mounted on the tree trunk at a height of 40-80 cm. During the three years of experimental seizures were made following:

In 2008 they captured 77 adult In 2009 they captured 98 adult In 2010 a total of 72 adults.

Number of urge catches in the three years are similar, which is pest says the fact that in the area they are relatively constant. Following observations have found this method to combat cǎ can it attacked fruit reducǎ considerable frequency. In the control variant, the attack frequency was between 16% and 21%, while the experimental versions, this parameter has values between 5% and 7%. Application of low trap frequency attack by 59% in 2008, with 69% in 2009 and 2010 by 67%. It should be mentioned The fact that aceastǎ metodǎ is due to use limitated aplicǎrii dificultǎţii her contention requiring labour.

● Efficacity to use the trap with glue in faighting the chestnut gargle

In 2008 there were 186 adults captured in 2009 there were 210 seizures, and in 2010 a 197 gǎrgǎriţe Number of urge. Under this method we noticed that catching a number of urge relatively catch is close to three years. If we compare between the two mechanical methods of capture, we can see that rings are more functionality. Thus, the traps during the three years and 247 adults were captured, and by applying glue rings were captured with 593 adults. Obvious that at this method was efficient assessment in reducing attack frequency. By applying this method to fight, the attack frequency was redusǎ 65% in 2008, with 81% in 2009 and 2010 by 76%.

258 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat Comparing between the two ways to combat them, the efficacy is superior, obtained by applying the ring with glue traps front of the application. In 2008 traps reduced the incidence of attack by 59% and 65% glue rings with a 6 percent increase in efficiency. This growth in 2009 was 12% (efficacy 69% and 81% traps the ring with glue), and in 2010, the difference between the two methods was 9 percent for rings with glue.

► Results obtained in monitorizing the useful entomofauna by installing the barber traps or other methods

During research to develop the thesis, we proceeded to inventory useful entomofauna met in the area, using different methods of capture, including Barber traps. Entomofauna traps captured both by Barber, and other research methods, has been identified in laboratory conditions. In 2009, the location monitoring the entomofauna of beetles were captured a number of of 437 copies. Of these 359 belong to the family Carabidae (82.3%), 24 copies of Coccinelidae family (5.5%) and 54 copies are Staphilinidae family (12.2%). Most seizures were made of species Harpalus aeneus (42 copies), followed by Carabus intricatus (38 copies), Carabus auratus (32 copies). The few specimens were collected species: Proteinus Oval (one), Pterostichus Macerata (one copy), Calosoma sycophanta (3 copies), Carabus variolosus (3 copies), Carabus cancellatus (4 copies), Acupalpus sp. (4 copies), Aleochara bipustulata (4 copies).

► Results obtained regarding the chemical fight at Curculio elephas Gyll. and Cydia splandana Hbn.

In 2008-2009 to test a serie of insecticides to fight the pests at the two species. Products used or be used in soil treatments or by treatments performed in the vegetation period, when adults were in the process of oviposition. Soil treatments were fǎcut in July, before the adults. In both species diapauzant it stands ground state under the crown projection chestnuts. The products applied were incorporated into the soil just below the crown projection. During the growing season Two treatments were performed at an interval of 12 days. Treatments were the first and second decade of August, the adults submits the period of laying eggs.

● Results obtained regarding the chemical fight at Curculio elephas Gyll.

In 2008, the untreated control variant, the proportion of fruits attacked by chestnuts gargle was 17%.

