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Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) in the Liver, Lung, Kidney, And

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Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) in the Liver, Lung, Kidney, And Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 15, No. 3 (2006), 485-492 Original Research Water CFRs Made Easy, Second Edition Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) in the Liver, Lung, Andre R. Cooper, Sr. Kidney, and Blood and 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic Acid in the The newly revised Water CFRs Made Easy, Second Edition, condenses the complex water Liver, Lung, Kidney and Urine of Rats after Single and programs into one volume that provides a comprehensive overview of the federal water quality regulations. Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Mesitylene Updated to include current regulatory requirements, this user-friendly reference now also includes four new chapters: Suite of Environmental Laws, Water Quality Strategy Overview, Risk Assess- R. Świercz*, W. Wąsowicz, W. Majcherek ments, and Training. The author, an environmental compliance expert, uses an implementor’s view to examine and Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of occupational Medicine, describe the primary water compliance programs covered in the Code of Federal Regulations 8 Św. Teresy str., 91-348 łódź, poland (CFRs) Title 40, beginning with Part 50. Each subject contains an explanation of the elements of the program—including the requirements under federal regulations—and helpful checklists of required Received: June 30, 2005 items. Ali topics are organized alphabetically for quick look-up. Accepted: December 8, 2005 Using Water CFRs Made Easy’s simple-to-follow format, you can easily assess your company’s achievements, determine deficiencies, and design, develop, and implement various compliance Abstract activities. The author covers the full range of water regulation topics, including Water Quality Standards, The aim of our study was to explore the tissue distribution of 3,5-dimethylbenzene acid (3,5-DMBA) Determination of Reportable Quantities for Hazardous Substances, Effluent Limitations General Pro- and its excretion with urine of rats and to evaluate toxicokinetics of mesitylene in blood of rats after single visions, NPDES Permit Program, Spili Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plans, and more. and repeated inhalation exposure to mesitylene vapours. About the Author: Andre Cooper, Sr., is the author/editor of several environmental reference Experiments were performed on male outbred IMp:wIsT rats. The animals were exposed to mesitylene works, including Government Institutes’ “CFRs Made Easy” series. Mr. Cooper holds a Bachelor of vapours at the target concentration of 25, 100, and 250 ppm in dynamic inhalation chambers for 6 h at single Science degree in Architecture/Environmental Planning and a Master’s degree in Urban Planning. exposure and for 4 weeks (6 h/day for 5day/week) at repeated exposure. He has been involved in the environmental compliance field as a consultant and project manager The study revealed in rats, after inhalation exposure to mesitylene, exposure-dependent increases in 3,5-DMBA tissue concentration and urinary excretion as well as enhanced mesitylene concentration in since the late 1980s. tissues and blood. After termination of exposure, mesitylene was rapidly eliminated from blood of rats. Government Institutes, a division of Scarecrow Press, Inc., provides practical information and Mesitylene retention reduced in rat lungs after repeated exposure, as compared to a single exposure, was continuing education on government regulatory topics. We offer more than 300 books and electronic most likely the reason for its lower concentration in lungs and blood. Compared with single exposure, products on legal and management issues in the environmental, health and safety, food and drug, 3,5-DMBA concentration increased in rat lungs after repeated inhalation exposure to mesitylene at 100 quality, risk, and marine fields. For more information on any of these products and services, call and 250 ppm, and in the liver at 250 ppm, which may be associated with the induction of mesitylene-me- 800-462-6420. tabolizing enzymes. Mesitylene metabolism in the lungs of the rats after repeated exposure to its low concentrations prob- Publ. info: Softcover, approx. 