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Writing History in the Digital Age 2RPP 2RPP 2RPP Writing History in the Digital Age 2RPP 2RPP Writing History in the Digital Age Jack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki, editors The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor 2RPP Copyright © by Jack Dougherty and Kristen Nawrotzki and contributors 2013 Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc- nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2016 2015 2014 2013 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dh.12230987.0001.001 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Writing history in the digital age / Jack Dougherty, Kristen Nawrotzki, editors. pages cm. — (Digital humanities) ISBN 978- 0- 472- 07206- 4 (hardback) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 05206- 6 (paper) — ISBN 978- 0- 472- 02991- 4 (e- book) 1. History— Methodology. 2. Academic writing— Data processing. 3. History— Research— Data processing. 4. Historiography. 5. Electronic data processing. I. Dougherty, Jack. II. Nawrotzki, Kristen. D16.12.W75 2013 902'.85— dc23 2013025449 2RPP About the Web Version A freely accessible version of this book, including the original essay ideas, preliminary drafts, and comments by readers during the open- review period, is available on the web at http://WritingHistory.trincoll.edu. All web links in this book were functional as of April 2012. Due to the changing nature of the Internet, all external links have been cited in the notes to assist future researchers. 2RPP 2RPP Acknowledgments This volume of essays would not have been possible without the numerous contributors and commenters who participated in the process and helped shape our vision of what it means to be writing history in the digital age. We thank those who played a part in our pilot project for the fall 2010 conference of the History of Education Society, as well as those who sub- mitted an essay or posted a comment on the web- book between its launch in May 2011 and the conclusion of the open- review period in November 2012: Trudi Abel, Dan Allosso, Zayde Antrim, Davarian Baldwin, Jean Bauer, Chad Black, Daniela Blei, Lauren Braun-Strumfels, Kevin J. Brehony, Sheila Brennan, Anne- Elizabeth Brodsky, Timothy Burke, William Caraher, Alex Sayf Cummings, Jed Dobson, Sherman Dorn, Thomas Dublin, David Elder, Ansley Erickson, Daniel Faltesek, Nadine Feuerherm, Nancy Friedland, Courtney Fullilove, Sandra Gabriele, Alex Galarza, Susan Garfinkel, Fred Gibbs, Shawn Graham, Cheryl Greenberg, Trevor Griffey, Robbie Gross, Peter Haber, Christopher Hager, Eric Hansen, Tom Harbison, Katherine Hart, Jason Heppler, Michael Hevel, Jonathan Jarrett, Jason Jones, Julie Judkins, Judith Kafka, Hillary Kativa, Mills Kelly, Charles Klinetobe, Shane Landrum, Adrea Lawrence, Cindy Loch- Drake, Brandon Locke, Abbey Lowe, Leslie Madsen- Brooks, Sarah Manekin, Katya Maslakowski, Austin Mason, Guy Massie, Jeff McClurken, John McClymer, Jeremy McGinniss, James B. McSwain, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, Corey Meyer, Sylvia K. Miller, Sara Morris, Hilary Moss, Kaci Nash, Rob Nelson, Scott Nesbit, Andrea Nichols, Ellen Noonan, Bethany Nowviskie, Mike O’Malley, Y. P. Ong, Trevor Owens, Marshall Poe, Miriam Posner, Heather Munro Prescott, Jenny Presnell, Michelle Purdy, Svetlana Rasmussen, Penny Richards, Stephen Robertson, Charlotte D. Rochez, Barbara Rockenbach, Oscar Rosales Castañeda, Lisa Rosner, Katherine Rowe, Paul Rowland, Allison Ruda, Brian Sarnacki, Martha 2RPP viii • Acknowledgments Saxton, Frank Schloeffel, Julia Schreiner, Steven Schwinghamer, Amanda Seligman, Jen Seltz, Ryan Shackleton, Ryan Shaw, Tim Sherratt, Amanda Sikarskie, Kathryn Kish Sklar, Margery Sly, Anna Smith, Lisa Spiro, Stefan Tanaka, Mark Tebeau, John Theibault, William G. Thomas, Dee Thompson, Michelle Tiedje, Kathryn Tomasek, Andrew J. Torget, Hannah Ueno, Ted Underwood, Jason Verber, Luke Waltzer, Ethan Watrall, Marcin Wilkowski, Jacqueline Wilson, Rebecca S. Wingo, Mark Winokur, Gail Wolfe, Robert Wolff, and Laura Zucconi. We also appreciate the timely WordPress support provided by Carlos Espinosa and David Tatem at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut; the creation of CommentPress by Eddie Tejeda and the Institute for the Future of the Book, with subsequent revisions by Christian Wach; our Trinity College research assistant, Katie Campbell; a manuscript fellow- ship from the Trinity Institute for Interdisciplinary Scholarship; Tom Scheinfeldt at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, for early words of encouragement on creating this volume; and our publishing partners at the University of Michigan: Tom Dwyer, Shana Kimball, Korey Jackson, Christopher Dreyer, Alexa Ducsay, Andrea Olson, Jill Butler Wilson, and their colleagues. 