Multilingual Anatomy Terminology Developing a proposal for a comprehensive translation framework applicable to multiple languages

C1. Measurement Lines C1. Measurement Lines 1 Line E P S F 107 Plume 215 Beak 2072 terms found in literature references and proposed 2 E P S F D 108 Finial 216 Hook by experts. The English language is being used as a 3 Beard Line E P S 109 Tongue 217 Sheared central axis for the translation and synchronization of 1 2 4 5 6 7 3 4 Cap Line E P S F 110 Tail / Finial E P S F D 218 Symmetry E P the terms and, therefore, presented here. Following C2. Proportions 5 Line E P S F 111 Straight 219 Symmetric a common practice found in the literature references, 12 6 Meanline / Midline / Waist Line E P S F D 112 Curved. 220 Assymetric / Calligraphic the entries were compared and synthesized into an 7 Small Cap Line E P 113 Attached 221 Symmetric Splayed illustrated numbered list. The entries were organized 114 Dettached 222 Symmetric Vertical into 8 Categories (C). Each Category holds a specific C2. Proportions 115 Cross Stroke 223 Serif Taper E set of unique terms (T). Each term, when found 8 9 10 11 15 13 14 16 17 18 8 Ascender Height E P S 116 Talon / Link / Heel / Entry Arc S D 224 Wedge / in the references analysed, is identified with the C3. Positive and Negative Shapes 9 Beard / Reserve Space / Line Space E P S 117 Terminal E P S 225 Squared / Vertical corresponding language (E, P, S, F, D). The terms were 10 Body (Height) / Space E P S F D 118 Throat E P D 226 Blunt / Round also organized in order to present their properties. 19 22 25 11 E P S F D 119 Belt / Tongue / Tarabita S 227 Sharp / Refined The main challenge was to compare and to compile 12 228 Line different terms that have similar expressions, or Case / Glyph Form E P S F D C5. Stroke Connections 20 21 20 21 28 27 26 13 Lowercase / Minuscule 229 Terminal / Serif Position E P S ambiguous meanings into unique references (such as 33 35 36 14 Small Cap 120 Apex E P S F D 230 Top Serif / Entry Stroke / Head Terminal, or Axis). Another challenge was to identify 15 Uppercase / Majuscule / Capital 121 Pointed 231 Terminal / Foot / Exit and to organize unique and shared properties for each 16 Descender Height / Length E P S 122 Flat 232 Arm term – e.g. The Stroke Connection (C5) called Apex 29 30 31 32 34 17 Set Width E P S D 123 Oblique 233 Terminal Shape E P S F D (#120), found in all 5 languages (E, P, S, F, D), can have 37 38 39 40 18 x-Height E P S F D 124 Concave/ Hollow 234 Teardrop / Drop / Lachrymal a Flat (#122), or a Sheared Shape (#127) among 7 other 125 Extended 235 Tuscan / Bifurcating alternative properties. C3. Positive and Negative Shapes 126 Rounded / Blunt 236 Tapered / Finial 19 Aperture E P S 127 Sheared 237 Straight Selected Findings And Future Work C4. Strokes 20 Closed 128 Bracket / Fillet E P S F D 238 Sheared During the end of the second phase an in the current 21 Open 129 Adnate / Abrupt / Angular 239 Ball third phase, some terms were validated by experts 42 46 51 22 / Negative Space E P S F D 130 Bracketed / Transitional / Transitive 240 Beak – e.g. Taper (#255), or Overhang (#253). Some 41 23 Closed Cross / Crossing / Junction / 241 Hook were suggestions – e.g. Notch (#248) –, or found in 131 E P S 24 Open Crossbar 242 Spur particular languages – e.g. Stem Body (#100, from 45 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 52 25 Extender E P F 132 Crotch E P 243 Pot Hook / Transitive Serif the original Pilastra in Spanish). Some were not found 53 53 58 26 Long 133 Fork E 244 Entasis in any reference, but are being proposed as new 27 Medium 134 E P S F D original terms to already existing shapes – e.g. Counter 28 Short 135 Thorax / Thoracic (middle) Spine C8. Optical adjustments (#245), or Thorax (#135). These are needed 55 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 29 Eye E P S F D 136 Tie / Link E P 245 Counter Overshoot to describe complex, or specific shapes and properties, 58 68 69 70 71 72 30 Foot E P D 137 Vertex E P S D 246 / Ink Well E P S and will undergo experts’ evaluation. 31 Glyph E P S F 138 Waist / Juncture E P S D 247 Light Trap E P S The translation is currently taking place, having 32 248 identified 94% of the 102 terms in English, 87% in Head E P S D C6. Stroke & Glyph Properties Notch F 65 66 67 73 33 Italic / Cursive E P F 249 Optical Axis E Portuguese, 72% in Spanish, 39% in French and 52%

