2030 CHAPALA Climate Action Plan Capstone Studio Master of Science in City and Regional Planning

Client: Municipality of Chapala in Jalisco State, Mexico

Georgia Tech Faculty Advisor: Timothy Welch

University of Guadalajara Advisor: Juan Ángel Demerutis Arenas

Authored By: Melanie Dieg, Dorraine Duncan, Symone Howard, Maggie Kelley, Alex Morrison, Pooja Rao, and Ali Yildirim

The climate action research presented in this study is the result of a request for technical assistance from the City of Chapala. The work was made possible through the support of Chapala city planners and in collaboration with the University of Guadalajara, in an effort to forge a collaborative relationship between the states of Georgia and Jalisco. Contents

Introduction Page 4

Background Page 5

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Page 7

Vulnerability Analysis Page 14

2030 Climate Actions Page 15

Eco-City Page 17

City in a Garden Page 27

Community-Resiliency Page 34

Financial Mechanisms Page 42

Appendices Page 44

3 Introduction

Given evidence of the Earth’s warming trends, cities worldwide have undertaken mitigation and adaptation strategies to deal with climate change. Climate Action Plans (CAPs) are primarily used to identify relevant opportunities to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG). More recently, these plans have also proposed adaptation initiatives that acknowledge the certainty of climate change, and aim to prepare cities and their people to be more resilient. CAPs are region specific and are inextricably linked to local characteristics of the city, its infrastructure, its governance capacity, and its residents.

The City of Chapala, Mexico, recognizing its particular vulnerabilities to climate change, has elected to create a Climate Action Plan for its municipal area. With assistance from the Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Guadalajara, a Climate Action Plan was created during the Spring 2018 semester in accordance with each schools’ studio requirement. This report consists of our work as the Georgia Institute of Technology’s Master’s School of City and Regional planning studio, and includes original findings including: a baseline GHG Inventory and forecast, emission targets, and recommended policy packages. While many Climate Action Plans focus on outlining single policies, our scenarios of packaged policies represent an opportunity to capture the interconnectedness of climate action planning efforts. Additionally, our scenario approach intends to build upon the policy efforts proposed in a municipal climate action plan for Chapala completed in 2017, many of which are difficult to feaibly implement.

Between March 17th and 25th of 2018, our studio travelled to both Guadalajara and Chapala to meet with university staff and students, Chapala municipal government, and various stakeholders within the community. A small public presentation was given and feedback solicited from attendees, who represented government, industry, and community stakeholders. The trip provided necessary insight into the local context of the City, its people and the environment and initiated partnerships that were instrumental in completing this document.

It is our hope that the Municipality of Chapala uses this document as a playbook, from which various combinations of policies can be utilised to achieve the same outcome. Flexibility and the ability to adjust policy directions is essential, if long-term climate resilience is to be achieved.

4 Background

As of 2015, Mexico was the 12th leading contributor to carbon monoxide emissions globally. Recognizing their role in reducing global climate change, Mexico has set aggressive targets to bring their emissions in line with the 2015 Paris Agreement standards. In 2015, Mexico was the first developing country to submit its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), outlining the country’s plans for post 2020 climate action.1 The country set two GHG emission reduction targets: an unconditional target to reduce GHG emissions by 22% below the baseline by 2030, and a conditional target to reduce GHG emissions by up to 36% below the baseline by 2030. The unconditional target can be achieved by Mexico in current conditions, while the conditional target will require additional support, financing, etc. to be met. Previously in 2012, Mexico was one of the first countries to pass comprehensive climate change legislation within its national policy. The legislation includes a general law, a special program on climate change, and a national strategy on climate change.1 The General Law on Climate Change (GLCC) is the primary federal tool for creating climate change policy in Mexico, through the creation of three main bodies and the coordination of numerous branches of government. The law has three stated goals: to reduce national GHG emissions by 30% by 2020, to source 35% of Mexico’s energy from renewable sources by 2024, and with 2000 as a baseline, to reach a 50% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050.2 The Role of Jalisco in Climate Action:

The GLCC also requires individual state climate programs. Jalisco state, where Chapala is located, is a local leader within climate change action. In accordance with the National Climate Change Strategy, Jalisco has goals to reduce emissions 30% by 2030 and 50% by 2050.3

Jalisco is the fourth most populous state in Mexico and one of the most important economic actors in Mexico.3 Specifically, Jalisco’s agricultural sector leads Mexico in corn, milk, eggs, and pork production. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming, as climate disruption can have effects such as reduced rainfall and soil moisture, extreme temperature increase and intensity of rainfall, crop failures, increased pollution, and increased presence of natural disasters.3

1 Altramirano et al. (2016). Achieving Mexico’s Climate Goals: An Eight-Point Action Plan. WRI. http://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WRI_OCN_Mexico_final.pdf 2 Mexico Climate Action Tracker. (2015). Climate Action Tracker. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/mexico/ 5 3 The State of Jalisco. (nd), The Climate Group. https://www.theclimategroup.org/partner/state-jalisco In response, the state is taking part in several climate action programs. The Jalisco state government is one of the two state governments chosen to take part in the Low Carbon State Program, which involves reducing carbon emissions within public buildings and vehicle fleets. The goal of the program is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to electricity and fuel consumption by 40% in 2018. Additionally, in working with Swisscontact in a project funded by the Swiss Development Agency, Jalisco is working to reduce black carbon emissions from the brick sector by promoting energy efficiency and technological improvements. In 2014, construction began on the 3rd line of the electric train system in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, which aims to reduce the circulation of 10,000 vehicles. Additionally in 2014, the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area inaugurated the first phase of bike share systems in two municipalities. Finally, to promote the capture of methane from animal waste in rural areas, 73 biodigesters in small or medium sized farms were installed as part of a pilot study.3

Role of Cities in Climate Action: With more than half of the world’s population living in cities, and a projection of two-thirds living in cities by 2050, cities are critical in addressing climate change. Despite the strides that both Mexico and Jalisco state have taken towards reducing climate change, action at the city level is still imperative. With an expected increase of residents to cities like Chapala in the coming decades, it is imperative that the policies, practices, design, and mindset be focused towards mitigation of energy use and adaptation to climate scenarios taking place.

6 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORY

7

7 Introduction

Prosperity in the municipality of Chapala is strongly dependent on the environment. As such, the municipality has moved to take a leadership role for municipalities in the region on the issue of climate change, as this represents a grave environmental challenge going forward. The first step in this fight will be the establishment of municipal emissions reduction goals met through mitigation activities that reduce the production of greenhouse gases. The fruits of this labor will be seen over the next 50 years, so it is essential that the municipality have a benchmark to measure progress against as it progresses through the implementation of this plan.

In keeping with Mexico’s international commitments and national climate plan, the emissions targets for Chapala’s climate action plan will focus on achieving an overall reduction of 22% by 2030, and a 50% reduction by 2050 using a 2010 emissions baseline. This report measures the proportion of emissions that each sector contributes to total municipal emissions in order to inform proposed mitigation activities. After a few years of consistent reporting and tracking of emissions, the municipality can identify where actions are lacking and adjust appropriately in addition to creating a detailed record of historical emissions.

SECTOR EMISSIONS SCOPE

Scope 2 Stationary Energy (Emissions from grid-supplied electricity)

Scope 1 Transportation (Emissions from sources within the municipal boundary)

Scope 3 Waste (Emissions outside municipal boundary as a result of activities in the city)

Not Estimated Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)

Agriculture, Forestry Scope 1 (Scope 1 and Other Land use (Emissions from sources within the municipal boundary) (AFOLU)

Other Scope 3 Scope 3 Emissions (Emissions outside municipal boundary)

Table 1. Emissions Scope by Sector 8 Core Findings The Chapala Climate Action Plan inventory follows an international methodology 4 created by the World Resources Institute, C40 Cities, and Local Governments for Sustainability which categorizes emissions into six primary sectors. Emissions in these sectors are further categorized based on their scope (Table 1).

