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3.1 Spring 1998 VOL. 3 ~ NO.1 SPRING 1998 CHAWTON HOUSE LIBRARY he Female Spectator is the newsletter of the Chawton House Library. The Library, to be located in Chawton, England, T seeks to provide a self-contained research area and to establish a library for the study of the works of early English women writers (1600-1830). The Centre has been established under the auspices of the Leonard X Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Charitable Foundation, founded through the generosity of Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack. ARcHAEOLOGICAL WoRK AT CHAWTON HousE AND ITS EsTATE by Christopher K. Currie, BA, Mphil, LASIS, MIFM, MIFA ince 1995, the author has acted as the archaeological The late Saxon and early medieval manor only emerges in advisor to the Chawton House Library. The work glimpses, and much of its history is uncertain and vague. Sbegan by looking at the archaeological survivals in the What was startling was the discovery of a spell of royal docu­ estate's landscape. The original survey took our knowledge mentation in the 13th and early 14th century. This was men­ of the estate up to the year 1700, when landscape architects tioned in Gilly Drummond's essay on the landscape in a pre­ Sybil Wade and Cassie Knight took over the research. The vious issue of The Female Spectator, but before the archaeo­ initial archaeological survey highlighted a number of impor­ logical survey of the estate, this had not been suspected. In tant points that had not been previously known about the fact, previous writers had made the specific comment that estate. the manor had been of little consequence in the medieval period. How wrong that seems to have been. The evidence A prehistoric presence in the south-east of the estate may seems to suggest it was an important place for about a cen­ have been identified. This took the form of a scatter of flint tury. During this period the kings of England seem to have artifacts and waste flakes, indication of tool-making. These used the manor as a stopping-off point on journeys between flakes and tools were made of the black flint characteristic of London and Winchester. The manor may have been espe­ the Hampshire chalklands. It was a highly prized commod­ cially equipped to cater for the royal presence, and on a ity until the appearance of metal tools. The Chawton flint number of occasions the king sent barrels of his own wine to scatter suggests that man was active on this land by the the manor before an intended visit. Neolithic period (c. 3000 BC). Mter this, there was little evidence of further activity, although it is likely that the land The royal interest in Chawton seems to have begun in 1224. continued to be worked. Roman settlements existed less than In this year the young king, Henry III (1216-72), directed two miles from the estate. that two oak trees from the royal forest at Alice Holt should be delivered to William St. John as a contribution towards the manor house he was building there. Thereafter the king known, but it is possible that it may have been an attempt to visited Chawton regularly until the barons' rebellion, led by curb hunting in the area, so that its quality could be main­ Simon de Montfont, interrupted the peaceful royal progress tained at a high level for royal use. around the kingdom in the mid 1260s. Thereafter the kings were much preoccupied by civil strife and external wars, and The only references to the parks in any detail come from their visits to Chawton became less regular. relatively late documents. In an Inquisition Post Mortem on Hugh St. John of1337, two parks are recorded. One of these The historical survey gave a full list of royal visits to Chawton. contains pasture worth 18s per annum, and pannage worth We know of these visits because the kings held court whilst 3/4d . The other has pasture beyond that needed for the deer at Chawton, and signed their royal de­ worth 5s and pannage worth 6/8d. There crees from that place. These documents is a more detailed Inquisition of 1350 on are preserved in the Public Record Of­ Thomas de Aspele, husband of Hugh's fice in London; specifically the Calendars widow, Mirabilla, who held the manor in of Close Rolls (CR), of Calendar Liber­ dower. This states that there is a 'Great ate Rolls (CLR), and Patent Rolls (PR). Park' of 1000 acres, worth 4d per acre, Lesser quantities of documents sealed at with pannage worth 60/ - per annum, and Chawton include Fine Rolls (FR), Chan­ underwood worth 100s per annum. The cery Warrant Rolls, Inquisitions Post second park is called the 'Little