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Multilingual Typeface Anatomy Terminology Developing a Proposal for a Comprehensive Translation Framework Applicable to Multiple Languages

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Multilingual Typeface Anatomy Terminology Developing a proposal for a comprehensive translation framework applicable to multiple languages C1. Measurement Lines C1. Measurement Lines 1 Ascender Line E P S F 107 Plume 215 Beak 2072 terms found in literature references and proposed 2 Baseline E P S F D 108 Finial 216 Hook by experts. The English language is being used as a 3 Beard Line E P S 109 Tongue 217 Sheared central axis for the translation and synchronization of 1 2 4 5 6 7 3 4 Cap Line E P S F 110 Tail / Finial E P S F D 218 Serif Symmetry E P the terms and, therefore, presented here. Following C2. Proportions 5 Descender Line E P S F 111 Straight 219 Symmetric a common practice found in the literature references, 12 6 Meanline / Midline / Waist Line E P S F D 112 Curved. 220 Assymetric / Calligraphic the entries were compared and synthesized into an 7 Small Cap Line E P 113 Attached 221 Symmetric Splayed illustrated numbered list. The entries were organized 114 Dettached 222 Symmetric Vertical into 8 Categories (C). Each Category holds a specific C2. Proportions 115 Cross Stroke 223 Serif Taper E set of unique terms (T). Each term, when found 8 9 10 11 15 13 14 16 17 18 8 Ascender Height E P S 116 Talon / Link / Heel / Entry Arc S D 224 Wedge / Point in the references analysed, is identified with the C3. Positive and Negative Shapes 9 Beard / Reserve Space / Line Space E P S 117 Terminal E P S 225 Squared / Vertical corresponding language (E, P, S, F, D). The terms were 10 Body (Height) / Glyph Space E P S F D 118 Throat E P D 226 Blunt / Round also organized in order to present their properties. 19 22 25 11 Cap Height E P S F D 119 Belt / Tongue / Tarabita S 227 Sharp / Refined The main challenge was to compare and to compile 12 228 Line different terms that have similar expressions, or Case / Glyph Form E P S F D C5. Stroke Connections 20 21 20 21 28 27 26 13 Lowercase / Minuscule 229 Terminal / Serif Position E P S ambiguous meanings into unique references (such as 33 35 36 14 Small Cap 120 Apex E P S F D 230 Top Serif / Entry Stroke / Head Terminal, or Axis). Another challenge was to identify 15 Uppercase / Majuscule / Capital 121 Pointed 231 Terminal / Foot / Exit and to organize unique and shared properties for each 16 Descender Height / Length E P S 122 Flat 232 Arm term – e.g. The Stroke Connection (C5) called Apex 29 30 31 32 34 17 Set Width E P S D 123 Oblique 233 Terminal Shape E P S F D (#120), found in all 5 languages (E, P, S, F, D), can have 37 38 39 40 18 x-Height E P S F D 124 Concave/ Hollow 234 Teardrop / Drop / Lachrymal a Flat (#122), or a Sheared Shape (#127) among 7 other 125 Extended 235 Tuscan / Bifurcating alternative properties. C3. Positive and Negative Shapes 126 Rounded / Blunt 236 Tapered / Finial 19 Aperture E P S 127 Sheared 237 Straight Selected Findings And Future Work C4. Strokes 20 Closed 128 Bracket / Fillet E P S F D 238 Sheared During the end of the second phase an in the current 21 Open 129 Adnate / Abrupt / Angular 239 Ball third phase, some terms were validated by experts 42 46 51 22 Counter / Negative Space E P S F D 130 Bracketed / Transitional / Transitive 240 Beak – e.g. Taper (#255), or Overhang (#253). Some 41 23 Closed Cross / Crossing / Junction / 241 Hook were suggestions – e.g. Notch (#248) –, or found in 131 E P S 24 Open Crossbar 242 Spur particular languages – e.g. Stem Body (#100, from 45 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 52 25 Extender E P F 132 Crotch E P 243 Pot Hook / Transitive Serif the original Pilastra in Spanish). Some were not found 53 53 58 26 Long 133 Fork E 244 Entasis in any reference, but are being proposed as new 27 Medium 134 Ligature E P S F D original terms to already existing shapes – e.g. Counter 28 Short 135 Thorax / Thoracic (middle) Spine C8. Optical adjustments Overshoot (#245), or Thorax (#135). These are needed 55 55 56 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 29 Eye E P S F D 136 Tie / Link E P 245 Counter Overshoot to describe complex, or specific shapes and properties, 58 68 69 70 71 72 30 Foot E P D 137 Vertex E P S D 246 Ink Trap / Ink Well E P S and will undergo experts’ evaluation. 