Transportation Stationary Energy Waste AFOLU Industrial

Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions of each sector in Chapala Appendix 1 and 2 provide the city information and the data sources in the prescribed reporting format. Previously, AIPROMADES created a climate action plan for Chapala which includes a GHG inventory. Appendix 3 provides details of the differences between our methodologies.

Results by Sector Transportation (50.4%) On-road transportation by motor vehicles produces as much as 162,516 metric tons of CO2 equivalents. Emission by railways and aviation were not estimated as there are no railway lines running through the municipality and no airport, airfields or air bases in the municipality respectively. Waterborne navigation was also not considered as there was no data available on the number of boats running in the Chapala municipality section of Lake Chapala. The number of boats were observed to be low and thus this omission of emissions is not significant.

4 Protocol, G. H. G. (2014). Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas emissions inventories: An accounting and reporting standard for cities. WRI, C40 Cities, and ICLEI. http://live. c40cities. org. 9 Stationary Energy (28.6%) The most energy intensive subsector for stationary energy is the Commercial and Industrial Buildings subsector. Grid-supplied electricity use for buildings in this sub-sector produce 72,497 metric tons in CO2 equivalents. Residential Buildings have the second highest emission subsector for this category, producing 15,274 metric tons in CO2 equivalents. Finally, Water Pumping represents the third highest emission subsector. Approximately 3314 metric tons of CO2e are produced to convey water in the municipal area. Emissions from manufacturing and construction, agriculture/forestry/fishing activities, and non-specified sources was not estimated due to a lack of available data. Energy industry emissions and fugitive emissions from mining do not occur within the municipal boundary.

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use - AFOLU (15.3%) The primary contributor of AFOLU emissions comes from livestock, which contributes around 47,676 metric tons of CO2 equivalents, released as methane. The second subsector is based on a matrix of land use change over 10 years. This contributed to 1,587 metric tons of CO2 equivalents. Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission sources on land were not calculated due to lack of available data.

Waste (5.8%) Solid waste disposal is responsible for the release of 18,662 metric tons of CO2 equivalents, originally in the form of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter which releases methane. While wastewater treatment and discharge does occur at the water plant operated within the municipal boundaries, those emissions were not estimated. This plant is operated by the state government and data was not available for inventory purposes. Additionally, neither biological treatment of waste or incineration/open burning of waste occurs within the study boundary.

Industrial Processes and Product Use - (IPPU) IPPU emissions were not estimated for the inventory due to lack of data availability. However, future work should look to partner with the Huntsman Corporation,5 the primary industry in the municipality, to account for and reduce their emissions.

5 Huntsman Corporation has a Huntsman Textile Effects industry in Atotonilquillo, Chapala and manufactures a broad range of chemical and dye products for textiles and materials . http://www.huntsman.com/textile_effects/a/Home. 10 GHG INVENTORY

CO e % Notation SECTOR SUBSECTOR 2 metric tons TOTAL Key Residential Buildings 15,274.18 4.73 Commercial, Industrial Buildings and 72,497.00 22.47 Facilities Manufacturing industries and - - NE construction Stationary Energy (Scope 2 Energy Industries 0 0.00 NO Emissions) Scaled Consumption Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing based on population - - NE activities Non-specified source - - NE Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage,and transportation 0 0.00 NO of coal Public Lighting 953.73 0.30 Other Scope 3 Emissions Water Pumping 3314.83 1.03 Agricultural 157.74 0.05 TOTAL 92,197.48 28.58 On-road 162,516.00 50.37 Railways 0.00 0.00 NO Transportation (Scope 1) Waterborne navigation - - NO Aviation 0.00 0.00 NO TOTAL 162,516.00 50.37 Solid waste disposal 18,662.94 5.78 Biological treatment of waste 0.00 NO Waste (Scope 3 Emissions) Incineration and open burning 0.00 NO Wastewater Treatment and Discharge - - NE TOTAL 18,662.94 5.78

Industrial Processes and Product Industrial Processes - NE - Use (IPPU) Product Use - NE

TOTAL 0.00 0.00 Livestock 47,676.00 14.78 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land 1,587.00 0.49 Land Use (AFOLU)(Scope 1) Aggregate sources and non-CO2 NE emission sources on land TOTAL 49,263.00 15.27 Other Scope 3 Emissions NE GRAND TOTAL 322,639.42 100.00

IE-Estimated Elsewhere Table 2. Total Emissions by Sector, Subsector, and Percentage of Total NO-Not Occuring NE- Not Estimated 11 Emission Targets As previously mentioned, in keeping with the nationally mandated emissions reduction targets the municipality will need to achieve a 22% reduction by 2030 and a 50% reduction by 2050 from a 2010 base year. The following figure graphically displays this reduction (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Greenhouse Gas Emission projection and target, 2010-2050

Achieving these goals will take a concerted effort by the municipality. Efforts will span across the public, private, and non-profit sectors and involve partnerships across multiple scales of government in a regional context.

12 In order to increase the viability of reaching our targeted goals, it is assumed that emissions reductions are smaller in the immediate future and increase in later decades. Targets are calculated using a base year emissions goal method. Table 3 displays this emissions reduction track.

EMISSIONS YEARLY REQUIRED EMISSIONS YEAR TARGET REDUCTION PERCENTAGE FROM CUMULATIVE REDUCTION

CO2e METRIC TONS 2010 BASELINE

2018 232,482 2% 2%

2021 225,508 3% 5%

2024 216,488 4% 9%

2027 205,663 5% 14%

2030 189,210 8% 22%

2035 175,966 7% 29%

2040 163.648 7% 36%

2045 152,193 7% 43%

2050 141,539 7% 50%

Table 3. Greenhouse Gas Emission targets and reduction requirements, 2010-2050

Recalculation Policy As per the guidelines stipulated in the inventory methodology, baseline inventory emissions will be recalculated if the following significant events occur:

● Structural changes in the inventory boundary, ● Changes in calculation methodology or improvements in data accuracy, or ● Discovery of significant errors.

This will ensure that the inventory is up to date and accurate as the basis for subsequent emissions benchmarking.

13 VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

Vulnerability is defined as the state of being susceptible to harm or hazard. Climate vulnerability is a function of exposure to climate change effects, sensitivity to such effects, and the capacity to adapt to such effects based on socioeconomic status. A key component of creating opportunities for adaptation and mitigation is understanding local vulnerabilities. This analysis was completed with a focus on socioeconomic demographics and exposure characteristics.

Findings suggest that socioeconomic factors constitute a significant portion of the vulnerabilities faced by Chapala’s residents:

● The poverty rate for the municipality is 42% ● Approx. 15% of the municipality's population is food insecure ● Approx. 7% of residents live in homes without some type of basic service, such as water, electricity, or drainage 6

These indicators reveal that those populations will be greatly impacted by climate change as their household capacity to adapt to such changes is affected by their lack of income. Their inability to meet the most basic of human needs suggests that they will also be unable to protect themselves against the effects of climate change.

Chapala’s farmers lay at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities. Many of them are at or below the poverty rate and their ability to earn higher incomes is fully dependent on climate factors. Agriculture is dependent on climate variables such as: sunlight/heat exposure, rainfall, and soil quality. Additionally most small-scale farmers are not financially equipped to adjust their farming techniques to suit changing climates.