Park.' This Mortem (IPM) and privy seals. The earli­ contains 100 acres of pasture worth 18d est of these documents date from 1229, per acre, pannage worth 40/- per acre, and the latest from 1331. The greatest con­ underwood worth 60s per annum. Rich­ centration was between 1230 and 1261, ard le Chamberlain is recorded as the when Henry III visited Chawton at least 'parker' of these parks. nineteen times. The longest visit was by his son, Edward I. He was at Chawton The location of the parks seems to be in and Farringdon between February 15'h the north of the manor, north of the old and March 6'h 1292, almost three weeks. Winchester Road. This was known as The St. John family were, at this time, the 'pass of Alton,' and was once a noto­ amongst the royal family's most trusted rious haunt of outlaws preying on the rich friends. John St. John acted as the Icing's merchant caravans passing from Win­ deputy in both Cascony and Scotland. chester to Guildford and London. Here are the earthworks of two apparent cir­ There were two deer parks recorded at cuits of park pales. The Inquisition on Chawton in the time of the St. Johns. John St. John II for 1329 refers to the Ownership of a deer park indicated high parks as being 'by the ferry [pass] ofAlton' status, as they were reserved almost ex­ Edward I: Detail of a statuefrom and 'by the said manor.' The latter state­ clusively for the upper classes of society. L incoln Cathedral ment is odd, if it is to be taken literally, It is not known when the Chawton parks RCHME © Crown Copyright because it may suggest that the parkland were created. They are first mentioned in south of the house on the site of the plural in an Inquisition Post Mortem on John St.John II Homewood may be the smaller park. If this is so why do all in 1329, but there are hints for their creation at some time in later records, plus the earthworks of two 'pales' suggest two the 13'h century. In 1253 the king had granted Robert St. parks north ofWinchester Road? This is a problem that has John the right to free warren anywhere on his own demesne never been fully resolved. at Chawton, together with the right to hunt with his own dogs in the royal forest for hare, fox and cat, but not deer. The With the failure of the St. John male line in the 1330s, and latter allowance could be indication of a special favour, as hunt­ the increasing concentration of royal government in London ing with one's own dogs in the royal forest was something from the later 13'h Century, the manor declined into obscu­ normally granted only to trusted courtiers. At least one of the rity again until the Knight family's interest in the 16'h Cen­ parks existed in 1295 when it is recorded that deer were sto­ tury. Unfortunately, the loss of a considerable portion of the len from it. Knight family papers makes many family traditions relating to the early site hearsay of doubtful reliability. One thing is There are further hints that Henry III had special interest in certain, and that is that the medieval manor was unlikely to Chawton. In a perambulation of the forests of Alice Holt have been a minor place in the 13'h Century. It is known to and Woolmer given in the reign of Edward I (1272-1307), have had its own chapel, and one would have expected a sub­ the jurors record that Henry III had expanded the bounds of stantial complex ofbuildings once existed to put up the king the forest to include the woods in the villages of Chawton and his large retinue. and neighbouring Farringdon. The purpose of this is un- 2 The Female Spectator Vol. 3 No.1 Spring 1998 Already, a substantial foundation of a stone wall has been It is possible the wall was serving as a ha-ha in this phase. located about 50m north of the old stables. This was sus­ A plan of c.1810 shows the alignment the wall is on as a pected as being an outer curtilage wall for the important me­ staggered line, and it is thought this represents the 'hidden' dieval manor house suspected to boundary represented by the pos­ exist at Chawton in the 13'h sible ha-ha. Between 1810 and the Century. This was found during tithe map of 1839 the wall line is archaeological observations abandoned, the wall reduced to its made when Southern Electric lower courses, and buried beneath excavated service trenches further dumping making a gentle around the Old Stables. slope in the land to the south. These later works were thought to Later in the year, the removal of relate to informal parkland land­ an old swimming pool 200m scaping being undertaken in the SSE ofChawton House enabled later 18'h and 19'h centuries.
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