74 75 78 83 34 E P S F D 139 Contrast E P S D 250 Caption in German. TD experts’ assistance will be fundamental 35 Optical Corrections / Ajustments E P S F 140 Exagerated 251 Text to complete this task. In the final phase, and when 36 Shoulder E P S F D 141 High 252 Display this work finds a suitable stabilization, it will be made Sidebearing / Exterior Shape / 142 Medium 253 Overhang E P S available to the public in a format that includes the 76 77 79 80 81 82 84 85 84 37 E P Letterspace 143 Low 254 Overshoot E P S D illustrations, categories, terms and properties with a 86 87 92 94 38 Stroke / Ductus E P S D 144 Null / Monoline 255 Taper / Link / Joint / Branching E P S brief description of each, to further help explain or 39 Throat / Aperture E 145 Curve Treatment / Properties E clarify any ambiguity. 40 Torso / Eye E P 146 Continuous 88 89 88 89 90 91 93 Abstract 147 Angular This work proposes a comprehensive typeface Acknowledgements 95 101 C4. Strokes 148 Broken/Fractured anatomy terminology framework in English. The list of The author would like to thank all the valuable 41 Arc / Arch (Stem) E P S 149 Modulation E P S D 255 entries results from the analysis, collection and comments and suggestions provided to improve this 42 Arm E P S F D 150 High synthesis of 2072 terms found in selected literature work. Specially to the professional type designers, 96 99 97 99 98 98 100 43 Lower 151 Medium references in five different languages: English (E); friends and educators: Indra Kupferschmid; Jean 108 102 103 107 106 44 Medium 152 Low Portuguese (P); Spanish (S); French (F); German (D). It François Porchez, Joana Lessa; Joana Correia; Jorge de 110 117 45 Upper 153 Null / Monoline aims to provide a reference tool for digital TD (Typeface Buen Unna; Luís Moreira; Miguel Sousa; Paul Shaw; 46 Ascender E P S F D 154 Slope / Slant / Posture / Style / Axis E P S D Design) professionals, educators and students alike. Rafael Neder; Ricardo Santos; Rúben Dias; Rui Abreu; 47 Clubbed 155 Roman / Normal / Vertical It expands existing terminologies, adding to the Vítor Quelhas; and Xavier Dupré. 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 119 48 Curved 156 Sloped / Slanted Left / Backslant classification and identification of specific language 49 Diagonal 157 Oblique / Sloped / Slanted Right terms. It also proposes an original organization where References C5. Stroke Connections 50 Vertical 158 Italic (Italic, Cursive, Round, Spencerian) the individual entries (#) are organized into 8 Categories Amado, P., & Silva, C. (2012). Anatomia do Tipo. In P. Amado, A. Veloso, O. Martins & N. Dias (Eds.), II Encontro Nacional de 120 128 131 132 51 Bowl E P S F D 159 Stem Properties (Edges) E (C), that aggregate specific terms and their properties. Tipografia. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro. 52 Chin / Jaw / Hook E P S 160 Parallel It’s a work in progress that aims to contribute to the Baines, P., & Haslam, A. (2002). Type and Typography. London: Laurence King. 53 Cross Stroke E P S F D 161 Convex proper identification of a common set of terms to be Bayle, J.-C. L. d. (2006). Glossaire Typographique. Typographie 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 129 130 54 Crossbar / Bar / Horizontal Stroke E P S F D 162 Concave / Concave Elements used and localized into different languages. & Civilisation Retrieved 2012-07-01, from http://caracteres. 55 Hairline 163 Irregular typographie.org/description/anatomie.html 133 138 Bracquemond, J., & Dusong, J.-L. (2010). Typographie : La lettre, 56 Forked 164 Flared Introduction le mot, la . Paris: Eyrolles. 57 Curl / E 165 Stress / Bias / Shadow Axis E P S F D This work is motivated by the need to have a clear, Bibidesign. (2009). Tipografia, Anatomia del Tipo y Clasificacion. 