A portion of Chapala’s population is vulnerable based on the location and quality of their homes. According to the Chapala’s Departamento de Protección Civil y Bomberos, there are 32 risk zones within the city. 7 Within these risk zones, homes are vulnerable to flooding, landslides, sewage overflow, or located on geological fault lines. Over 80% of the 247 homes located in risk zones are vulnerable to flooding. 45 homes are vulnerable to either landslides, sewage overflow or located on fault lines.

This climate action plan contains the recommendations to reduce the vulnerability of these communities, by reducing exposure to effects of climate change, while also increasing the capacity to withstand those effects.

6 El Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Politica de Desarrollo Social 2016 7 Departamento de Proteccion Civil y Bomberos Chapala. 2018. https://www.facebook.com/BomberosProteccionCivilChapala/ 14 CHAPALA 2030 CLIMATE ACTIONS

15 15 CLIMATE ACTIONS

Aligning Chapala with Jalisco State policies and Mexico’s international commitments, this climate plan has the goal to achieve overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions 22% by 2030 and 50% by 2050. The plan provides three scenarios which consist of a suite of policy actions which help the municipality achieve emission reductions and also increase its climate adaptive capacity.

The scenarios can be interpreted as alternate visions of the municipality’s future, that are created by various driving forces. Model Eco-City is driven by technology, City in a Garden by behaviour change and Community Resiliency by community action. The four principles that have guided the development of the policy packages in each scenario are: mitigation, adaptation, growth and equity.

Mitigation Equity Growth Adaptation

To ensure the implementability of these actions, we believe that a nexus of all four principles must be attained. Policies must aim to reduce municipal-level emissions, but must also help communities adapt to the realities of a changing climate. These recommendations move away from the false trade-off between the environment and the economy,8 as the policies aim to jump-start the creation of a green-economy in Chapala. Recognizing that the effects of climate change disproportionately impact certain populations over others, it is prudent then, that recommendations aim to create equitable opportunities for adaptation and growth in resilience.

Transportation Stationary Energy Waste Industry AFOLU All

Policy actions are organized using the same sectors identified in the GHG Inventory - transportation, stationary, waste, industrial processes and product uses (industry), and agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU).

8 The False Trade-Off Between Economic Growth and Environmental Protection. 2017. Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/the-false-trade-off-betwe_b_10030370.html 16

MODEL ECO-CITY

Scenario 1 The Model Eco-City scenario envisions the integration and technological upgrade of Chapala’s critical infrastructure. The transportation and energy sectors are critical infrastructures that provide vital services to the people and the economies of Chapala, but they also contribute the largest proportion of GHG emissions. This scenario seeks to mitigate the impacts of these critical infrastructures on GHG emissions and to improve their capacity to help make the citizens of Chapala more resilient to the effects of climate change. Chapala residents will benefit from integrative city systems that are energy efficient and powered by green fuels such as solar. This transformation will benefit residents and tourists alike with multi-modal transport options and land use changes that facilitate active modes such as walking and cycling.

17 17 Introduction The World Bank defines critical infrastructure as the collection of facilities and institutions that provide vital services to people and economies.9 The disturbance of this infrastructure can impair the safety, security and economic stability of a country. The process of investing and upgrading infrastructure in line with expected climate change effects, directly applies to the “triple bottom line” concept. The “bottom-line” refers to investments that increase profits, but the other two factors considered in the “bottom-line” are the environment and the society.10 Recommendations in this scenario aim to improve the efficiency of the city’s systems- which contribute to economic development by providing new opportunities for businesses to realize saving. Those efficiency upgrades also reduce emissions created in the city which create a cleaner environment for residents and visitors to Chapala.

Potential Benefits and Timeline The scenario has the potential to impact all residents and visitors to Chapala, through its focus on vital infrastructure. The scenario will impact the transportation and stationery energy sector, which together contribute to almost 80% of the city’s total emissions. While infrastructure upgrades are usually capital intensive and take several years to assemble funding, this scenario can potentially reveal the

quickest return on investment. Once the Figure 3: Sectors being impacted by the scenario - Transportation and Stationery Energy infrastructure is implemented, GHG emissions should be observed.

Role of Stakeholders The Model Eco-City Scenario will depend heavily on local government intervention and funding from federal and local sources. There are several policy recommendations that draw from existing federal initiatives, which suggests the need for partnerships between local planning agents and federal directors of various programs.

9 Critical Infrastructure. 2018. World Bank. http://projects.worldbank.org/P158298?lang=en 10 Triple-Bottom Line. 2009. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/node/14301663 18 Policy 1 Promote Public Transportation

The transportation sector accounts for 50% of all emissions generated by the city of Chapala. The majority of these emissions come from private vehicular travel. Solutions to this reality present a great opportunity to reduce emissions, reduce congestion, facilitate economic development, and increase mobility for residents/visitors all at the Image 1: Public transport information available on municipality’s 11 same time. The cross-cutting benefits of website transportation are numerous and will be achieved by promoting existing bus capacity, adding new Existing routes need to be modified to serve more routes and strategically partnering with the travellers. The Chapla Plus buses run from tourism sector. Guadalajara to Ajijic via Chapla five to six times a day. These routes can be extended to the The Municipality must ensure that information on Guadalajara Airport, providing visitors with existing public transportation options is readily alternatives to travel to Chapala/Ajijic as well as available to residents and visitors. All official increasing the passengers and revenue for the bus Chapala web pages should have a dedicated service. Further, the schedule of the Chapla Plus section to highlight public transportation routes, buses can be adjusted to popular flight arrival stops, bus amenities (air condition, number of times. seats, etc), and schedules in both Spanish and English.

To make public transportation more convenient the Municipality should create daily, weekly, and monthly transportation passes, that can also combine discounts at participating local restaurants. These informational flyers, schedules and passes should be available at the hotels for the tourists.

Image 2: City Card., Reykjavik, Netherlands 12 Chapala will aim to be a role model for efficient public transportation among tourist towns and be a destination for “Green” living among the locals, the retirees, and tourists.

11 Madeira Regional Tourism Board. Getting around. http://www.visitmadeira.pt/en-gb/getting-around 12 City Card Reykjavik. 2018. https://visitreykjavik.is/city-card/front 19 Additional bus routes should be added between Chapala and Ajijic. This, in addition to the existing regular Chapala buses will ensure a frequency of 10 minutes for bus travel between Chapala and Ajijic. The potential of the lake should be tapped by introducing a ferry service between Chapala and Ajijic, providing an additional mode of public transportation.

National Supporting Mechanism: Image 3: Entrance ticket to Longii Rice Terraces, China comes attached with a postcard 18 ● Programa Federal de Apoyo al Transporte Indicators: Urbano Masivo 13 ● Programa de Transformación del ● Percentage of local population/tourists 14 Transporte Urbano that take public transportation ● The frequency of bus routes between Best Practice: Chapala and Ajijic ● City website providing Information on ● The frequency of bus routes between transportation options: Goteborg 15 Chapala and Guadalajara Airport (Sweden), Madeira Islands 11 (Portugal), Aarhus 16 (Denmark)

● Reykjavik, Netherlands City Card12

● SEEMORE program 17 at Madeira Islands: transportation pass souvenirs for hotel guests, Travel GREEN photo competition

Image 5: Souvenirs for hotel guests who purchase public transport passes 14

Image 4: Travel GREEN Photo competition 17

13 Government of Mexico. Programa Federal de Apoyo al Transporte Urbano Masivo. http://www.fonadin.gob.mx/productos-fonadin/programas-sectoriales/programa-federal-de-apoyo-al-transporte-urbano-masivo/ 14 Grupo del Banco Mundial. México: Programa de Transformación del Transporte Urbano. http://projects.bancomundial.org/p107159/mx-urban-transport-transformation-progr?lang=es 15 Goteborg & Co. Getting around town. https://www.goteborg.com/en/good-to-know/getting-around-town/ 16 VisitAarhus. Getting around in Aarhus. https://www.visitaarhus.com/ln-int/denmark/airports/getting-around-aarhus 17 Mantero, C., Freitas, A., Radovanovic, S. and S. Baronio. (2014). Public transport promotion among tourists. SEEMORE Project. Central European Initiative. http://www.seemore-project.eu/docs/1396/D4_9_PT_promotion_among_tourists.pdf 20 18 http://www.mafengwo.cn Policy 2 Promote Active Transit- Walking and Cycling