259 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat In the variants with ground treatments, the proportion of fruits attacked was between 2% and 7%. 90 PP DOZAMET product had the highest effectiveness, which is 88% and 5 G SINORATOX had an efficiency of 59% (the low with). Applying the Two treatments in August, the proportion of fruits attacked decreased, the percentage is between 1% and 6%. Product RELDAN 40 EC had a 94% efficiency and the effectiveness was reported in the product MOSPILAN SG 20, which is 65%. In 2009, the untreated control variant attack frequency was 16%, a decrease than in the previous year. Ground treatments caused de decrease of attack frequency, the proportion of fruits attacked experimental variants were between 1% and 8%. And this year, product DOZAMET 90 May bunǎ PP was effective as it was 94% (higher and front of the previous year). 5 G SINORATOX product was more effective lower, which is 50% (compared to smaller and earlier). Treatments applied canopy also significantly reduced attack frequency in the experimental variants were between 1% and 7%. The results were confirmed in the previous year he did this year. The highest efficacy was recorded at 40 EC RELDAN product, which is 94%. Products MOSPILAN SINORATOX 35 EC and 20 had the lowest SG efficacy, which is 56%.

●Results obtained regarding the chemical fight at Cydia splandana Hbn.

In 2008, the untreated control the attack frequency was 8%. The treatments ground attack frequency decreased, which had the experimental variations between 1% and 5%. 90 PP DOZAMET product had an efficacy of 87% (the highest) BASAMID granules had an efficiency of 75% NEMASOL (TM) 510 efficacy of 63% and 5 g of product SINORATOX only 38% (the lesser effectiveness). Treatments applied to control adults during ovipozitarǎ had the efficacy between 38% and 87%. The highest efficacy was recorded at New Products: RELDAN 40 EC and the Group Two imidaclopridelor (CALYPSO 480 SC and ACTARA 25 WG). SINORATOX 35 EC was low with the product efficacy (38%). The untreated control variant, in 2009, the attack rate was 11%, up front last year. Soil treatments showed an efficacy between 64% (the product SINORATOX 5G) and 91% (the product DOZAMET 90 PP). Following the appliance of treatments in August, the attack rate has declined considerably fruit, percentage fruit attack is between 1% and 5%. The highest efficacy was recorded at 40 EC and product RELDAN ACTARA 25 WG and the low with the product MOSPILAN 20 SG.

260 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat The data presented can be seen that the best product to fight the pests of both species, the treatments on the ground, is given by DOZAMET 90 PP and the lowest by applying the product SINORATOX 5 g. unfortunately, soil treatments extremely polluting the environment. IF fighting is done by treatment of the coranamentului then to figt the pests of the two species, it is recommended the application of the two treatments, at intervals of about two weeks. The best are: RELDAN 40 EC, Calypso 480 SC and ACTARA 25 WG. More modest results are achieved with products and MOSPILAN SINORATOX 35 EC SG 20.

ELABORATION OF A TRATEGY FOR AN INTEGRATED FIGHT FOR THE PEST OF EATABLE CHESTNUT

Following research undertaken during the years 2008-2010, it was found that the frequency, population density and intensity of pest attack caused stand: ladybug chestnut - Curculio Elephas Gyll., Worm-chestnut fruits splendana Hbn Cydia., Which led the application of integrated measures to combat these pests, the subject matter of this doctoral thesis.

► agrophytotecnique methods

Agrofitotehnice measures encompass all stages from choosing land, selecting varieties, balanced fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers, maintenance, harvesting.

● Chosimg the field

The type of soil must be permeable, deep volcanic, schist permeable to allow good root system development. It is known that the chestnut root system does not support the excess moisture, so it will completly avoid stagnant water lands. The reaction of the soil must be acidic, with pH between 4.8 to 6.5, exceeding these limits leads to death. To consider the altitude, the exhibition and slope. Avoid flowing and slopes where cold currents, which can jeopardize the success of chestnut groves.

● Soil preparing

Perform leveling and will perform work to remove excess water. If the court allows, will be cleaning the 50-60 cm, and for land with high slope and injured trees will be planted in individual terraces. Make a arăturǎ adâncǎ with the opportunity to apply and 40 manure / ha.

261 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat ● Soil amendation

In conditions of strong acid soils (pH ≤ 5) and acidic (pH = 5.01 to 5.80), stimulation the fructification through fertilization can be done only after the absorption of nutrients through the bottleneck amendment to: a 5.3 t / ha of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), or 3 t / ha limestone (CaO) in strongly acidic soils; a 3.5 t / ha of calcium carbonate or 2 t / ha limestone for acidic soil.