134 135 136 137 58 Curve E P S D 166 Vertical current and comprehensive terminology on TD that Retrieved from http://bibidesign-stock.blogspot.pt/2009/02/ tipografia-anatomia-del-tipo-y.html 59 Oval 167 Angled / Humanist / Oblique can be used by the different stakeholders in digital Bringhurst, R. (2006). Elementos do estilo tipográfico. São Paulo: C6. Stroke and Glyph Properties 60 Round/Circular 168 Null / Monoline production. On the one hand, it aims to identify Cosac Naify. 61 Round/Slightly Square 169 Horizontal all the relevant terms related to the anatomy of digital Caja. (2007). Objetivo, classificação e anatomia. Retrieved 139 145 186 from http://tipos.wordpress.com/2007/01/03/objetivo- 62 Square 170 Stroke Transition E TD. On the other hand, it aims to detect and to reduce classificacao-e-anatomia-2/ 63 Ogee 171 Abrupt / Angular / Instant / Broken the ambiguity found not only in our native language Carter, R., Day, B., & Meggs, P. B. (2011). Typographic Design: Form and Communication. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 187 188 189 64 Exagerated 172 Bracketed / Gradual (Portuguese), but also in the other languages analysed. 140 141 142 143 144 146 147 148 Cheng, K., & Krause, H. (2006). Anatomie der Buchstaben. 149 154 159 182 65 Open 173 Transitive / Branching This seems to be a legacy of the Basiswissen für Schriftgestalter. Mainz: Verlag Hermann 66 Closed 174 Stroke With E P S technology in the current digital reality. Nevertheless, Schmidt Mainz. 67 Jaws Close-set 175 Upstroke / Thin Stroke / Hairline proposing a synthesis of clear and unique terms is a Clair, K., & Busic-Snyder, C. (2005). A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry. Hoboken: John 68 Descender E P S F D 176 Stem / Main Stroke difficult and time consuming, if not impossible task. 150 151 152 153 155 156 157 158 160 161 162 162 163 164 183 184 185 Wiley & Sons. 69 E P F D 177 Downstroke / Thick Stroke Therefore, this terminology framework does not aim to Farias, P. L. (2004). Notas para uma normatização da 165 170 nomenclatura tipográfica. Paper presented at the P&D Design 70 Dot / Jot / E P S F D 178 Horizontal / Bar / Arm define a fixed set of universal terms. Instead, it aims to 2004. São Paulo. 71 Ear E P S F D 179 Crossbar identify a comprehensive set of singular terms and their Felici, J. (2003). The Complete Manual of Typography: A Guide to 72 Entry Stroke / Head Serif E P S F D 180 Cross Stroke variants in order to provide the grounds for discussion Setting Perfect Type. Berkeley: Adobe. 166 167 168 169 171 172 173 171 172 173 Forssman, F., & Jong, R. d. (2004). Detailtypografie: 73 Exit Stroke E P S 181 Diagonal / Leg / Arm in different local, linguistic, historical, artistic and Nachschlagewerk für alle Fragen zu Schrift und Satz. Mainz: 174 74 Flag E P D 182 Weight / Weight Axis E P S F D technological contexts. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz. 75 Hook E P S D 183 Bold Henestrosa, C., Meseguer, L., & Scaglione, J. (2012). Cómo Crear Tipografias: Del Boceto a la Pantalla. Madrid: Tipo e Editorial. 76 Head 184 Regular Methodology Highsmith, C. (2012). Inside : Typographic 175 176 176 176 177 178 179 179 179 180 181 181 181 77 Foot 185 Light This work was divided into 4 phases. The first phase Fundamentals. Boston: The Font Bureau. 78 Jaw / Hook E P S 186 Width / Width Axis E P S D consisted in the analysis of 26 literature references Lessa, J. (2012). Tipografia: Anatomia do tipo. Retrieved from Joana Lessa Website website: http://www.joanalessa.com/ C7. Terminal and Serif Properties 79 Open / Detached 187 Expanded / Wide (Amado & Silva, 2012). The second phase consisted in info_type_anatomy/jlessa_anatomia_tipo_pt.pdf 80 Closed 188 Normal the analysis 31 additional references: Mello, P. (2008). Tipografia e a sua anatomia Retrieved 2012-07- 190 193 197 81 Pelican 189 Condensed / Compressed 7 in English (Baines & Haslam, 2002; Carter, Day, & 01, from http://artesfinais.com/tipografia-e-a-sua-anatomia Mendez, R. D. (2009) Tipografía: Anatomía, Estructura, 196 / 222 82 Knee E Meggs, 2011; Clair & Busic-Snyder, 2005; Felici, Clasificación Retrieved 2012-07-01, from http://www. 195 83 Leg E P S D C7. Terminal & Serif Properties 2003; Highsmith, 2012; Pohlen & Setola, 2011; taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/12482562/Tipografia_- 192 191 194 195 196 195 / 221 198 199 199 200 201 Anatomia_-Estructura_-Clasificacion.html 195 / 221 190 84 Vertical Reflection E P Shaw & Goldstein, 2012); Montesinos, J. L. M., Hurtuna, M. M., & Montesin, M. (2007). 