A significant goal of the Model Eco-City scenario To encourage active modes of transportation, the is making Chapala a destination for “Active Living municipality should link pedestrianization of the and Active Retiring.” The municipality should take streets with cultural events and festivities. Select advantage of the walkability of the grid pattern in roads can be car-free one day every month to the core of Chapala and Ajijic, by prioritizing begin encouraging the community to use active selected modes of transit (walking and cycling) on modes of transportation. particular blocks of the city. Travel between these core city areas should be split between both The hotels and establishments in the region cycling and using public transportation. Buses should be encouraged and incentivized to have running between Chapala and Ajijic should be bicycle facilities such as cycle racks. equipped with cycle racks.

The municipality should create a network of one-ways in the core grid-patterned parts of Chapla and Ajijic and partially or fully pedestrianise certain sections of streets. This will reduce private vehicular usage, reduce emissions and air pollution. Creating corridors that connect commercial hubs, restaurants, and parks should be a deliberate activity that depends on the public input of local stakeholders.

Image 7: Pedestrian-only street in Puebla, Mexico 20

Image 6: Cycle racks on buses in Madrid, Spain 19

19 European Cyclists' Federation. https://ecf.com 20 MacGregor. 2014. Poblanos y Cholula. 21 https://capetomilan.com/2014/02/13/poblanos-y-cholula/ Cycle-friendly tourist routes should be created Indicators: and promoted through maps available on the ● Number of locals/tourists that participate city website and at the visitor centers and in pedestrian-focussed events and hotels. The city website should integrate an festivities existing web emission tool calculator where the ● The number of traffic accidents involving tourists can check their environmental footprint cyclists or pedestrians during their holidays. National Supporting Mechanism: Best Practice: ● Ley de Movilidad Del Distrito Federal 27 21 ● RecreActiva in Guadalajara ● Ley de Movilidad y Transporte del Estado 22 ● La Calle es de Todos de Jalisco 28 ● bicy bicycle network planning for cities in Velenje, Slovenia 23 ● Cycle tours: Barcelona eBike Tours 24, Billy’s Cycle Tours in Sanibel Island 25 (Florida, USA), San Francisco Bikes to Books tour 26

Image 8: Literary cycling tour map, San Francisco, USA 26

21 Gobierno de Guadalajara. Via RecreActiva. http://www.viarecreactiva.org/ 22 Secretaria de Cultura. (2013). “Anuncian Festival “La Calle es de Todos". http://www.cultura.gob.mx/estados/saladeprensa_detalle.php?id=45772 23 Municipality of Velenje. (n.d.) Bicycle network & Complementary actions. bicy Cities and Regions of Bicycles. http://bicy.it/docs/140/FINAL_Report_on_4_2_Cycling_network_and_Complementary_actions.pdf 24 City Discovery, Inc. (2015). Barcelona Small Group eBike Tour with Montjuïc Cable Car and Eco Boat Ride. https://www.city-discovery.com/barcelona/barcelona-small-group-ebike-tour-with-montjuic-cable-car-and -eco-boat-ride-id10030/ 25 Billy's Bikes and Rentals. Billy's Rentals Bike Map of Sanibel. http://www.billysrentals.com/resources/video/ 26 Burrito Justice. Bikes to Books Map. https://burritojustice.com/bikes-to-books-map/ 27 Asamblea Legislativa Del Distrito Federal. (2014). Ley de Movilidad Del Distrito Federal. http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-ba20960fb6570ec7d4ee34c30ee2d733.pdf 22 28 Secretaria de Movilidad. (2013). Ley de Movilidad y Transporte del Estado de Jalisco. Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco. https://semov.jalisco.gob.mx/proyectos/ley-de-movilidad Policy 3 Solar Water Heater Ordinance

Dedicated staff will be hired to implement and Most municipal energy in Chapala comes from the administer the establishment of this ordinance. This national grid and is generated by carbon intensive staff would also develop a public awareness facilities in surrounding states. Increasing the campaign around the costs, benefits, incentives, and adoption of solar water heaters for residential, maintenance of solar water heater/photovoltaic commercial, industrial, and municipal heating systems. Additionally, they will assist stakeholders in requirements will reduce demand from the applying to federal FIDE financing/funding programs national grid, resulting in reduced emissions. The upfront costs for these systems, in comparison to conventional LP gas systems, can be prohibitively National Supporting Mechanisms: high; however, the systems can reduce the costs of ● La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente electricity demand of heating water by up to 75%. de la Energía, FIDE Programs 29

The Solar Water Heater Ordinance will make it ○ Business Eco-credits compulsory for all new buildings, renovated ○ Sustainable Integral Improvement in Housing Program buildings, and buildings changing their use (e.g. a ○ Energy Efficiency Program villa turned into a hotel), both private and public, to supply at least 60% of running hot water with solar Best Practice: 30 energy. The ordinance will specifically target public ● Barcelona Solar Thermal Ordinance (1999) ● Barbados Solar Water Heater Tax Packages buildings, multi-family residences, hotels, and 31 villas, where the cost burden can be well Indicators: distributed among multiple tenants. ● Percent of new and or majorly renovated buildings with solar water heaters

29 FIDE Federal Energy Efficiency Programs: Retrieved from:www.fide.org.mx/ 30 C40 Cities, Barcelona Solar Ordinance Case Study. Retrieved from: http://www.c40.org/case_studies/barcelonas-solar-hot-water-ordinance 31 Solar Hot Water Heater Industry in Barbados. 2015. USDOE. 23 https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/03/f20/phase3-barbados.pdf Policy 4 Solar Energy Ordinance The Municipality of Chapala’s dependence on the Current installation in the municipal area stands at national grid for electricity needs can be reduced 1.5% of homes. The goal of these measures is to by increasing the proportion of locally generated increase installation to 50% by 2030. While this electricity through renewables. A solar ordinance seems an ambitious goal, this is essential to will be created to mandate the installation of solar meeting future emissions targets as well as panels on all new building construction, substantial forming the foundation for more ambitious building renovations, and adaptive reuse measure like the installation of solar + storage conversions on existing buildings. In order to avoid microgrid systems. In the future, a feasibility study the policy regressively impacting low-income for microgrid installation should be carried out for individuals, the ordinance will be targeting the municipal area. buildings above a certain size (square footage) and or value. National Supporting Mechanism: ● La Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente

Financing is an obvious barrier to participation in de la Energía, FIDE Programs 29 this policy. However the municipality can assist by ○ Business Eco-credits initiating a (bulk-buy) wholesale purchase program ○ Sustainable Integral Improvement in for participating building owners. By pooling the Housing Program demand and financial resources of these ○ Energy Efficiency Program organizations, it is possible to buy into the burgeoning wholesale renewable energy market Best Practice: San Francisco Rooftop Solar growing in Mexico. Ordinance 32

Indicators: Percent of new and or majorly renovated buildings with solar panels

32 San Francisco Rooftop Solar Ordinance. 2016. https://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/o0221-16.pdf 24 Model Eco-City

GHG LEADING POLICY COMPONENTS REDUCTION AGENCY

Update city website and other websites with existing public Municipality transportation options (routes, schedules, stops)

