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The Caucasus Globalization Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE O STRATEGIC STUDIES O THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 OUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND& GLOBALIZATION PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE O STRATEGIC STUDIES O THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kanan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAKHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 499 11 74 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Archil Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) GEGESHIDZE Tel: (99 – 593) 31 77 29 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 2 IssueMembers 2 2008 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza Doctor of History, professor, Corresponding member of the Georgian National Academy ALEKSIDZE of Sciences, head of the scientific department of the Korneli Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts (Georgia) Mustafa Professor, Ankara University (Turkey) AYDIN Irina D.Sc. (History), Leading research associate of the Institute of Ethnology and BABICH Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Douglas Professor, Chair of Political Science Department, Providence College (U.S.A.) W. BLUM Svante Professor, Research Director, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies E. CORNELL Program, Johns Hopkins University-SAIS (U.S.A.) Parvin D.Sc. (History), Professor, Baku State University (Azerbaijan) DARABADI Murad D.Sc. (Political Science), Editor-in-Chief, Central Asia and the Caucasus, Journal of ESENOV Social and Political Studies (Sweden) Jannatkhan Deputy Director of the Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus, Executive Secretary EYVAZOV of Central Asia and the Caucasus, Journal of Social and Political Studies (Azerbaijan) Erkin Senior research fellow of the Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus, Member GADIRLI of the International Caucasus-Caspian Commission (Azerbaijan) Rauf Ph.D., Leading research associate of the Institute of Strategic Studies of the GARAGOZOV Caucasus (Azerbaijan) Elmir Director of the Department of Geoculture of the Institute of Strategic Studies of the GULIYEV Caucasus (Azerbaijan) Stephen Professor, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Mount Holyoke College (U.S.A.) F. JONES Akira Ph.D., History of Central Asia & the Caucasus, Program Officer, The Sasakawa MATSUNAGA Peace Foundation (Japan) Roger Senior Research Fellow, Department of Politics and International Relations, University MCDERMOTT of Kent at Canterbury; Senior Research Fellow on Eurasian military affairs within the framework of the Eurasia Program of the Jamestown Foundation, Washington (U.K.) Roin Doctor of History, professor, academician of the Georgian National Academy of METREVELI Sciences, President of the National Committee of Georgian Historians, member of the Presidium of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (Georgia) Fuad Ph.D. (Econ.), Counselor of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the MURSHUDLI International Bank of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan) Vladimer Professor, Senior Fellow of the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International PAPAVA Studies (Georgia) Alexander Professor, President of Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies RONDELI (Georgia) Mehdi Professor, Tehran University, Director, Center for Russian Studies (Iran) SANAIE S. Frederick Professor, Chairman, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Johns Hopkins University-SAIS STARR (U.S.A.) James Professor, Director of the International and Regional Studies Program, Washington V. WERTSCH University in St. Louis (U.S.A.) Alla Doctor of History, professor, head of the Mediterranean-Black Sea Center, Institute of YAZKOVA Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Stanislav D.Sc. (Economy), Senior researcher, Institute of World Economy and International ZHUKOV Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) The materials that appear in the journal do not necessarily reflect the Editorial Board and the Editors’ opinion Editorial Office: THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION © The Caucasus & Globalization, 2008 98 Alovsat Guliyev, AZ1009 © CA&CC Press®, 2008 Baku, Azerbaijan © Institute of Strategic Studies of WEB: www.ca-c.org the Caucasus, 2008 4 Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 CONTENTS GEOPOLITICS IRANIAN AZERBAIJAN: THE EPICENTER OF A COLD WAR (Part II) Jamil GASANLY 6 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ETHNOPOLITICAL SECURITY Kenan IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION ALLAHVERDIEV 14 THE IRANIAN PROBLEM AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF THE RUSSIA-U.S. Nana RELATIONS AGGRAVATION GEGELASHVILI 31 THE MAKING OF EUROPE (TOWARD HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION) Tedo