● Distances of planting

To obtain plantations completed faster input bearing is recommended for 5 x 5 m distances, or 5 x 6 m, depending on variety and vigor rootstock combination. With the growth of trees, after the fruit in the years 15 to 20 can drop a line or a tree every turn to achieve the necessary growth areas, resulting also a very valuable wood, and furniture manufacturing industry required.

● Soil maintainance.

To obtain plantations completed faster input bearing is recommended for 5 x 5 m distances, or 5 x 6 m, depending on variety and vigor rootstock combination. With the growth of trees, after the fruit in the years 15 to 20 can drop a line or a tree every turn to achieve the necessary growth areas, resulting also a very valuable wood, and furniture manufacturing industry required. Maintenance chestnut groves soil is conditioned by the presence of intercropping of perennial grasses preference.

● Soil fertilization

Fertilization will be preferably bio fertilisers using 50 t / ha manure fermented. The effect of manure last six years, then apply again. On very poor soils and poorly supplied with phosphorus and potassium fertilization with 300 kg P2O5 recommended active ingredient / ha and 150 kg K2O active substance per hectare. Contribute not only to stimulate fertilization fructificaţiei but also giving a helping chestnut vigurozitate states to resist diseases and injuries caused by insects such as Xyleborus disappear, which only infest trees weakened and unkempt, or fungi such as Botryosphaeria sp. and Cryptodiaporthe sp. infecting the chestnut abandoned.

262 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat ● Choosing the cultivars

The establishment of new plantations is to choose varieties recomnandă showing resistance to diseases and pest attack, high resistance to environmental factors.

● Maintaince tillage

Training cuts the chestnut crown causes a rapid development, providing fruit earlier entry: 4-6 years instead of 15 years or more and higher production of chestnuts during the entire production cycle. After crown formation is carried out following maintenance: release Crown Center, to ensure better penetration of light; elimination of dry stalks, generally located at the base and middle branches; removing branches which are pests of bark and branches; shorter and less vigorous branches that are being nefructifere drying; removing branches too bent, which may hinder the availability of maintenance equipment; suppression roof structures overlapping or touching.

● chemical fight against pests

When the density of species pests exceeding threshold value is economicaly proceeded to chemical treatments. Whereas the list of plant protection products is always revizueşte, it is recommended to use products approved for Romania, as listed PEST EXPERT, Codex. Treatments can be applied sǎ ground for species and petst that certain stages of development underway in the soil (especially stage diapauzǎ hiemalǎ). Product DOZAMET 90 PP in the test plots had the highest effectiveness, reducing the biological reserve for the species studied, to develop this doctoral thesis, up to 88%. During the growing season, depending on species biology fiecǎrei dǎunǎtor canopy is aplicǎ chemical treatments. To combat gǎrgǎriţei chestnuts and worm treatments are recommended to apply the Two in August.

● Cultural hyegine

It is a work that runs in the chestnut groves and is scraping bark in cut or dried branches strong material destruction by pests and the resulting actions. This action is to destroy the hibernating forms of pests that find shelter under the bark of trees, in bark crevices, under branches and mosses and lichens of the stem (larvae and pupae,

263 Ing. OLTEAN MELANIA Tezǎ de doctorat especially of Lepidoptera, the adults of ladybugs, adults of some species of mites) , or on branches bark lice are a form of hibernation test (the families Lecanidae and Diaspididae), a woolly Scale (Eriosoma lanigerum), eggs of different species of aphids (egg resistance), the eggs of mites tetranichizi (Panonicus elm, Bryobria rubrioculus) etc.

● Harvesting chestnut fruit

Maturity to harvest chestnuts gubelor valve is indicated by cracking of specific fruit and fall color or with gubele free. At harvest fruit storage and consumption are chosen sound which do not attack the pests.

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