Rerouting Chapala Plus buses to Guadalajara Airport Municipality

Adjusting Chapla Plus schedule to flight arrival times Municipality

Add additional buses between Chapala-Ajijic Municipality

Introduce ferry service between Chapala-Ajijic Municipality

Create public transportation passes Municipality

Create Chapala Pass which includes bus pass + ferry ride + Municipality discounts at famous restaurants + discount at stores Promote public transportation Create a pass which comes attached with a postcard (which acts Municipality as a souvenir)

Promote and incentivise hotels to keep public transportation Municipality information flyers and booklets

Promote and incentivise hotels to add ‘public transportation Municipality access to hotel’ information on their website

Promote and incentivise hotels to sell public transportation Municipality passes/ city passes

Promote and incentivise hotels to give tourists who purchase a Municipality public transportation pass a souvenir kit

Start a photo competition to reward the best picture taken by Municipality tourists on sustainable ways to get around Chapala

25 Model Eco-City

GHG LEADING POLICY COMPONENTS REDUCTION AGENCY

Make select streets car-free once a month Municipality

Create network of one-ways in core parts of Chapala and Ajijic Municipality and partially and fully pedestrianise certain sections.

Promote and incentivise hotels and establishments to have Municipality Promote active bicycle facilities like cycle racks transit - walking and cycling Install bicycle racks on public buses Municipality

Create tourist cycle routes for Chapala and Ajijic Municipality

Integrate Emission Calculator into Chapala website Municipality

Adopt compulsory ordinance for all new buildings, renovated Department of buildings, and buildings changing their use (e.g. a villa turned Urban into a hotel), both private and public, to supply at least 60 Development percent of running hot water with solar energy.

Department of Solar Water Heater Appointment of dedicated Staff to provide assistance for Urban ordinance residents and stakeholders applying for FIDE programs. Development

Public awareness and training campaign on the costs, benefits, Department of Urban incentives, and maintenance of solar water heating systems Development

Department of Capital Subsidies for Rooftop PV systems (focus on offering Urban financing at rates lower than 16% interest) Development

Department of Pursue self-supply scheme agreement with a coalition of Urban industry and commercial interests within the municipality Development Increased Renewable Energy Use Department of Future solar + storage microgrid feasibility study in partnership Urban with regional universities Development 26 CITY IN A GARDEN

Scenario 2 The City in the Garden scenario envisions a Chapala transformed by the actions and behaviours of its residents. Sustainably certified hotels, businesses and industries leads the way in reducing carbon emissions and greening the economy. Productive landscaping will facilitate more biodiversity in the city and reduce water consumption. Community-level education, financial incentives and reduced barriers will encourage households to transform their waste, landscaping and agricultural behaviours to ones that are less carbon intensive. The transformation of behavior is rooted in community norms and culture, thus the scenario encourages the creation of festivals and events that can embed sustainability practices in residents.

27 27 Introduction Behavior change is the cornerstone of sustainability. Changes in behavior not only directly affect progress toward sustainability, but they can also powerfully affect how people view their own responsibility in attaining it. The City in the Garden Scenario relies on the collective behavioural transformation of Chapala residents, visitors, and community leaders to engage in emission reducing activities. There is a growing understanding that conventional environmental campaigns, which rely heavily on media advertising can be successful in creating public awareness but are limited in their ability to foster behaviour change. The success of the following policy recommendations depends on five integral implementation steps:

1. Uncovering barriers to behaviour changes 2. Selecting which behaviour to promote 3. Designing a program to overcome barriers to selected behavior 4. Piloting the program and evaluation 5. Broad implementation

Potential Benefits and Timeline This scenario has the potential to impact a broad cross-section of the Chapala population, and reduce the 49.6% of emissions from stationary, waste, agriculture, forestry, and land use. The recommendations aim to reduce emissions from these sources through business, household, and individual level behaviour changes. Behavioral changes are often incremental, and susceptible to fluctuations over time; as such the planning Figure 4: Sectors being impacted by the scenario - Transportation, timeline for this scenario should be long term as Waste, AFOLU, and Stationery Energy potential benefits will not happen overnight.

Role of Stakeholders The City in a Garden Scenario calls on the participation of households, commercial businesses, industry, farmers, and tourists to make this vision a reality. The scenario will require local government to initiate, facilitate, and encourage behaviour changes in multiple sectors of the city. The Chapala civic, social, and economic communities are also major stakeholders in this scenario and must have a say in the development of any of the following policies.

28 Policy 1: Sustainable Certification Program

National Supporting Mechanism: The development of a voluntary sustainable ● Mexico Agenda 2133 certification program aims to create incentives for ● Certificado Calidad Ambiental hotels, commercial businesses, and industries to Turistica (PROFEPA) 34 improve environmental performance. It is essential that the program should enable consumers to differentiate among services/products based on Best Practice: their environmental characteristics. Whether a ● Chile’s Sustainable Tourism green-flag for hotels or a green-stamped product Program 35 for industry, the differentiation should be easily ● Costa Rica Blue Flag Ecology identified. This differentiation facilitates price Program 36 premiums of certified products/services, and these Indicators: premiums, in turn, create financial incentives for ● Number of hotels and businesses hotels, industries, and businesses to meet participating in certifications certification standards. ● Number of hotels/businesses with energy efficiency upgrades Tourism certifications will be more effective and economically beneficial if they are used in hotels that already have environmentally conscious consumer bases. The Mexican government has promoted participation in Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (PROFEPA’s) Certificado Calidad Ambiental Turistica and EarthCheck Sustainable Destinations. EarthCheck is an internationally recognized program that could certify the entire city of Chapala based on energy, water, waste, and land use performance. PROFEPA’s program has certification categories for individual tourism, commercial, and heavy industry firms.

For certification programs to spur environmental improvements, they must be able to provide participating tourism enterprises with significant private economic benefits such as price premiums

and more customers. Chapala will have to Figure 5: PROFEPA Sustainable Certification Program 34 incentivise certified firms through advertising on (PROFEPA) city websites, or other appropriate promotions.

33 Mexico Agenda 21. 1997. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/mexico/natur.htm 34 Certification for Sustainable Tourism Program https://www.govisitcostarica.com/travelInfo/government-programs/cst-program.asp 29 35 Chile Sustainable Tourism. 2018. http://www.ecotourism.org/chile 36 Blue Flag Ecology System. 2018. https://www.govisitcostarica.com/travelInfo/government-programs/blue-flag-ecology-program.asp Policy 2: Organic Waste Separation

When waste generated in Chapala is disposed of in National Supporting Mechanism: landfills, it decomposes and emits greenhouse ● SEMARNAT Municipal Composting gases into the atmosphere. The recent Manual 37 privatization of solid waste management in Chapala and contracting of Grupo Integral De Best Practices: Recolleccion y Reciclados De Occidente (GIRRSA) ● CaribShare Biogas 38 in January 2018, has yet to address this issue of ● Jamaica 39 waste separation. The diversion of organic waste is an essential emission reduction strategy. Indicators: ● Weight of organic waste collected The city should consider the implementation of an ● Conversion of organic waste into organic waste collection program that will employ biofuel and compost farmers to convert municipal organic waste into useful biogas and compost byproducts using a biodigester. This project will start with organic waste collection points in the commercial district, these could include restaurants and larger hotels/villas or even schools. The waste can then be transported to participating farming communities that will combine the food waste with animal waste for use in a bio-digester. Farmers will be trained by experts on how to safely use the biodigesters and will be paid a wage from the municipality.

Figure 6: Potential organic waste management The two outputs of processing organic waste is process 38 fertilizer and biogas. The biogas can be sold to industries who want to generate clean electricity and the fertilizer can be sold within farming communities or the city could use it in municipal landscaping.