31 Glyph E P S F 138 Waist / Juncture E P S D 247 Light Trap E P S The translation is currently taking place, having 32 248 identified 94% of the 102 terms in English, 87% in Head E P S D C6. Stroke & Glyph Properties Notch F 65 66 67 73 33 Italic / Cursive E P F 249 Optical Axis E Portuguese, 72% in Spanish, 39% in French and 52% 74 75 78 83 34 Kerning E P S F D 139 Contrast E P S D 250 Caption in German. TD experts’ assistance will be fundamental 35 Optical Corrections / Ajustments E P S F 140 Exagerated 251 Text to complete this task. In the final phase, and when 36 Shoulder E P S F D 141 High 252 Display this work finds a suitable stabilization, it will be made Sidebearing / Exterior Shape / 142 Medium 253 Overhang E P S available to the public in a format that includes the 76 77 79 80 81 82 84 85 84 37 E P Letterspace 143 Low 254 Overshoot E P S D illustrations, categories, terms and properties with a 86 87 92 94 38 Stroke / Ductus E P S D 144 Null / Monoline 255 Taper / Link / Joint / Branching E P S brief description of each, to further help explain or 39 Throat / Aperture E 145 Curve Treatment / Properties E clarify any ambiguity. 40 Torso / Eye E P 146 Continuous 88 89 88 89 90 91 93 Abstract 147 Angular This work proposes a comprehensive typeface Acknowledgements 95 101 C4. Strokes 148 Broken/Fractured anatomy terminology framework in English. The list of The author would like to thank all the valuable 41 Arc / Arch (Stem) E P S 149 Modulation E P S D 255 entries results from the analysis, collection and comments and suggestions provided to improve this 42 Arm E P S F D 150 High synthesis of 2072 terms found in selected literature work. Specially to the professional type designers, 96 99 97 99 98 98 100 43 Lower 151 Medium references in five different languages: English (E); friends and educators: Indra Kupferschmid; Jean 108 102 103 107 106 44 Medium 152 Low Portuguese (P); Spanish (S); French (F); German (D). It François Porchez, Joana Lessa; Joana Correia; Jorge de 110 117 45 Upper 153 Null / Monoline aims to provide a reference tool for digital TD (Typeface Buen Unna; Luís Moreira; Miguel Sousa; Paul Shaw; 46 Ascender E P S F D 154 Slope / Slant / Posture / Style / Axis E P S D Design) professionals, educators and students alike. Rafael Neder; Ricardo Santos; Rúben Dias; Rui Abreu; 47 Clubbed 155 Roman / Normal / Vertical It expands existing terminologies, adding to the Vítor Quelhas; and Xavier Dupré. 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 119 48 Curved 156 Sloped / Slanted Left / Backslant classification and identification of specific language 49 Diagonal 157 Oblique / Sloped / Slanted Right terms. It also proposes an original organization where References C5. Stroke Connections 50 Vertical 158 Italic (Italic, Cursive, Round, Spencerian) the individual entries (#) are organized into 8 Categories Amado, P., & Silva, C. (2012). Anatomia do Tipo. In P. Amado, A. Veloso, O. Martins & N. Dias (Eds.), II Encontro Nacional de 120 128 131 132 51 Bowl E P S F D 159 Stem Properties (Edges) E (C), that aggregate specific terms and their properties. Tipografia. Aveiro: Universidade de Aveiro. 52 Chin / Jaw / Hook E P S 160 Parallel It’s a work in progress that aims to contribute to the Baines, P., & Haslam, A. (2002). Type and Typography. London: Laurence King. 53 Cross Stroke E P S F D 161 Convex proper identification of a common set of terms to be Bayle, J.-C. L. d. (2006). Glossaire Typographique. Typographie 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 129 130 54 Crossbar / Bar / Horizontal Stroke E P S F D 162 Concave / Concave Elements used and localized into different languages. & Civilisation Retrieved 2012-07-01, from http://caracteres. 55 Hairline 163 Irregular typographie.org/description/anatomie.html 133 138 Bracquemond, J., & Dusong, J.-L. (2010). Typographie : La lettre, 56 Forked 164 Flared Introduction le mot, la page. Paris: Eyrolles. 57 Curl / Swash E 165 Stress / Bias / Shadow Axis E P S F D This work is motivated by the need to have a clear, Bibidesign. (2009). Tipografia, Anatomia del Tipo y Clasificacion. 134 135 136 137 58 Curve E P S D 166 Vertical current and comprehensive terminology on TD that Retrieved from http://bibidesign-stock.blogspot.pt/2009/02/ tipografia-anatomia-del-tipo-y.html 59 Oval 167 Angled / Humanist / Oblique can be used by the different stakeholders in digital Bringhurst, R. (2006). Elementos do estilo tipográfico. São Paulo: C6. Stroke and Glyph Properties 60 Round/Circular 168 Null / Monoline font production. On the one hand, it aims to identify Cosac Naify. 61 Round/Slightly Square 169 Horizontal all the relevant terms related to the anatomy of digital Caja.
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