DUNDUA 38 GEO-ECONOMICS REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY AND Marina GROWTH ACHELASHVILI, (A Case Study of Georgia) Klimenti ACHELASHVILI 46 EMPLOYMENT LEVEL AND STRUCTURE IN TERMS OF GLOBALIZATION Rovshan (Azerbaijani Case Study) MURADOV 59 GEORGIA: TEN YEARS OF EXPERIENCE Demuri IN REGULATING THE ENERGY INDUSTRY CHOMAKHIDZE 68 Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 5 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION AZERBAIJAN BANKING SYSTEM: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION Fakhri MURSHUDLI 75 GEOCULTURE THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Ruslan HANAHU 96 ABKHAZIA AND THE ABKHAZIANS IN THE COMMON GEORGIAN ETHNO-CULTURAL, POLITICAL, AND STATE EXPANSE (PART I) Zurab PAPASKIRI 105 GEOHISTORY THE TRANSCAUCASIAN SEYM: UNIFICATION OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS THAT FAILED Irada BAGIROVA 122 DRAWING UP A CONSTITUTION FOR THE TRANSCAUCASIAN SEYM AND Malkhaz THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF GEORGIA MATSABERIDZE 131 ON AUTONOMY FOR NAGORNO-KARABAKH: LESSONS OF HISTORY Kerim SHUKIUROV 140 POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND ARMENIA IN 1917-1918 Zakhida ALIZADE 151 AZERBAIJANI-JEWISH RELATIONS: Alexander REALPOLITIK EMBEDDED IN HISTORY MURINSON 157 6 Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION GEOPOLITICS Jamil GASANLY D.Sc. (Hist.), professor at Baku State University, deputy of the Milli Mejlis (parliament) of the Azerbaijan Republic (Baku, Azerbaijan). IRANIAN AZERBAIJAN: THE EPICENTER O A COLD WAR (Part II) Soviet Troops Pulled Out of Iran ater President Truman insisted that he had extended active assistance to Iran by sending Stalin L an “ultimatum.” He first mentioned this at a press conference on 24 April, 1952, only to correct himself later. When asked to publish the document, the American president admitted that there had been no ultimatum and he had used the wrong term. The issue resurfaced much later, in 1979, when Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. In January 1980, Senator Henry Jackson published Tru- man’s statements in Time under the title “The Good Old Days” and expanded them with a story about how Truman had summoned Soviet Ambassador to the United States Andrei Gromyko to warn him that if the Red Army failed to leave Iran within 48 hours the United States would use its atom bomb.1 So far these statements have remained unsubstantiated: historians have not yet found documen- tary evidence that the United States put direct military-political pressure on the Soviet Union at the decisive moment. There are no documents in the Soviet archives to clarify Stalin’s reasons for pulling out of Iran. At 01:40 p.m. on 24 March, Stalin and Head of the General Staff of the Soviet Army Alexander Antonov sent Order No. 2167/68 to Commander of the Baku Military District I. Maslen- nikov and Commander of the 4th Army I. Luchinskiy (copy to M. Bagirov) which said: “1. Begin withdrawal of all troops, offices, and depots of the 4th Army from Iran to the place of its permanent dislocation on the territory of the Baku Military District. For the beginning, see Volume 2, Issue 1, 2008. 1 See: Time Magazine, 28 January, 1980, p. 13. Volume 2 Issue 2 2008 7 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION “2. The process should start on 24 March to be completed no later than 30 April-10 May of this year. “The Kerej garrison should be removed no later than 08.00 p.m. today, 24 March. “3. The pullout should be well organized and proceed in good order, without undue commotion and haste. “4. The plan and the order of withdrawal should be reported to the General Staff on 25 March of this year. “Daily reports about the withdrawal should be submitted by 12.00 a.m. “Demands for marine transportation should be submitted to the General Staff on 26 March.”2 The documents from the Baku archives suggest that Stalin’s decision on withdrawal was formed immediately after the failed talks with Ghavam in Moscow; it seems that Bagirov knew that much. On 14 March, he met Jafar Pishevari, M.A. Shabustari and Dr. S. Javid to warn them that international developments might force the Soviet Union to abandon Northern Iran. Simultaneously, M. Bagirov sent Stalin a vast report on the state of affairs in the National Army of the Azeris as of 15 March: Moscow obviously wondered whether the Azeris would be able to hold their ground after the Soviet pullout.3 On 25-27 March, 1946, the Azerbaijanian crisis developed into an international issue at a sitting of the U.N. Security Council. On 27 March, Andrei Gromyko left the sitting in protest against James Byrnes’ statement that the Soviet Union was pursuing an imperialist policy in Iran.4 On 28 March, M. Bagirov met Pishevari, Shabustari, and Javid once more to describe to them, on Stalin’s instruc- tion, the situation and advise them not to insist on the status quo in Iranian Azerbaijan.
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