37 Municipal composting manual. 2006. Environmental Management and Management Program. http://www.virtual.sepi.upiicsa.ipn.mx/pp_web_sepi_composta/files/Manual_compostaje_mu nicipal.pdf 38 Magesa. 2015. CaribShare Biogas and Richmond Housing Development: An Innovative Collaboration in Jamaica. https://publications.cta.int/media/publications/downloads/1868_PDF.pdf 39 Pig-Powered Community Development. 2016. OpenIDEO Stories. 30 https://stories.openideo.com/turning-waste-into-electricity-3add60025338 Policy 3: Municipal level Recycling

Recycling has become one of the most profitable In either case, the city is responsible for businesses in the world: in Mexico alone, there is a consolidating all the recyclable material and selling 24 billion USD market opportunity in the it to large scale recyclers in Guadalajara. The recyclable waste industry. In Chapala however, revenue that the city earns from this venture can neither the financial nor the environmental be put towards funding other climate action benefits of recycling have been capitalized. The recommendations. Municipality will initiate a recyclable buyback program, where both the municipality and the National Supporting Mechanism: None residents have the opportunity to benefit financially from the separation and sale of Best Practices: Mercado de Trueque 40 recyclables. Indicators: One potential format for this buy-back program is a ● Quantity of recyclables collected municipally run barter system, where residents are ● Participation in buy-back programs incentivised to separate and collect their recyclables in return for discount vouchers that can be used at select farmers markets or grocery stores. In a similar program in Mexico City, 33 the barter was held once a month and became a cultural event where farmers were able to sell fresh fruits and vegetables to residents who separated and recycled their waste.

Alternatively the municipality could use its old fleet of garbage trucks to pick up only recyclable material. This policy could address the jobs lost to the privatisation of the industry and create an opportunity for re-employment of staff on less rigorous pickup routes. The policy will require the building of secured enclosures for the storage of plastics, glass, etc. as well as an education campaign to make citizens aware of the project.

40 Mercado de Trueque http://data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/mercadodetrueque/ 31 Policy 4: Promotion of Slash and Burn Alternatives: Agroforestry

Slash and burn agriculture is a short-term strategy used to add nutrients to the soil. However, this National Supporting Mechanism: practice ruins the long-term quality of the soil, ● MASAGRO-MAÍZ Network 41 releases a significant amount of of GHG emissions into the atmosphere, and increases air pollution. In Best Practices: Atotonilquillo and the outlying towns around ● EcoLogic Development Fund 42 Chapala, slash and burn is widely used by the farmers. Indicators: ● Acreage of farmland that slash The municipality could promote alternatives to this and burn is practiced on practice such as agroforestry, which is a technique ● Percentage of farmers who are that plants specific trees/shrubs alongside aware of alternatives to slash commercial crops to provide nutrients and other and burn benefits. The Inga plant (ice cream beans), native to Mexico, is one type of nitrogen-fixing tree that can be planted between crops to add nutrients. In some literature not only were greater crop yields observed, but soil erosion was reduced. An additional benefit is that the fruit could create extra income for the farmer as it can be sold.

Another option to reduce the widespread practice of slash and burn agriculture is the use of alternative crop species that are more resilient to climate change and reduce water demands. The municipality can benefit from working with the federal MasAgro Maize Program, that distributes varieties of native corn amongst farmers.

41 MasAgro. 2012. http://masagro.mx/es/que-es-masagro/descripcion-general 42 Ecologic Development Fund. 2018. http://www.ecologic.org 32 City in a Garden

GHG LEADING POLICY COMPONENTS REDUCTION AGENCY

PROFEPA certification: Federal Sustainable PROFEPA, certification program for hotels, commercial and Municipality of industrial firms Chapala

EarthCheck Program: International Sustainable EarthCheck, tourism destination program The Sustainable Municipality Certification Program Green flag or stamp: Publicly distinguishing Certifying businesses that have achieved sustainable agency, standards The Municipality

Promotion of hotels, businesses and industries The that meet sustainable standard Municipality

Initiating waste separation with restaurants/ The hotels/schools Municipality

The Biodigester funding and development Municipality

Organic Waste Training on biodigester usage AIPROMADES Separation

The Hiring farmers to operate digesters Municipality

The Sale of by-products Municipality

The Recyclable buy back program Municipality Municipal-level Recycling Municipality collects, stores, transports and sells The recyclables to large scale recyclers Municipality

EcoLogic Promotion of Agroforestry as an alternative Development Promotion of Slash & Fund Burn Alternatives MASAGRO-MAI Encourage use of more resilient crop species Z Network

33 COMMUNITY RESILIENCY

Scenario 3 The Community Resiliency scenario is rooted in the linkages between adaptation strategies, infrastructure development, and service provision for vulnerable communities. Farming families, lower-income communities, and those who reside in geographic risk zones experience particular vulnerabilities that can compound emerging climate stressors, in part due to a disproportionate exposure to climate impacts and a lower capacity to respond. The Grassroots scenario seeks to prioritize the needs of these communities, through participatory planning processes and harnessing local expertise. The scenario envisions the creation of neighborhood-level Climate Action Coalitions that educate communities on climate change and climate resilient agricultural practices. These climate action groups also aim to facilitate economic empowerment as a tool to incentivise environmentally positive behaviour such as recycling and composting. 34 34 Introduction A focus on the community scale is integral for mitigation and adaptation planning because GHG emissions are primarily generated at a local scale. Additionally, the drivers of adaptation such as geographical, political, and social conditions differ from place to place, which makes local authorities and communities the most effective actors in facilitating and coordinating climate action (Agyeman et al., 1998; Bulkeley and Betsill, 2003; Aall et al., 2007)

The Community Resiliency scenario addresses the disproportionate impact of climate change on vulnerable communities by offering strategies to increase local capacity to withstand and rebound from environmental shocks. With a sustained focus on wide community participation, the scenario facilitates the identification of community-level vulnerabilities, with the guidance of local leadership and local expertise. The scenario seeks to tie community-based adaptation initiatives with economic livelihood creation.

Potential Benefits and Timeline The scenario is most adaptation focused out of the proposed scenarios; however, it still has the potential to reduce GHG emissions from the waste and AFOLU sectors (21.1%). The strength of this scenario is the potential to empower communities to be effective change agents. Additionally, community-led data collection leads to an increased understanding of climate issues and creates more opportunities for resilient actions. Like the City in a Garden Scenario, behavioral changes are often incremental and susceptible to fluctuations over time. As such the planning timeline for this scenario should be long Figure 7: Sectors being impacted by the scenario - Transportation, Waste, AFOLU, and Stationery Energy term to ensure the potential benefits of the community climate coalitions are realized.

Role of Stakeholders The Community Resiliency Scenario calls on the participation of entire communities within the municipality of Chapala. To effectively target these units the municipality should call on anchor institutions such as churches, neighbourhood associations, schools, and other social groups to mobilize communities to participate in achieving the vision of the scenario.

35 Policy 1: Creation of Climate Action Groups

Building and encouraging community expertise on National Supporting Mechanism: None climate change and adaptation is essential in reducing vulnerabilities and increasing local Best Practice: None resilience. Through collaboration with AIPROMADES, the Municipality can organize Indicators: % of people able to describe broad community-based climate action groups future climate trends, number of students throughout Chapala’s many diverse communities. achieving climate literacy

The Climate Action Groups (CAG) are embedded in small communities and should be composed of local residents, diverse in gender, age, ethnic background, and education. CAG members would receive formal training on climate change, impacts, and actions from AIPROMADES and other partners. CAGs are responsible for communicating this information with their communities in a culturally appropriate manner. This information can be combined with and connected to locally important issues, such as agriculture, food, indigenous traditions and cultural practices. CAGs could expand their informational network by hosting climate change related events at schools and churches in the community.

