A Landowner's Guide to Wildlife Friendly Fences: How to Build
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How to Build Fence with Wildlife in Mind SECOND EDITION REVISED AND UPDATED 2012 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Since the original publication of A Landowner’s Guide to Wildlife Friendly Fences in 2008, the idea of “building fence with wildlife in mind” has taken off like wildfire across the West. Other states have built on that original publication and produced their own fence manuals, and this author wrote a companion volume for Wyoming, A Landowner’s Guide to Fences and Wildlife, published by The Wyoming Land Trust. For this second edition, the Author material has been revised and updated, Christine Paige Ravenworks Ecology Wildlife Fish, & Parks Montana benefitting from the creative ideas and Jackson, WY practical experience of landowners and [email protected] resource professionals who have adopted Editor/Publisher a wildlife friendly approach to their Joe Weigand operations. Joe Weigand, Montana Fish, Private Land Wildlife Specialist Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks Wildlife & Parks private land wildlife Helena, MT specialist, provided department funding [email protected] and personal guidance for the project, as Graphic Design well as his extensive expertise from testing Nancy Seiler various fence solutions with landowners. Missoula, MT A special thanks to everyone who [email protected] contributed their insights, research, Illustrations photographs and manuscript reviews. E.R. Jenne Illustration Missoula, MT Chris and Leo Barthelmess, Ralph [email protected] Burchenal, John Kountz, Jeff Laszlo, Citation Marina Smith, Wayne Ternes, Juanita Paige, C. 2012. A Landowner’s Vero, the Anaconda Gun Club and Guide to Wildlife Friendly Fences. the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation Second Edition. Private Land partnered with Montana Fish, Wildlife Technical Assistance Program, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, & Parks to test fence designs in various Helena, MT. 56 pp. livestock and wildlife situations and offered invaluable insights and sugges- tions. FWP biologist Jay Kolbe provided fence specifications, photos and other invaluable contributions to the project. Steve Primm and Seth Wilson of People and Carnivores, and FWP bear biolo- Christine Paige gists Kim Annis, Tim Manley, and Mike photos, specifications, and experiences contributed their expertise, references, Madel, contributed their expertise on with highway right-of-way fence. and photographs, considerably adding to fencing to exclude predators. Shawn Bryce Andrews conducted inter- the breadth of innovative ideas. Cleveland and Andrew Jakes shared their views and wrote many of the profiles My deep appreciation to Ed Jenne experiences and photos from the Trans- detailing landowner and ranch manager for his wonderful illustrations and to boundary Pronghorn Project. Montana experiences. Many other landowners, Nancy Seiler for her beautifully creative Department of Transportation provided biologists, and resource professionals in talent in layout and design. Any errors in Cover Photo: Jeffrey P. Strickler; inset photo: donaldmjones.com Montana and throughout the U.S. also this manual are mine alone. 2 Table of Contents Christine Paige Wildlife and Fences . 4 Problem Fences . 5 Wildlife Friendly Fences . 8 Getting Started ................................................................ 8 Fence and Crossing Placement ................................................. 9 Friendly Designs . 10 An Ideal Fence .................................................................10 Visibility ......................................................................11 Sites with Low or Seasonal Livestock Use ........................................14 Sites with High or Continuous Livestock Use ....................................20 Openings, Crossings and Passes. 27 Highway Right-of-Way Fence ...................................................38 Remedies for Existing Fences . 42 Residential Fences . 45 Fence Alternatives . 46 If You Must Exclude . 47 Deterring Large Predators . 51 Getting Help . 54 Sources . 