464 pages, December 2004 ably had a significant impact on the increased urinary excretion of 3,5-DMBA. ISBN: 0-86587-954-0 Keywords: mesitylene, inhalation, 3,5-dimethylbenzene acid, liver, lung, kidney, urine, blood, rats Price: $115 Introduction [1–3]. Animal studies show that mesitylene vapours exert http://govinst.scarecrowpress.com neurotoxic and irritating effects on animals. It has been A very wide use of petroleum products may be harm- evidenced that the irritating effect of mesitylene on the re- ful after control to the human body. Mesitylene is a com- spiratory tract of mice is four and eight times higher than ponent of many petroleum products. In some organic sol- that of xylene and toluene, respectively [4]. The neuro- vents its share may even reach about 10% and in gasoline toxic effect of mesitylene on rats, assessed on the basis of of different kinds its content is estimated at about 1% the locomotion coordination test on rotary rollers, after a 4-h inhalation exposure, proved to be four times higher *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] than that of toluene and xylene [5]. Changes in alkaline 486 Świercz R. et al. phosphate (Ap) activity in blood serum of rats were ob- Animals and Inhalation Exposure Monitoring served after single exposure, and the increased aspartate aminotransferase (GoT) after repeated exposure to me- Male wistar rats IMp: wIsT (five animals in each sitylene vapours. Neither single nor repeated inhalation group) of body weight 232-350 g (2-3 months old) were exposures to mesitylene vapours had any impact on the exposed to mesitylene vapours at the target concentra- haemoglobin level or erythrocyte and leukocyte counts tion of 0, 25, 100, and 250 ppm in the dynamic inhalation [6, 7]. After repeated administration of mesitylene by chambers (volume 0.25 m3, 15 changes per hour) for 6 h gastric tube, the activity of microsomal enzymes of the or 4 weeks (6h/day, 5 days/week). The exposure chambers liver, kidney, and lung was increased in rats [8,9]. In rats, used on this study were constructed of stainless steel and like in humans, biotransformation leads to the produc- glass. The chambers were operated in a one-pass, flow- tion of 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid (3,5-DMBA), which is through mode with air flow rates adequate to provide suf- excreted with urine in the form of 3,5-dimethylhippuric ficient oxygen for rats and enable adequate distribution of acid [10, 11]. mesitylene in the chambers. The animals were given stan- The aim of the study was to explore the distribution dard laboratory diet and water ad libitum except for the of mesitylene and 3,5-DMBA in tissues as well as the ki- exposure to mesitylene vapours in the dynamic inhalation netics of mesitylene excretion with blood and 3,5-DMBA chambers. Body weight of the rats was measured once per excretion with urine in rats after termination of single and week. Table 1 gives target and actual mesitylene concen- repeated inhalation exposures to mesitylene at concentra- trations in toxicological chambers and the mean values tions of 25, 100, and 250 ppm. of body mass of the rats, from which biological mate- rial was collected for further analysis. Chamber relative temperature and humidity were maintained at 21-23°C Materials and Methods and 35-45%, respectively. Chamber oxygen concentra- tion was targeted to at lest 19%. Mesitylene vapours were Chemicals generated by heating liquid solvents in a washer. The de- sired concentrations of vapours were obtained by diluting Mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1.3.5-TMB, No. them with air. Concentrations of solvent vapours in the CAs:108-67-8) was supplied by Fluka (Cat. No. 63910), exposure chamber were measured every 30 min by gas its purity was ≥ 99%. The conversion factors for mesity- chromatography (Hewlett-packard 5890) with a flame lene: 1 ppm ~ 4.92 mg/m3. ionization detector (FID) using capillary column (Hp-1; 30 m, 0.53 mm, 2.65 µm film thickness). The operat- Table 1. Mean air concentrations (±sD) of mesitylene in inhalation chambers and mean values of body mass (±sD) of rats, from which the biological material was collected. Mesitylene target concentration Mesitylene concentration in Body weight Biological material in inhaled air inhaled air (g) (ppm) (ppm) Control 0 246 ± 9 liver, lung and kidney 25 25 ± 2 254 ± 11 homogenates collected from 100 97 ± 14 242 ± 14 animals after a 6-h exposure 250 254 ± 20 249 ± 7 liver, lung and kidney Control 0 331 ± 17 homogenates collected 25 23 ± 2 311 ± 26 from animals after a 4-week 100 101 ± 8 320 ± 38 exposure 250 233 ± 16 328 ± 21 Control 0 251 ± 7 Blood collected from ani- 25 24 ± 2 250 ± 5 mals after a 6-h exposure 100 101 ± 7 239 ± 7 250 240 ± 22 249 ± 10 Control 0 310 ± 9 Blood collected from 25 23 ± 2 307 ± 15 animals after a 4-week 100 101 ± 8 310 ± 33 exposure 250 233 ± 16 309 ± 19 Control 0 280 ± 9 Urine collected from 25 25 ± 2 278 ± 10 animals after a 6-h exposure 100 102 ± 10 335 ± 15 250 238 ± 27 273 ± 18 Control 0 310 ± 10 Urine collected from animals 25 25 ± 2 295 ± 15 after a 4-week exposure 100 102 ± 10 331 ± 19 250 238 ± 27 320 ± 28 Mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)... 487 ing conditions were: carrier gas – helium, constant flow layer of 5 ml was collected after evaporation of diethyl mode, column flow 10 cm3/min; make-up gas (helium) 20 ether, the residue was silylated for 30 min (70°C) with cm3/min; air 300 cm3/min; oven 150°C; inlet split 200°C, 0.5 ml N,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamine (BsT- detector 200°C. Vapour samples (0.5 dm3) were absorbed FA; Fluka).
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