Climate Action Groups can also be responsible for encouraging sustainability-related practices, such as waste separation, recycling, and composting. Waste services are usually dealt with at the household and or community level so the CAGs can operate as environmental wardens within the community educating and encouraging compliance.

36 Policy 2 Household Vulnerability Assessment

Vulnerability refers to the state of being susceptible National Supporting Mechanism: None to harm or hazard. In the context of climate change, vulnerability has three components: exposure, Best Practice: sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Vulnerability is a ● 2014 Western Honduras Vulnerability function of exposure to climate change effects, Assessment (ARCC) 43 sensitivity to such effects, and the capacity to adapt to such effects based on socioeconomic status. Indicators: The vulnerability assessment should reveal a The first step in reducing vulnerability to climate wealth of information regarding exposure, change effects in Chapala is understanding what sensitive, and adaptive capacity of different vulnerability looks like at the household and groups to climate change. Potential indicators community level. While there is a broad from conducting the assessment include: understanding of vulnerability in Jalisco State and ● % of people using climate monitoring and the Municipality, in terms of natural hazards, a more seasonal forecast information to plan localized study needs to be completed. A household livelihoods strategies , level vulnerability assessment could reveal more ● % of households growing crops that are information to create climate change adaptation resilient to climate hazards, policies and programs that are relevant and ● % of households storing food and inputs in appropriate for the context of individual safe storage facilities, communities.

The municipality can partner with University of Guadalajara, environmental and social state agencies, proposed climate action groups, local churches, business, and farm associations to design and analyze the assessment. Assessments can be distributed online and through local organizations such as churches and schools.

43 Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change in Western Honduras. 2014. https://www.agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/Western%20Honduras% 37 20VA_ENGLISH_CLEARED.pdf Policy 3 Sharing Climate Change Information

As effects of climate change impact Chapala National Supporting Mechanism: None residents, it is crucial for the city to have access to climate and disaster information to adequately Best Practice: prepare for and respond to extreme weather events ● National Risk Atlas 44 and disasters. The municipality’s department of ● ThinkHazard! 45 Protección Civil y Bomberos, identifies 32 risk ● Red Nacional de Estaciones zones within the municipality, in which natural Agrometeorológicas Automatizadas 46 disasters and hazards are likely to occur. The municipality and the Climate Action Groups will Indicators: create processes to collect and share this ● Are climate change observations are information with authorities and the wider Chapala recorded at the community level (Y/N) community. ● % of people using climate, hazard, and disaster information to plan livelihoods Critical information highlighted in the National Risk ● % of people adopting new livelihood 44 Atlas is helpful in building up the city’s adaptive strategies based on the information capacity, but it is often not easily understood by the ● % of farmers using sustainable agriculture wider community. The municipality should translate practices this data into a form that is easier to communicate with the diverse groups of residents in the region. It should also be available in various languages (Indigenous languages and English). The Municipality should work with the Climate Action Groups to make the information available in multiple forms (websites, public notices, radio broadcasts, etc.).

44 National Risk Atlas. 2018. http://www.atlasnacionalderiesgos.gob.mx 45 ThinkHazard! 2018. http://thinkhazard.org/es/ 46 Red Nacional de Estaciones Agrometeorológicas 38 Automatizadashttps://datos.gob.mx/busca/dataset/red-nacional-de-estaciones-agrometeorologicas-automatizadas-i nifap Community Resiliency

GHG PRINCIPLE POLICY LEADING AGENCY REDUCTION

CLIMATE ACTION ADAPTATION AIPROMADES GROUPS

CHAPALA HOUSEHOLD MUNICIPAL EQUITY AND VULNERABILITY GOVERNMENT ADAPTATION ASSESSMENT UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA

EQUITABLE CHAPALA EQUITY AND DISSEMINATION OF MUNICIPAL ADAPTATION CC AND DISASTER GOVERNMENT INFORMATION

39 Creating a Strategy

The goal of each policy action in the three scenarios is to reduce Chapala’s emissions by 22% in 2030 and 50% reductions by 2050. The scenarios were not created to be independent policy strategies for the Municipality to select from, but rather a themed ‘play-book’ of options that can be crafted to fit the needs of the city and the capacity of the local government. Chapala is a small city and thus cannot complete these actions on its own; it must partner with the federal government, community organizations, international agencies, and educational institutions. Creating effective and collaborative partnerships will be the key to achieving climate goals.

One approach to converting this ‘play-book’ of policies into a climate strategy is grouping actions according to partners who can share responsibility in the implementation. For instance, a partnership with AIPROMADES could split responsibility between the agency and the municipality for actions related to waste and agriculture. Similarly a partnership with community based organizations, such as churches, social associations, and businesses can facilitate the creation of community action groups and waste separation programs.

Actions can also be selected, grouped, and phased according to ease of implementation. Factors determining implementation include financial resources, technical capacity, legal, and political feasibility. There are several individual actions that are easily implemented and can be rolled out quickly, while others will take significant stakeholder consultation and expert guidance. It is important however to understand and share with the public how individual actions aid in the wider goal of reducing emissions and increasing adaptation.

40 Summary of Climate Actions

GHG PRINCIPLE POLICY REDUCTION

Promote public transportation

Promote active transit Growth

Solar Water Heater ordinance

Mitigation Solar Energy Ordinance

Sustainable Certification Program

Mitigation Organic Waste Separation

Growth Municipal-level Recycling

Promotion of Slash and Burn Adaptation Alternatives

Climate Action Groups

Household Vulnerability Equity Assessment

Adaptation Disseminate CC Information

Major GHG Reduction Potential Transportation Stationary Energy Waste Moderate Reduction Potential

Enables or accelerates GHG Reduction Effect All AFOLU Industrial 41 Financial Mechanisms

The City of Chapala will need robust funding mechanisms in place to achieve the extensive outcomes of the climate action scenarios. While each scenario targets a different level of climate adaptation, mitigation, and development, the goal is the same - to reduce the impact that the climate will have on Chapala. The funding mechanisms proposed can be used as individual methods of revenue or grouped together. Tax and Fee Revenue On the municipal level, Chapala can work to collect more taxes and fees from visitors and residents. These taxes and fees can be directed towards the policy recommendations and actions outlined within the scenarios.

Local fuel tax: Imposing a tax on every dollar spent on petroleum used at gas pumps for vehicles. This tax would be collected from each individual pumping gas in Chapala - residents and visitors.

Local option sales tax: Imposing a tax on every dollar spent on sales in the municipal area. This would collect revenue from all shops, hotels, and business that sell goods or services within the municipality.

Vehicle registration fees: Imposing a fee on registration for each vehicle registered in Chapala. Increasing the registration fee may encourage individuals to use alternate modes of transportation and will increase registration revenue for the municipality.

Foreigner-owned vehicle registration fees: Adding a fee on all vehicle registrations being registered to non-Mexican residents in the municipality. This will encourage foreign residents to utilize public transportation and for those who do still register a vehicle, the revenue will be directed toward mitigating their impact on Chapala.

Grass fee: Imposing a fee for the area of grass on a private property to discourage grass and encourage native plants, bushes, and trees to be collected along with annual property tax. This data will be collected through GIS software, aerial satellite images, and site visits.

Public Transportation pass revenue: Combine all public transportation methods (bikeshare and bus) to one public transportation pass. This revenue can be collected by the municipality directly and will allow for more individuals to utilize public transport. All individuals who stopped vehicle travel due to those fees, will still be contributing to revenue for the municipality,

Parking Fees: Direct revenue from fees for parking violations to climate actions. 42 Financial Mechanisms

Grants The municipality can also leverage some of the revenue it currently obtains to match the funding requirements on funding grants. Majority of grants require the grantee to put a certain amount of monetary or in-kind match to the amount that the grant gives to the municipality for the project.