202 205 85 Curved 191 Unilateral 6 in Portuguese (Bringhurst, 2006; Caja, 2007; Farias, Manual de Tipografia. Valencia: Campgràfic. 192 Bilateral 2004; Lessa, 2012; Mello, 2008; Neder, 2009); Moreno, L. (2004). Partes de una letra. Desarrolloweb.com Link / Connection / Joint / Retrieved 2012-07-01, from http://www.desarrolloweb.com/ 86 Connecting Stroke / Hairline Arc / E P S F D 193 Serif Angle / End E P 11 in Spanish (Bibidesign, 2009; Henestrosa, 203 204 206 206 207 207 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 articulos/1615.php Branching 194 Horizontal Meseguer, & Scaglione, 2012; Mendez, 2009; Munsch, R. H. (2011). Physionomie de la lettre : Classification des 205 218 223 87 Lobe / Bowl E P S F D 195 Sloped / Oblique / Splayed Montesinos, Hurtuna, & Montesin, 2007; Moreno, créations typographiques et construction vue d’oeuvres publicitaires. Paris: Eyrolles. 88 Upper 196 Vertical 2004; Pepe, 2010; Rivera, 2009; Torres, 1991; Neder, R. (2009). Glossário. Retrieved from http://www. 89 Lower 197 Serif Cup E UNLP, 2012; Unna, 2008, 2011); tiposdobrasil.com/blg/?page_id=101 214 215 215 216 216 217 219 220 220 225 225 224 226 227 227 228 90 Loop / Lobe / Bowl E P S F D 198 Cupped 4 in French (Bayle, 2006; Munsch, 2011; Porchez, Pepe, E. G. (2010). Clasificación Tipográfica. Retrieved from Diseño Tipográfico website: http://diseniotipografico. 229 233 91 Neck / Link E P S D 199 Concave 1999; Bracquemond, 2010); files.wordpress.com/2010/08/apunte_dntg_ 92 Serif E P S F D 200 Flat / Horizontal 3 in German (Cheng & Krause, 2006; Forssman & Jong, clasificaciontipografica.pdf Pohlen, J., & Setola, G. (2011). Letter Fountain: The Anatomy of 93 Spine / Double Curve E P S D 201 Oblique 2004; Schaffrinna, 2009). Type. Köln: Taschen GmbH. 94 Spur / Barb E P S D 202 Serif Inflexion / Transition E P The third phase currently in progress consists in 230 231 232 234 235 236 237 238 238 239 240 241 241 242 243 244 Porchez, J. F. (1999). Les caractères typographiques. In M. 95 Stem E P S F D 203 Reflexive requesting the help of national and international TD Combier & Y. Pesez (Eds.), Encyclopédie de la chose imprimée: Du papier @ l’écran. Paris: Retz. 96 Vertical 204 Transitive experts and educators. We’ve identified more than C8. Optical Adjustments Rivera, J. (2009). Anatomía de la Tipografía. Graphic-iti.com 97 Diagonal 205 Serif Shape E P S F D 50 relevant experts that can provide feedback and Retrieved 2012-07-01, from http://www.graphic-iti.com/ 98 Thin / Hairline 206 Transitional / Classic / Bracketed validation, but we expect the list to grow with feedback. anatomia-de-la-tipografia/ 245 247 248 249 Schaffrinna, A. (2009). Anatomie der Buchstaben. Münster: 99 Thick / Main Stroke 207 Slab / Squared The final phase will consist in the publication of the Plakatverlag. 100 Stem Body S 208 Rounded / Blunt terminology with the terms, illustrations and with a Shaw, P., & Goldstein, A. (2012). The Roots of Type: Scripts. New 101 Swash / Flourish E P S 209 Wedge brief description of each in the different languages. York: (Book Draft). 246 250 251 252 Torres, M. A. G. (1991). Curso práctico de diseño gráfico. Madrid: 102 Attached 210 Point Up until now, 35 experts have been contacted Ediciones Génesis S.A. 255 103 Dettached 211 Hairline mainly by email, and 14 have provided feedback UNLP, F. d. B. A. (2012). Apunte Nº 11 - Partes de la Letra. Apunte 104 Ascender 212 Sans / Grotesk that has been, or is being incorporated into the final de Catedra U. Facultad de Bellas Artes (Ed.) Unna, J. d. B. (2008). Manual de diseño editorial. Gijón: Trea. 105 Descender 213 Hybrid multilingual version. The current list of 102 unique Unna, J. d. B. (2011). Introducción al estudio de la tipografía. Gijón: Trea. 253 254 254 106 Flag 214 Spur / Barb terms and 153 properties was compiled from a total of

Pedro Amado 1 1Departamento de Comunicação e Arte da Universidade de Aveiro. CETAC.MEDIA, Centro de Estudos das Tecnologias e Ciências da Comunicação [email protected]