2RPP Contents List of Illustrations xiii Introduction Kristen Nawrotzki and Jack Dougherty 1 Part 1. Re- Visioning Historical Writing Is (Digital) History More than an Argument about the Past? Sherman Dorn 21 Pasts in a Digital Age Stefan Tanaka 35 Part 2. The Wisdom of Crowds(ourcing) “I Nevertheless Am a Historian”: Digital Historical Practice and Malpractice around Black Confederate Soldiers Leslie Madsen- Brooks 49 The Historian’s Craft, Popular Memory, and Wikipedia Robert S. Wolff 64 The Wikiblitz: A Wikipedia Editing Assignment in a First- Year Undergraduate Class Shawn Graham 75 Wikipedia and Women’s History: A Classroom Experience Martha Saxton 86 Part 3. Practice What You Teach (and teach what you practice) Toward Teaching the Introductory History Course, Digitally Thomas Harbison and Luke Waltzer 97 2RPP x • Contents Learning How to Write Analog and Digital History Adrea Lawrence 110 Teaching Wikipedia without Apologies Amanda Seligman 121 Part 4. Writing with the Needles from Your Data Haystack Historical Research and the Problem of Categories: Reflections on 10,000 Digital Note Cards Ansley T. Erickson 133 Creating Meaning in a Sea of Information: The Women and Social Movements Web Sites Kathryn Kish Sklar and Thomas Dublin 146 The Hermeneutics of Data and Historical Writing Fred Gibbs and Trevor Owens 159 Part 5. See What I Mean? Visual, Spatial, and Game- Based History Visualizations and Historical Arguments John Theibault 173 Putting Harlem on the Map Stephen Robertson 186 Pox and the City: Challenges in Writing a Digital History Game Laura Zucconi, Ethan Watrall, Hannah Ueno, and Lisa Rosner 198 Part 6. Public History on the Web: If You Build It, Will They Come? Writing Chicana/o History with the Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Oscar Rosales Castañeda 209 Citizen Scholars: Facebook and the Co- creation of Knowledge Amanda Grace Sikarskie 216 The HeritageCrowd Project: A Case Study in Crowdsourcing Public History Shawn Graham, Guy Massie, and Nadine Feuerherm 222 2RPP Contents • xi Part 7. Collaborative Writing: Yours, Mine, and Ours The Accountability Partnership: Writing and Surviving in the Digital Age Natalia Mehlman Petrzela and Sarah Manekin 235 Only Typing? Informal Writing, Blogging, and the Academy Alex Sayf Cummings and Jonathan Jarrett 246 Conclusions: What We Learned from Writing History in the Digital Age Jack Dougherty, Kristen Nawrotzki, Charlotte D. Rochez, and Timothy Burke 259 Contributors 279 2RPP Illustrations Fig. 1. Detail from the poster History Is an Argument about the Past 24 Fig. 2. Google Books Ngram view of the frequency of the term black Confederate from 1800 to 2000 51 Fig. 3. Civil War dead— posed photo 59 Fig. 4. Locating “Discussion” and “View History” tabs in Wikipedia 67 Fig. 5. FileMaker Pro screenshot of sample notes on a court transcript 137 Fig. 6. Google Books Ngram view of the frequency of selected words (user, producer, consumer, customer) from 1900 to 2000 166 Fig. 7. Carte Figurative, by Charles Joseph Minard 176 Fig. 8. Screenshot of a search for “nightclub,” “speakeasy,” and “buffet flat” under “Places” inDigital Harlem 191 Fig. 9. Map of Edinburgh showing locations of game play in Pox and the City 204 Fig. 10. Screenshot of text and commentary from the fall 2011 web- book version of Writing History in the Digital Age 267 2RPP Introduction Kristen Nawrotzki and Jack Dougherty Has the digital revolution transformed how we write about the past? Have new technologies changed our essential work- craft as scholars and the way in which we think, teach, author, and publish? Does the digital age have broader implications for individual writing processes or for the historical profession at large? These are the questions addressed in this collection of essays. Here, historians discuss how our means of creating interpreta- tions about the past are challenged and reshaped by a range of electronic tools and techniques, including crowdsourcing, blogging, databases, spa- tial analysis, visual media, gaming simulations, and online collaborations. Bound together as a book in paper and electronic forms, our essays seek to explicate and embody the promise that the digital age holds for writers of history, while at the same time upending conventional beliefs about and practices of publishing scholarship. Embedded within this book are arguments for rethinking how we academics create and share knowledge, particularly in history and
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