Grants will allow for the City of Chapala to focus funding towards specific projects within the scenarios with financial assistance from other organizations. There are 100s of climate action specific grants cities can apply to for funding for projects such as those listed in the scenarios. A few examples include:

Mexico Innovation Fund: Can be used to pursue sustainable urban development projects. 47

Adaptation Fund: Can be used for projects that will aid in adaptation to the impacts of climate change Clean technology fund: provides resources to increase low-carbon technologies in emerging economies. 48

BioCarbon Fund: Assists in reducing emissions from the land sector in forest areas with land use planning, policies, and practices. 49

Clean technology fund: provides resources to increase low-carbon technologies in emerging economies. 50

ASAP (Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme): Works with smallholder farmers to adapt to the impacts of climate change while reducing emissions from carbon. 51

Ecologic Development Fund: Works in Latin American communities in Mexico to protect and restore tropical ecosystems. 42

Partnering with Organizations The Municipality of Chapala is recommended to partner with local and or regional environmental organizations and community groups to apply for grant funding. The Municipality can also work with these organizations and groups to engage with the community on certain projects regarding awareness - i.e. Climate Action Groups, solar water heaters, transit, etc. Partner organizations do not necessarily have to be locally-based as locating robust organizations with relevant experience may require searching outside of the municipality. Centers of faith, neighborhood groups, and private industry may be powerful partners.

47 Mexico Innovation Fund. 2018. Harvard. https://drclas.harvard.edu/mexico-innovation-fund-grants 48 Adaptation Fund. 2018. https://www.adaptation-fund.org 49 BioCarbon Fund. 2018. https://www.biocarbonfund-isfl.org 50 Clean Technology Fund. 2018. http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/fund/clean-technology-fund 51 ASAP. 2018. UNFCC. https://unfccc.int/news/small-farms-big-impacts-adaptation-for-smallholder-agriculture-programme 43 APPENDICES

44 Appendix 1. GHG Inventory Reporting Table - City Information

Inventory Boundary The Municipality of Chapala Municipal Head: Chapala, Delegate Cities: Ajijic, Atotonilquillo, St. Antonio Tlayacapan, Cruz de la Name of City Soledad, San Nicolas de Ibarra Country Mexico Inventory Year 2018 Geographic Boundary Municipal Boundary Land area 613 Sq Km 2015 Population: 50,738 (not including 30,000 U.S Resident Population Expats)

2014 GDP in Pesos ($USD) $701,954,000 Pesos ($47,578,442 $USD) Three largest sectors: Retail trade, food industry, wholesale trade of groceries, food, beverages, ice and Composition of Economy tobacco Climate Mild Climate Other Information

45 Appendix 2. GHG Inventory Reporting Table - Data Sources

Sector Activity Data Source (Date) Comment

Stationary Energy Grid supplied INEGI Based on consumption electricity Anuario estadístico y in MWH, scaled using consumption geográfico de Jalisco population, and 2016. converted to KWH

Transportation Based on number of INEGI vehicles, national average vehicle kilometers, national average fuel consumption

Waste Municipal Solid waste SAMARNAT: Consulta National estimate of No waste water data Temática: Generación per capita waste estimada de residuos production sólidos urbanos por zona geográfica. 1997-2012

Industrial Processes Not Estimated and Product Use (IPPU)

Agriculture, Forestry, 2010 Agricultural data AIPROMADAS: Utilized results from and Other Land Uses Land Use Change Programa Municipal de existing inventory based on UNFCCC Cambio Climático Chapala 2017

46 Appendix 3. Previous GHG inventory Our climate action plan is not the sole document related to greenhouse gas emissions for the municipality. Previously, AIPROMADES created climate action plans for all of the municipalities within its mission area, including individual plans for each municipality. The goal of their assessment was to establish a base year calculation for 2010. The plan for Chapala included a greenhouse gas inventory, vulnerability assessment, and prospects for mitigation/adaptation.

In order to avoid future confusion, this appendix will detail the findings of their assessment and explicitly detail the differences between our methodologies. Table 3 shows the sectors assessed in their method as well as their constituent categories, sources, and tons of emissions:

CO e SECTOR CATEGORY SOURCE 2 PERCENTAGE metric tons Manufacturing and industrial Processing of food drinks, 16,818 7.89% production tobacco and others

Energy Transportation Automobile transportation 103,192 48.40%

Other Sectors Commercial and Residential 1,162 0.55% Emissions from use of Agricultural Soils 0.06 0.00% agricultural fertilizers Agriculture Burning of Agricultural Waste Cereals, legumes, etc 57 0.03%

Cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and Enteric Fermentation 45,686 21.43% other species AFOLU Livestock Management of Manure- Cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and 0.93% 1,990 Emission of Methane other species

Emissions 1,587 0.74% USCUSS* Soils and Forestry Reserves 152 0.07%

Solid Waste Disposal Final disposal of urban wastes 37,092 17.40% Waste Treatment of wastewater and Municipal Water Disposal 5,464 2.56% municipal sludge *USCUSS - Uso de Suelo, Cambio de Uso de Suelo y Silvicultura Table 3. Emissions Results from Comparison Report

5 Huntsman Corporation has a Huntsman Textile Effects industry in Atotonilquillo, Chapala and manufactures a broad range of chemical and dye products for textiles and materials . http://www.huntsman.com/textile_effects/a/Home. 47 Energy Greenhouse gas emissions in the primary assessment were determined based on activity data from the sale of Liquid Petroleum (LP) gas for residential homes, commercial buildings, and industrial factories. Manufacturing and industrial production is responsible for 16,818 tons of CO2e. Transportation is measured using the data on the amount of fuel sold in the Chapala municipality, the more accurate method to calculate transportation emissions as compared to the method using the number of vehicles. Automobile transportation produced 103,192 ton of CO2e. In addition to these amounts, annual emissions from grid supplied electricity were determined to be 96,431 tons using national emissions factor values.

Waste Emissions from waste are estimated as methane emissions and then converted into CO2 equivalents. The method used relies on the First Order Decomposition (FOD) principle and waste data over a 10-year period. Emissions from waste amount to 42,556 tons of CO2e in the municipality.

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) The agricultural sector is determined under the assumption that the primary crops grown in the municipality are legumes and rice using artificial fertilizers. Another assumption is that agricultural waste is primarily disposed through open-air incineration. This burning of agricultural wastes accounts for 57 tons of greenhouse gas emissions while the use of fertilizer is responsible for 0.06 tons annually. Forestry estimations are made for the base year (2010) and account for land changes over a 10 year period. According to this method, 1,587 tons of CO2e are emitted and 152 tons of CO2e are reserved through changes in land use. This gives a net amount of 1,435 tons of CO2e.

The primary contributor of AFOLU emissions comes from livestock which directly contributes 47,676 metric tons of CO2e. Emissions from the management of manure totals 1,990 metric tons.

48 Key Differences in Analysis

Programa Municipal de Cambio SECTOR CURRENT METHOD Climático Chapala Method

Looks at grid supplied Looks at direct fossil fuels by Stationary Energy electricity consumption residential, commercial, transportation uses

Based on number of vehicles, Based on fuel consumption data national average vehicle Transportation kilometers, national average fuel consumption

Municipal Solid waste Municipal solid waste Waste No waste water data Waste Water

Agriculture, Forestry, and 2010 Agricultural data 2010 Agricultural data Land Use (AFOLU) Land Use Change based on Land Use Change based on UNFCCC UNFCCC

49