55 3 Wildlife and Fences Why build wildlife Fence Law in Montana friendly fences? Fence In or Fence Out? Christine Paige Fences are essential for controlling Most of Montana is classified as livestock and trespass, and countless open range, which means that by law miles of fence crisscross the West like landowners are responsible for “fencing out” neighboring livestock, and a strands of a spider’s web. Fences define livestock owner is not liable for trespass or damage if a property is not adequately and separate ranches and farms, outline fenced. This custom has deep roots in Montana’s history and ranching traditions. property boundaries, enclose pastures However Montana’s open range law applies only to cattle. Bison, sheep, and and rangelands, and prevent livestock other livestock must be fenced in (Mont. Code Ann. § 81-4-201). from straying onto highways. If the area you live is classified as “closed range,” however, the livestock Yet those miles of fence can also owner is responsible for “fencing in” all livestock. Incorporated cities and create hazards and barriers for wildlife, towns are classified as closed range. Counties may also create “herd districts” in from big game animals to birds. Fences unincorporated rural areas that are classified as closed range. If you’re unsure if can block or hinder daily wildlife your area is open or closed range, contact the Montana Department of Livestock movements, seasonal migrations, and (MDOL; www.liv.mt.gov.) access to forage and water. Wildlife may In practice, many livestock operators fence their property and pastures to avoid areas with too many fences to better manage their livestock and range resources. Where their pastures adjoin negotiate. For example, pronghorn federal lands, livestock owners are also responsible for preventing their livestock choose seasonal ranges with lower fence from illegally trespassing on those lands. densities (Sheldon 2005). When animals Along railroads, the railroad company must build and maintain fences to collide with or become entangled in keep livestock from wandering onto the tracks. Similarly, the Montana fences they can be injured or killed, and Department of Transportation (MDT) can construct fences along highways to wildlife damage to fences can be costly prevent livestock from wandering into the right-of-way. and frustrating for landowners. Legal Fence Many wildlife friendly Montana Code defines a legal fence as one of several possible designs (Mont. Code Ann. § 81-4-101). Generally, a legal fence is one constructed well fence designs are easy and enough to keep out or contain livestock. While the code defines heights for a low-cost, or save money by legal fence, it also stipulates that “all other fences made of barbed wire, which reducing future fence repair. shall be as strong and as well calculated to protect enclosures” as the standards specified are also legal. All “rivers, hedges, mountain ridges and bluffs, or other Not all fences create problems for barriers over or through which it is impossible for stock to pass” are also wild animals. By tailoring fence design included as legal fence. and placement, you can reduce wildlife injuries and decrease damage to your Posting Against Trespass fence. Many of these methods are low- In Montana, notice against trespass on private land must be placed on a cost or can save money in the long-run post, structure, or natural object, either by written notice or with at least 50 by reducing the need for future fence square inches of fluorescent orange paint. For metal fence posts, the entire post repair. must be painted. Notice must be placed at each outer gate and normal point of access to the property, including both sides of a water body wherever it intersects This guide will help you construct an outer boundary line (Mont. Code Ann. § 45-6-201). and modify fences and crossings that are friendlier to wildlife while still meeting Other Regulations fencing needs. It will also help you with Check your local covenants and county and city offices for specific fence sources for technical assistance and regulations. If your property adjoins a state highway, contact MDT regarding possible cost-share opportunities. options for modifying highway right-of-way fences for wildlife (www.mdt.mt.gov). 4 Problem Fences If woven wire is topped with one or unwilling to jump over such a fence. Problem Fences more strands of barbed wire, the fence Animals trying to leap a woven wire Deer, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, becomes a complete barrier, especially fence topped by barbed wire are even and pronghorn are all capable of for fawns, calves, pronghorn and more likely to tangle a leg between the jumping fences, but many common other animals that are incapable or top barbed wire and the stiff woven wire. fence designs and situations can snare In urban areas, fences topped with and injure these and other wildlife. barbs or pointed spikes, such as Wire strands can readily entangle decorative iron fences, can trap or impale legs, especially if wires are loose or leaping deer and other animals. spaced too closely together. Deer, elk, Large, low-flying birds, too, may and other wildlife often bear scars from collide with fences and break wings, wire barbs. A torn ligament, strained impale themselves on barbs, or tangle leg, or infection can reduce an animal’s in wires. Ducks, geese, cranes, swans, chance of survival, and if animals can’t grouse, hawks, and owls are especially pull free at all, they die slowly of trauma vulnerable. Waterfowl fly into fences that and